M'buku loyamba () tidafotokoza momwe kutentha kungagwiritsire ntchito kusanthula madera ambiri. M'mabuku otsatirawa adakonzedwa kuti afotokoze momwe chidziwitso chokhudza zinthu zakuthambo chimasungidwira m'malo osungiramo zinthu, momwe zitsanzo zochokera m'zigawo zazikulu zimamangidwira, komanso kuti ntchito zowunikira madera zingakhale zotani. Koma zinthu zoyamba choyamba.
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yotenthetsera poyamba kumapangitsa kukhala kotheka kudziwa gawo lomwe tikufuna. Mwachitsanzo, kutenga zidziwitso zoyamba kuchokera ku OSM ku mzinda wa Barcelona (Catalonia), ndikuchita kafukufuku wofunikira popanda kusankha magawo, titha kupeza zithunzi "zotentha" za zigawo zazikulu zoyambirira. Tidalankhulanso za "kutentha" mamapu m'nkhani yoyamba, koma sizingakhale zolakwika kukumbukira kuti mawu akuti "kutentha" mapu adawuka chifukwa cha tanthauzo lakuthupi la zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakuwunika kophatikiza. Iwo. m'mabvuto afizikiki, kuthekera ndi kutentha, ndipo m'mabvuto owunikira madera, kuthekera ndikokwanira kwazinthu zonse zomwe zimakhudzana ndi gawo linalake.
Pansipa pali chitsanzo cha mapu a "kutentha" a mzinda wa Barcelona omwe adapezedwa chifukwa cha kusanthula kofunikira.
"Kutentha" mapu a gawo loyamba, popanda kusankha magawo, Barcelona
Ndipo poika chizindikiro chapadera (pankhaniyi, tinasankha makampani), mukhoza kupeza mapu a "kutentha" mwachindunji.
Mapu otentha a gawo loyamba, makampani, Barcelona
Zoonadi, mavuto owunikira ndi ochulukirapo komanso osiyanasiyana kuposa kupeza kuwunika kwathunthu kwa gawo lomwe lasankhidwa, chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, m'nkhaniyi tikambirana za vuto lopeza malo abwino kwambiri pakuyika chinthu chatsopano ndiukadaulo. kukhazikitsa njira yotenthetsera yothetsera vutoli, ndipo m'mabuku amtsogolo tidzayang'ana zina.
Kuthetsa vuto lopeza malo abwino kwambiri poyika chinthu chatsopano kudzakuthandizani kudziwa momwe gawolo liri "lokonzeka" kuvomereza chinthu chatsopanochi, momwe chidzagwirizane ndi zinthu zina zomwe zilipo kale m'gawolo, momwe chinthu chatsopanochi chidzakhala chamtengo wapatali gawo ndi mtengo womwe udzawonjezedwe.
Magawo a kukhazikitsa luso
Kukhazikitsidwa kwaukadaulo kumatha kuyimiridwa ndi ndondomeko zomwe zalembedwa pansipa:
- Kukonzekera malo a chidziwitso.
- Kusaka, kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zidziwitso zamagwero.
- Kupanga gululi wa node m'gawo losanthulidwa.
- Kugawa zinthu zagawo kukhala zidutswa.
- Kuwerengera zomwe zingatheke kuchokera kuzinthu.
- Kusankhidwa kwa zinthu zopangira mawonekedwe ofunikira a gawolo.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yopezera zizindikiro za gawolo.
- Kupanga zitsanzo posankha malo omanga malo atsopano.
Gawo 1. Kukonzekera malo a chidziwitso
Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kusankha kasamalidwe ka database (DBMS), kudziwa komwe kumachokera zidziwitso, njira zosonkhanitsira zidziwitso, ndi kuchuluka kwa zidziwitso zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa.
Pantchito yathu, tidagwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe ya PostgeSql (DB), koma ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti database ina iliyonse yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi mafunso a SQL idzachita.
