Tsiku labwino la Cosmonautics! Tinatumiza ku nyumba yosindikizira . Panali m'masiku ano pamene akatswiri a zakuthambo adawonetsa dziko lonse momwe mabowo akuda amawonekera. Mwangozi? Sitikuganiza chomwecho Trajectory Foundation.
Kagawo "Thermodynamics of black holes" pansi odulidwa.
Mpaka pano, takhala tikuwona mabowo akuda ngati zinthu zakuthambo zomwe zidapangidwa panthawi ya kuphulika kwa supernova kapena kugona pakati pa milalang'amba. Timaziona mosadukiza mwa kuyeza kuthamanga kwa nyenyezi pafupi ndi izo. Kuzindikira kodziwika kwa LIGO kwa mafunde amphamvu yokoka pa Seputembara 14, 2015 chinali chitsanzo cha kugunda kwa dzenje lakuda. Zida zamasamu zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kuti timvetsetse bwino momwe mabowo akuda alili ndi izi: geometry yosiyanitsa, ma equation a Einstein, ndi njira zamphamvu zowunikira ndi manambala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi ma equation a Einstein ndi kufotokoza geometry ya mlengalenga yomwe mabowo akuda amayambira. Ndipo mwamsanga titha kupereka kufotokozera kwathunthu kwa nthawi ya danga yomwe imapangidwa ndi dzenje lakuda, kuchokera kumalo a astrophysical, mutu wa mabowo akuda ukhoza kuonedwa kuti watsekedwa. Kuchokera pamalingaliro ochulukirapo, pali malo ambiri oti afufuze. Cholinga cha mutuwu ndikuwunikira zina mwazambiri zaukadaulo wamakono a fizikisi yakuda, momwe malingaliro ochokera ku thermodynamics ndi quantum theory amaphatikizidwa ndi kulumikizana kwapang'onopang'ono kuti apange malingaliro atsopano osayembekezereka. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti mabowo akuda sizinthu za geometric chabe. Ali ndi kutentha, ali ndi entropy yayikulu, ndipo amatha kuwonetsa mawonetseredwe a quantum entanglement. Zokambirana zathu za thermodynamic ndi quantum za fizikiki yamabowo akuda zidzakhala zapang'onopang'ono komanso zachiphamaso kuposa kusanthula kwa mawonekedwe a geometric okha a nthawi ya danga m'mabowo akuda omwe adawonetsedwa m'mitu yapitayi. Koma izi, makamaka kuchuluka kwazinthu, ndizofunikira komanso zofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku wopitilira muyeso wamabowo akuda, ndipo tidzayesetsa kufotokoza, ngati sizovuta, ndiye mzimu wa ntchitozi.
Mu classical general relativity - ngati tilankhula za kusiyana kwa geometry yamayankho a Einstein's equations - mabowo akuda amakhala akuda kwenikweni kuti palibe chomwe chingawathawe. Stephen Hawking adawonetsa kuti izi zikusintha kwathunthu tikamaganizira za kuchuluka kwa zinthu: mabowo akuda amatulutsa ma radiation pa kutentha kwina, komwe kumadziwika kuti kutentha kwa Hawking. Kwa mabowo akuda a kukula kwa astrophysical (ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku nyenyezi-misa mpaka mabowo akuda kwambiri), kutentha kwa Hawking sikungatheke poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwa chilengedwe cha microwave - kuwala komwe kumadzaza chilengedwe chonse, chomwe, mwa njira, chimatha. palokha imawonedwa ngati yosiyana ndi ma radiation a Hawking. Mawerengedwe a Hawking kuti adziwe kutentha kwa mabowo akuda ndi gawo la kafukufuku wokulirapo pagawo lotchedwa black hole thermodynamics. Gawo lina lalikulu la pulogalamuyi ndi kuphunzira kwa black hole entropy, yomwe imayesa kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chomwe chatayika mkati mwa dzenje lakuda. Zinthu wamba (monga kapu yamadzi, chipika cha magnesium choyera, kapena nyenyezi) zilinso ndi entropy, ndipo chimodzi mwazinthu zapakati pa black hole thermodynamics ndikuti dzenje lakuda la kukula kwake lili ndi entropy kuposa mawonekedwe ena aliwonse. Malo amtundu wofanana, koma popanda kupanga dzenje lakuda.