Nawonso database idzasunga zidziwitso zoyambira - zidziwitso zapamalo pazinthu: mitundu ya data (mfundo, mizere, ma polygons), zolumikizira zawo ndi mawonekedwe ena (kutalika, dera, kuchuluka), komanso zikhalidwe zonse zowerengedwa zomwe zapezedwa chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe idachitika komanso zotsatira za ntchitoyo.
Zambiri zamawerengero zimaperekedwanso ngati data ya malo (mwachitsanzo, zigawo za dera lomwe lili ndi ziwerengero zoperekedwa kumaderawa).
Chifukwa cha kusintha ndi kukonza zidziwitso zoyamba zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa, matebulo amapangidwa omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chokhudza mizere, mfundo ndi dera, zozindikiritsa ndi makonzedwe awo.
Gawo 2. Kusaka, kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zidziwitso zamagwero
Monga chidziwitso choyambirira chothetsera vutoli, timagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zochokera kumalo otseguka omwe ali ndi chidziwitso cha gawolo. Mtsogoleri, m'malingaliro athu, ndi chidziwitso cha OSM, chosinthidwa tsiku ndi tsiku padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, ngati mutha kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso kuchokera kuzinthu zina, sizingakhale zoyipa.
Kukonza zidziwitso kumaphatikizapo kuzipangitsa kuti zikhale zofanana, kuchotsa zidziwitso zabodza ndikuzikonzekera kuti zilowetsedwe mu database.
Gawo 3. Kupanga gululi wa node m'gawo losanthulidwa
Kuti muwonetsetse kupitiliza kwa gawo lomwe lawunikidwa, ndikofunikira kupanga gridi pamenepo, ma node omwe ali ndi ma coordinates mu dongosolo lomwe laperekedwa. Pagawo lililonse la gridi mtengo womwe ungakhalepo udzadziwika. Izi zikuthandizani kuti muzitha kuwona m'malo osakanikirana, masango ndi zotsatira zomaliza.
Kutengera ntchito zomwe zikuyenera kuthetsedwa, njira ziwiri zopangira gridi ndizotheka:
- Gridi yokhala ndi sitepe yokhazikika (S1) - imawonedwa m'gawo lonselo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera zomwe zingatheke kuchokera kuzinthu, kudziwa zofunikira za gawo (zigawo zazikulu ndi magulu) ndikuwonetsa zotsatira zachitsanzo.
Posankha gululi, muyenera kufotokoza:
- kusiyana kwa gridi - nthawi yomwe ma gridi adzakhalapo;
- malire a gawo losanthulidwa, lomwe lingafanane ndi gawo loyang'anira-gawo, kapena lingakhale malo omwe ali pamapu omwe amalepheretsa malo owerengera ngati polygon.
- Gridi yokhala ndi masitayilo osakhazikika (S2) limafotokoza mfundo za gawolo (mwachitsanzo macentroids). Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuwerengera zomwe zingatheke kuchokera kuzinthu, ndikudziwitsanso zofunikira za gawolo (zigawo zazikulu ndi magulu). Kujambula ndi zigawo zazikuluzikulu zowerengeka kumachitika ndendende pa gridi yokhala ndi gawo losakhazikika, ndikuwona zotsatira zofananira, manambala amgulu kuchokera kumagulu amagulu omwe ali ndi gawo losakhazikika amasamutsidwira kumagulu agululi ndi sitepe yokhazikika molingana ndi mfundo ya kuyandikira kwa ma coordinates. .
Mu nkhokwe, zambiri zokhudzana ndi makonzedwe a grid node zimasungidwa mu mawonekedwe a tebulo lomwe lili ndi mfundo zotsatirazi pa node iliyonse:
- ID ya node;
- ma node coordinates (x, y).
Zitsanzo za ma gridi okhala ndi mipata yokhazikika m'magawo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi masitayilo osiyanasiyana akuwonetsedwa pazithunzi pansipa.
Gululi wa Nizhny Novgorod (madontho ofiira). Gululi lophimba dera la Nizhny Novgorod (madontho abuluu).