Koma tisanalowe mozama muzovuta zokhudzana ndi ma radiation a Hawking ndi black hole entropy, tiyeni titenge njira yofulumira kupita kumagulu a quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, ndi entanglement. Makaniko a Quantum adapangidwa makamaka m'zaka za m'ma 1920, ndipo cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kufotokoza tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta zinthu, monga ma atomu. Kukula kwa quantum mechanics kunayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za physics monga malo enieni a tinthu tating'onoting'ono: mwachitsanzo, malo a electron pamene akuyenda mozungulira nucleus ya atomiki sangathe kutsimikiziridwa molondola. M'malo mwake, ma electron anapatsidwa otchedwa orbits, momwe malo awo enieni amatha kutsimikiziridwa mwachidziwitso cha probabilistic. Zolinga zathu, komabe, ndikofunikira kuti tisasunthike mwachangu ku mbali iyi ya zinthu. Tiyeni titenge chitsanzo chophweka: atomu ya haidrojeni. Ikhoza kukhala mu chikhalidwe china cha quantum. Chikhalidwe chosavuta cha atomu ya haidrojeni, yotchedwa nthaka, ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri, ndipo mphamvuyi imadziwika bwino. Nthawi zambiri, quantum mechanics imatilola (mu mfundo) kudziwa momwe dongosolo lililonse la quantum lilili mwatsatanetsatane.
Kuthekera kumabwera tikamafunsa mitundu ina ya mafunso okhudza makina a quantum. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zili zotsimikizika kuti atomu ya haidrojeni ili pansi, tingafunse kuti, “Kodi elekitironi ili kuti?” ndipo molingana ndi malamulo a quantum
zimango, tingopeza kuyerekezera kwa kuthekera kwa funso ili, pafupifupi chinthu chonga: "mwina electron ili pamtunda wa theka la angstrom kuchokera ku nucleus ya atomu ya haidrojeni" (angstrom imodzi ndi yofanana ndi 
mita). Koma tili ndi mwayi, kupyolera muzochitika zina zakuthupi, kuti tipeze malo a electron molondola kwambiri kuposa angstrom imodzi. Njira yodziwika bwino iyi mufizikiki imakhala ndi kuwombera chithunzithunzi chachifupi kwambiri mu electron (kapena, monga akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi amanenera, kumwaza photon ndi electron) - pambuyo pake tikhoza kumanganso malo a electron panthawi yomwe imabalalika ndi electron. kulondola pafupifupi kofanana ndi wavelength photon. Koma izi zidzasintha mkhalidwe wa electron, kotero kuti pambuyo pake sichidzakhalanso mu nthaka ya atomu ya haidrojeni ndipo sichidzakhala ndi mphamvu yodziwika bwino. Koma kwa nthawi ndithu malo ake adzakhala pafupifupi ndendende (ndi kulondola kwa kutalika kwa mawonekedwe a photon ntchito pa izi). Kuyerekeza koyambirira kwa malo a elekitironi kungangopangidwa mwanjira yongopeka ndi kulondola kwa pafupifupi angstrom imodzi, koma tikayiyeza timadziwa ndendende chomwe chinali. Mwachidule, ngati tiyesa dongosolo la quantum mechanical mwa njira ina, ndiye kuti, mwachizoloŵezi chodziwika bwino, "timakakamiza" kuti likhale ndi mtengo wapatali wa kuchuluka komwe tikuyezera.