Gawo 4 Kugawa zinthu zagawo kukhala zidutswa
Kuti muwunikenso, zowonjezera za gawoli ziyenera kusinthidwa kukhala zinthu zingapo kuti nodi iliyonse ya gridi ikhale ndi chidziwitso cha chinthu chilichonse chomwe chili mmenemo. Liniya zinthu amagawidwa m'magawo, m'dera zinthu mu zidutswa.
Gawo logawa limasankhidwa kutengera dera la gawolo ndi chinthu chenichenicho; kumadera akulu (chigawo) gawo logawa litha kukhala 100-150 m; m'malo ang'onoang'ono (mzinda) gawo logawa litha kukhala 25-50 m. .
Munkhokwe, zambiri za zotsatira zogawanika zimasungidwa mumpangidwe wa tebulo lomwe lili ndi mfundo zotsatirazi pachidutswa chilichonse:
- chizindikiritso cha factor;
- kugwirizanitsa ma centroids a zidutswa zogawanika (x, y);
- kutalika / gawo la magawo ogawa.
Gawo 5 Kuwerengera zomwe zingatheke kuchokera kuzinthu
Imodzi mwa njira zomwe zingatheke komanso zomveka zowunikira chidziwitso choyambirira ndikuganizira zinthu monga kuthekera kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa.
Tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito yankho lofunikira la equation ya Laplace pa nkhani ya mbali ziwiri - logarithm ya mtunda kuchokera pomwepa.
Poganizira kufunikira kwa mtengo womwe ungakhalepo paziro komanso kuchepetsa mtengo womwe ungakhalepo pamtunda waukulu, kuthekera kumatsimikiziridwa motere:
ku r (1)
pa r2>r>=r1
pa r>=r2
Mtundu wa chikoka chochokera ku chinthu
Ntchito ya logarithmic iyenera kumangidwa pa ziro ndikumangika moyenerera patali pang'ono ndi zinthuzo. Ngati sitinakhazikitse zoletsa zomwe zingatheke pamtunda waukulu kuchokera ku chinthucho, ndiye kuti tiyenera kuganizira zambiri zambiri kutali ndi zomwe zafufuzidwa, zomwe ziribe kanthu pa kusanthula. Chifukwa chake, tikuwonetsa mtengo wa radius of action of the factor, kupitilira pomwe chothandizira ku kuthekera kochokera ku chinthucho ndi zero.
Kwa mzinda, utali wozungulira wa chinthucho umakhala wofanana ndi theka la ola woyenda pansi kupezeka - 2 mamita. Kwa dera tiyenera kulankhula za theka la ola transport kupezeka - 20 mamita.
Choncho, chifukwa cha kuwerengera zomwe zingatheke, tili ndi mphamvu zonse kuchokera ku chinthu chilichonse pa node iliyonse ya gridi yokhazikika.
Gawo 6. Kusankhidwa kwa zinthu zopangira mawonekedwe ofunikira a gawolo
Pakadali pano, zinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zodziwitsa zimasankhidwa kuti zipange mawonekedwe ofunikira agawolo.
Kusankha zinthu kumatha kuchitidwa kokha pokhazikitsa malire ena a magawo (malumikizidwe, kuchuluka kwa chikoka, ndi zina zotero), kapena zitha kuchitika mwaukadaulo, podziwa mutu wavuto ndikumvetsetsa gawolo.
Pambuyo posankha zinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zodziwitsa, mutha kupita kuzinthu zotsatirazi - kutanthauzira zigawo zikuluzikulu.
Gawo 7 Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yopezera zizindikiro za gawolo. Kusonkhana
Chidziwitso choyambirira chokhudza magawo agawo, osinthidwa pagawo lapitalo kukhala kuthekera kowerengedwa pa nodi iliyonse ya gridi, amaphatikizidwa kukhala zizindikiro zatsopano - zigawo zazikulu.
chigawo chachikulu njira kusanthula kusinthasintha kwa zinthu m'dera phunziro ndi kupeza, kutengera zotsatira za kusanthula, awo kusintha kwambiri liniya kuphatikiza, zimene zimathandiza kuwerengera muyeso wa kusintha kwawo - kubalalitsidwa pa dera.
Tiyeni titenge vuto lalikulu kuti tipange chitsanzo chofananira ndi ntchito yofananira ndi milingo yoperekedwa
(2)
Pomwe ndili ndi gawo nambala,
n - chiwerengero cha zigawo zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu kuwerengera
j - ndondomeko ya mfundo za chigawo, j=1..k
k - chiwerengero cha mfundo zonse za gululi gawo limene kuwerengetsera zigawo zikuluzikulu anachitikira
- coefficient kwa i-th chigawo chachikulu cha chitsanzo
- mtengo wa gawo lalikulu la i-th pa j-th point
B - nthawi yaulere yachitsanzo
- kuthekera pa j-th point ya chinthu chomwe tikupangira chitsanzo
Tiyeni tiwone zomwe sizikudziwika mu equation (2) njira ya ma squares ocheperako, pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a zigawo zazikulu:
(3)
Kumene i ndi i2 ndi nambala ya zigawo, i<>i2
j - territory node index
k ndi chiwerengero cha zigawo zonse
(4)
(3) zikutanthauza kuti palibe mgwirizano pakati pa zigawo
(4) - mtengo wonse wa chigawo chilichonse ndi ziro.
Timalandira:
(5)
Apa mfundo ndi yofanana ndi mu Eq. (2), zikutanthauza mtengo wothekera
Chotsatirachi chingatanthauzidwe motere:
Chitsanzo ndi mawu osavuta omwe ali ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali wamtengo wapatali komanso kuwongolera kosavuta kwa gawo lililonse. Osachepera, zotsatira zake ziyenera kuphatikizapo dummy term B ndi gawo loyamba loyamba. M'munsimu muli zitsanzo za mapu otentha a zigawo zikuluzikulu zoyambirira za dera la Nizhny Novgorod.
Kutengera ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zowerengedwa, zigawo zofananira zitha kumangidwa. izi zitha kuchitika pazigawo zonse komanso, mwachitsanzo, pamitengo yokha - i.e. kuchita clustering. Kwa izi, mungagwiritse ntchito . Pachigawo chilichonse chofanana, mtengo wapakati wa chigawo choyamba umawerengedwa, kuwonetsa kukula kwa gawolo.
Chitsanzo cha kusanja ndi mitengo yamitengo ya dera la Nizhny Novgorod chaperekedwa pansipa.
Komanso, pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe tapeza monga magawo a mtengo wamtengo wapatali, titha kupeza mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa gawolo.
Mtengo pamwamba pa Nizhny Novgorod
Gawo 8. Kupanga zitsanzo posankha malo omanga malo atsopano
Kusankha malo okongola kwambiri a malo a chinthu chatsopano (chomwe chimatchedwa "chinthu"), m'pofunika kufananitsa malo a "chinthu" ndi zomangamanga zozungulira. Kuti "chinthu" chigwire ntchito, payenera kukhala zinthu zokwanira zowonetsetsa kuti chikugwira ntchito; zinthu zambiri, zabwino ndi zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi "chinthu" ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Chigawo chonse cha zinthu izi chikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati "zopatsa thanzi" malo ogwirira ntchito "chinthu". Kulemberana kwa chiwerengero cha zinthu ndi chiwerengero cha chuma cha gawolo ndilo maziko a ntchito yokhazikika ya "chinthu".
Chotsatira cha kufananitsa uku ndi kuthekera kowerengedwa pa mfundo iliyonse ya gawolo ndikulola kusanthula kowoneka ndi kusanthula kwa kusankha malo oyika "chinthu" chatsopano.
Kwa malonda, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa zinthu zina, kuyenda kosalekeza kwa ogula ndikofunikira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pazinthu zamalonda ziyeneranso kuphatikizapo zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti izi zikuyenda (mwachitsanzo, malo osungiramo zinthu zamagulu a anthu, malo antchito, malo okhala, njira zoyendera, etc.).