Makina a Quantum sagwira ntchito ku machitidwe ang'onoang'ono okha, koma (timakhulupirira) ku machitidwe onse, koma kwa machitidwe akuluakulu malamulo a makina a quantum mwamsanga amakhala ovuta kwambiri. Lingaliro lofunika kwambiri ndi quantum entanglement, chitsanzo chosavuta chomwe ndi lingaliro la spin. Ma elekitironi pawokha amazungulira, kotero kuti electron imodzi imatha kukhala ndi spin yolunjika mmwamba kapena pansi pokhudzana ndi malo osankhidwa. Kuzungulira kwa electron ndi kuchuluka kowoneka chifukwa electron imapanga mphamvu ya maginito yofooka, yofanana ndi gawo la maginito bar. Ndiye kupota mmwamba kumatanthauza kuti mzati wa kumpoto wa electron ukuloza pansi, ndipo kupota pansi kumatanthauza kuti pole ya kumpoto ikuloza mmwamba. Ma electron awiri akhoza kuikidwa mu conjugated quantum state, momwe imodzi mwa izo imakhala yozungulira ndipo ina imakhala yozungulira pansi, koma ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti ndi electron yomwe imazungulira. Kwenikweni, pansi pa atomu ya heliamu, ma elekitironi awiri ali chimodzimodzi monga chonchi, chotchedwa spin singlet, popeza kuti ma electron onse awiri amazungulira ndi ziro. Ngati tilekanitsa ma electron awiriwa popanda kusintha ma spins awo, tikhoza kunena kuti ndi ma spin singlets palimodzi, koma sitinganenebe chomwe chingakhale chamtundu uliwonse payekha. Tsopano, ngati tiyeza imodzi mwazozungulira zawo ndikutsimikizira kuti yalunjika mmwamba, ndiye kuti tidzakhala otsimikiza kuti yachiwiri ikupita pansi. Munthawi imeneyi, timati ma spins atsekeredwa - ngakhale paokha alibe mtengo wotsimikizika, pomwe palimodzi ali mumkhalidwe wotsimikizika.
Einstein ankakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika za kugwidwa: zinkawoneka kuti zikuwopseza mfundo zazikulu za chiphunzitso cha relativity. Tiyeni tiganizire za ma elekitironi awiri omwe ali mumtundu umodzi wozungulira, pamene ali kutali kwambiri mumlengalenga. Kunena zowona, lolani Alice atenge mmodzi wa iwo ndipo Bob atenge winayo. Tiyerekeze kuti Alice anayeza kupota kwa electron yake ndipo anapeza kuti inali yolunjika mmwamba, koma Bob sanayesepo kanthu. Mpaka Alice atayesa kuyeza kwake, zinali zosatheka kudziwa kuti electron yake inali yotani. Koma atangomaliza kuyeza kwake, adadziwa mwamtheradi kuti spin ya electron ya Bob idalunjikitsidwa pansi (kunjira yotsutsana ndi kupindika kwa electron yake). Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti kuyeza kwake kumayika electron ya Bob nthawi yomweyo? Kodi izi zingachitike bwanji ngati ma elekitironi asiyanitsidwa ndi malo? Einstein ndi anzake Nathan Rosen ndi Boris Podolsky ankaona kuti nkhani yoyezera makina otsekeredwa inali yaikulu kwambiri moti inkaopseza kuti palinso makina a quantum mechanics. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox (EPR) yomwe adapanga amagwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwamalingaliro kofanana ndi komwe tangofotokoza kumene kuti tinene kuti makina a quantum sangakhale kufotokoza kwathunthu zenizeni. Tsopano, kutengera kafukufuku wotsatira wamalingaliro ndi miyeso yambiri, kuvomerezana kwakukulu kwakhazikitsidwa kuti chododometsa cha EPR chili ndi cholakwika ndipo chiphunzitso cha quantum ndicholondola. Kulowetsedwa kwamakina a Quantum ndikowona: miyeso yamakina omangika idzalumikizana ngakhale makinawo ali otalikirana mumlengalenga.
Tiyeni tibwerere ku momwe timayika ma elekitironi awiri mumtundu wa spin singlet ndikuwapatsa Alice ndi Bob. Kodi tinganene chiyani za ma elekitironi tisanapange miyeso? Kuti onse awiri palimodzi ali mu quantum state (spin-singlet). Kuzungulira kwa elekitironi ya Alice kumakhala kofanana kulunjika mmwamba kapena pansi. Kunena zowona, kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi ake kumatha kukhala chimodzi (kuzungulira) kapena china (kuzungulira pansi). Tsopano kwa ife lingaliro la kuthekera limatenga tanthauzo lakuya kuposa kale. M'mbuyomu tidayang'ana gawo lina la quantum (malo a atomu ya haidrojeni) ndipo tidawona kuti pali mafunso "ovuta", monga "electron ili kuti?" - mafunso omwe mayankho ake amakhalapo mwa njira yotheka. Ngati titafunsa mafunso "abwino", monga "Kodi mphamvu ya electron iyi ndi chiyani?", tidzapeza mayankho otsimikizika. Tsopano, palibe mafunso "abwino" omwe tingafunse okhudza electron ya Alice yomwe ilibe mayankho omwe amadalira electron ya Bob. (Sitikulankhula za mafunso opusa monga "Kodi electron ya Alice imakhala ndi spin?" - mafunso omwe yankho lake liri ndi yankho limodzi lokha.) Choncho, kuti tidziwe magawo a theka la dongosolo lotsekedwa, tidzayenera kugwiritsa ntchito. chinenero chotheka. Kutsimikizika kumangochitika tikaganizira za kugwirizana pakati pa mafunso omwe Alice ndi Bob angafunse okhudza ma elekitironi awo.
Tinayamba mwadala ndi imodzi mwa njira zosavuta zomwe timadziwa: dongosolo la ma spins a ma electron. Pali chiyembekezo chakuti makompyuta a quantum adzamangidwa pamaziko a machitidwe osavuta otere. Makina ozungulira a ma elekitironi pawokha kapena makina ena ofanana nawo tsopano amatchedwa qubits (achidule a "quantum bits"), kugogomezera gawo lawo pamakompyuta a quantum, ofanana ndi gawo la ma bits wamba pamakompyuta a digito.
Tiyeni tsopano tiyerekeze kuti tinasintha electron iliyonse ndi dongosolo la quantum lovuta kwambiri ndi mayiko ambiri, osati awiri okha. Mwachitsanzo, adapatsa Alice ndi Bob mipiringidzo ya magnesium yeniyeni. Alice ndi Bob asananyamuke, mipiringidzo yawo imatha kuyanjana, ndipo tikuvomereza kuti potero amapeza chikhalidwe chofanana cha quantum. Alice ndi Bob atangosiyana, mipiringidzo yawo ya magnesium imasiya kuyanjana. Monga momwe zilili ndi ma electron, bala lililonse liri mu chikhalidwe chosadziwika cha quantum, ngakhale palimodzi, monga momwe timakhulupirira, amapanga dziko lodziwika bwino. (Muzokambiranazi, tikuganiza kuti Alice ndi Bob amatha kusuntha mipiringidzo ya magnesiamu popanda kusokoneza chikhalidwe chawo chamkati mwa njira iliyonse, monga momwe tinkaganizira kale kuti Alice ndi Bob akhoza kulekanitsa ma elekitironi awo otsekedwa popanda kusintha ma spins awo.) kusiyana Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuyesera kwa lingaliroli ndi kuyesa kwa elekitironi ndikuti kusatsimikizika kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa bala lililonse ndikokulirapo. Malowa amatha kukhala ndi ma quantum mayiko ambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa ma atomu mu Chilengedwe. Apa ndipamene thermodynamics imayamba. Makina osadziwika bwino amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwika bwino a macroscopic. Makhalidwe otere ndi, mwachitsanzo, kutentha. Kutentha ndi muyeso wa momwe gawo lililonse ladongosolo lingakhalire ndi mphamvu zinazake, ndi kutentha kwakukulu kofanana ndi mwayi waukulu wokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Gawo lina la thermodynamic ndi entropy, yomwe ili yofanana ndi logarithm ya kuchuluka kwa mayiko omwe dongosolo lingaganize. Chikhalidwe china cha thermodynamic chomwe chingakhale chofunikira pa bar ya magnesium ndi magnetization yake, yomwe kwenikweni ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi ozungulira mu bar kuposa ma elekitironi ozungulira.