Kumbali ina, zinthu zonse zikakwaniritsidwa kuti zitsimikizire kugwira ntchito kwa malo ogulitsa, ndikofunikira kuganizira kuchuluka kwa malo ogulitsa, chifukwa "kugwiritsa ntchito" chilengedwe kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa mwayi wogula. Kuyenda kwa anthu kulibe malire, ndipo zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito pazinthu zawo zachuma ndi mphamvu zakuthupi.
Algorithm yothetsera vuto losankha malo abwino kwambiri a chinthu imabwera chifukwa chakuti kuthekera komwe kumapezeka ngati ntchito ya zigawo zikuluzikulu kumakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa gulu la zinthu zamtundu wa "chinthu"; ndiye kusiyana pakati pa kuthekera kwa chitsanzo ndi kuthekera kwa zinthu za mtundu wa "chinthu" kumawerengedwa; mtengo wa zopereka zomwe zingatheke za "chinthu" chimodzi zimachotsedwa pa kusiyana kwake; Zoyipa zomwe zapezeka munkhaniyi zimasinthidwa ndi ziro, ndiye kuti, malo omwe mulibe zida zokwanira zogwirira ntchito "chinthu" chatsopano amachotsedwa.
Chifukwa cha zomwe tachita, timapeza mfundo za gawolo ndi mtengo wabwino, womwe ndi malo abwino a "chinthu" chathu.
Mwanjira ina, tili ndi kuthekera kowerengeka kwazinthu zonse zomwe tili nazo komanso chinthu chomwe tikufuna kupanga chitsanzo ndikusanthula gawo lomwe lasankhidwa (malonda, mafakitale, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi zina).
Kuti muchite izi, ndikofunikira kusankha zinthu zopangira zosintha zachilengedwe - zigawo zikuluzikulu - ndikuwerengera zitsanzo potengera iwo.
Tikupangira kusankha zinthu posanthula kulumikizana kwazinthu zonse ndi gawo lofotokozera za gawo la mutuwo. Mwachitsanzo, zachikhalidwe zitha kukhala zisudzo, zamaphunziro, masukulu, ndi zina.
Timawerengera kulumikizana kwa kuthekera kokhazikika ndi kuthekera kwazinthu zonse. Timasankha zinthu zomwe ma coefficients awo ogwirizanitsa mu kukula kwake ndi aakulu kuposa mtengo wina (nthawi zambiri mtengo wa coefficient wocheperako = 0 watengedwa).
(6)
kumene - mtengo wathunthu wa coefficient coefficient ya i-th factor ndi muyezo.
Kulumikizana kumawerengedwa pamagulu onse a gridi omwe akuzungulira gawolo.
Kusiyana pakati pa kuthekera kwachitsanzo ndi kuthekera kwa zinthu zamtundu womwewo monga chinthu chatsopano mu equation (2) limasonyeza kuthekera kwa gawolo, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupeza malo atsopano.
Zotsatira zake, timapeza phindu lomwe lingakhalepo, lomwe limasonyeza kuchuluka kwa phindu la malo a "chinthu" mu gawo la phunziro.
Chitsanzo cha momwe mungawonetsere malo ovomerezeka a "chinthu" chatsopano chaperekedwa pansipa.
Chifukwa chake, zotsatira za kuthetsa vuto losankha malo abwino kwambiri a chinthu chatsopano zitha kuyimiridwa ngati kuwunika kwa gawolo pamfundo iliyonse, kupereka lingaliro la kuthekera kopeza chinthu chogulitsa, i.e. apamwamba kwambiri Kupeza bwino kumapindulitsa kwambiri kupeza chinthucho.
Pomaliza, m'pofunika kunena kuti m'nkhaniyi takambirana vuto limodzi lokha lomwe lingathe kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula gawo, kukhala ndi deta kuchokera kumalo otseguka pamanja. Ndipotu, pali mavuto ambiri omwe angathetsedwe ndi chithandizo chake, chiwerengero chawo chimachepa ndi malingaliro anu.
Source: www.habr.com