Tinabweretsa thermodynamics m'nkhani yathu ngati njira yofotokozera machitidwe omwe quantum mayiko sadziwika bwino chifukwa chomangika ndi machitidwe ena. Thermodynamics ndi chida champhamvu chowunikira machitidwe otere, koma omwe adawapanga sanaganizire nkomwe momwe angagwiritsire ntchito motere. Sadi Carnot, James Joule, Rudolf Clausius anali ziwerengero za kusintha kwa mafakitale m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, ndipo anali ndi chidwi ndi mafunso othandiza kwambiri: Kodi injini zimagwira ntchito bwanji? Kupanikizika, kuchuluka, kutentha ndi kutentha ndi thupi ndi magazi a injini. Carnot adatsimikiza kuti mphamvu ngati kutentha sikungasinthidwe kwathunthu kukhala ntchito yothandiza monga kunyamula katundu. Mphamvu zina zidzawonongeka nthawi zonse. Clausius adathandizira kwambiri pakupanga lingaliro la entropy ngati chida chapadziko lonse lapansi chodziwira kutayika kwa mphamvu panthawi iliyonse yokhudzana ndi kutentha. Kupambana kwake kwakukulu kunali kuzindikira kuti entropy sichimachepa - pafupifupi njira zonse zimawonjezeka. Njira zomwe entropy imachulukira zimatchedwa zosasinthika, ndendende chifukwa sizingasinthidwe popanda kuchepa kwa entropy. Chotsatira cha chitukuko cha ziwerengero zimango anatengedwa ndi Clausius, Maxwell ndi Ludwig Boltzmann (pakati ena ambiri) - iwo anasonyeza kuti entropy ndi muyeso wa chisokonezo. Nthawi zambiri, mukamachita zambiri pa chinthu, m'pamenenso mumayambitsa chisokonezo. Ndipo ngakhale mutapanga ndondomeko yomwe cholinga chake ndi kubwezeretsa dongosolo, mosakayikira idzapanga entropy yambiri kuposa yomwe idzawonongeke-mwachitsanzo, potulutsa kutentha. Crane yomwe imayika zitsulo zachitsulo mwadongosolo bwino imapanga dongosolo malinga ndi dongosolo la matabwa, koma pakugwira ntchito kwake kumatulutsa kutentha kwambiri kotero kuti entropy yonse ikuwonjezekabe.
Komabe, kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro a thermodynamics a sayansi ya sayansi ya m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kukwera kwa quantum sikuli kwakukulu monga kukuwonekera. Nthawi iliyonse dongosolo likamalumikizana ndi wothandizira wakunja, kuchuluka kwake kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa wothandizirayo. Kawirikawiri, kusokoneza uku kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kusatsimikizika kwa chiwerengero cha quantum ya dongosolo, mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha quantum states momwe dongosololi lingakhalire. Chifukwa cha kuyanjana ndi machitidwe ena, entropy, yomwe imatanthauzidwa ndi chiwerengero cha quantum states yomwe ilipo ku dongosolo, nthawi zambiri imawonjezeka.
Kawirikawiri, makina a quantum amapereka njira yatsopano yowonetsera machitidwe a thupi momwe magawo ena (monga malo mumlengalenga) amakhala osatsimikizika, koma ena (monga mphamvu) nthawi zambiri amadziwika motsimikiza. Pankhani ya quantum entanglement, magawo awiri osiyana a dongosololi amakhala ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha quantum, ndipo gawo lililonse padera limakhala ndi dziko losatsimikizika. Chitsanzo chokhazikika cha kutsekeredwa ndi ma spins mu singlet state, momwe sizingatheke kudziwa kuti spin yomwe ili mmwamba ndi yomwe ili pansi. Kusatsimikizika kwa quantum state mu dongosolo lalikulu kumafuna njira ya thermodynamic yomwe magawo a macroscopic monga kutentha ndi entropy amadziwika ndi kulondola kwakukulu, ngakhale kuti dongosololi lili ndi mayiko ambiri omwe angathe kukhala ochepa kwambiri.
Titamaliza ulendo wathu wachidule m'magawo a quantum mechanics, entanglement ndi thermodynamics, tiyeni tsopano tiyese kumvetsetsa momwe zonsezi zimathandizira kumvetsetsa kuti mabowo akuda ali ndi kutentha. Gawo loyamba la izi linapangidwa ndi Bill Unruh - adawonetsa kuti wowonera akuthamanga mu malo athyathyathya adzakhala ndi kutentha kofanana ndi kuthamanga kwake kugawidwa ndi 2π. Chinsinsi cha mawerengedwe a Unruh ndi chakuti wowonera akuyenda ndi kuthamanga kosalekeza kumalo enaake amatha kuona theka la danga lathyathyathya. Theka lachiwiri kwenikweni lili kuseri kwa chizimezime chofanana ndi dzenje lakuda. Poyamba zikuwoneka zosatheka: kodi danga lathyathyathya lingakhale bwanji ngati phiri lakuda? Kuti timvetse mmene zimenezi zinachitikira, tiyeni tiitane anthu okhulupirika omwe ankationerera Alice, Bob ndi Bill kuti atithandize. Pa pempho lathu, iwo ali pamzere, ndi Alice pakati pa Bob ndi Bill, ndipo mtunda pakati pa owonerera mu gulu lirilonse ndi 6 kilomita ndendende. Tidagwirizana kuti nthawi yake zero Alice adzalumphira mu roketi ndikuwulukira kwa Bill (ndicho chifukwa chake kutali ndi Bob) mwachangu. Roketi yake ndi yabwino kwambiri, yomwe imatha kupanga mathamangitsidwe 1,5 thililiyoni kuwirikiza kuposa mphamvu yokoka yomwe zinthu zimayenda pafupi ndi dziko lapansi. Inde, sikophweka kwa Alice kupirira kufulumira koteroko, koma, monga momwe tidzawonera tsopano, manambalawa amasankhidwa ndi cholinga; kumapeto kwa tsiku, tikungokambirana mwayi womwe ungakhalepo, ndizo zonse. Ndendende nthawi yomwe Alice adalumphira mu rocket yake, Bob ndi Bill akumugwedeza. (Tili ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "nthawi yomweyo ...", chifukwa Alice sanayambebe kuwuluka, ali mu mawonekedwe omwewo monga Bob ndi Bill, kotero onse amatha kulunzanitsa mawotchi awo. .) Kugwedeza Alice, ndithudi, amawona Bill kwa iye: komabe, pokhala mu rocket, iye adzamuwona iye kale kuposa momwe izi zikanachitikira ngati iye akanakhalabe kumene iye anali, chifukwa rocket yake ndi iye ikuwulukira ndendende kwa iye. M’malo mwake, amachoka kwa Bob, choncho tingaganize momveka bwino kuti adzamuona akumugwedeza mochedwa kuposa mmene akanaonera akanakhalabe pamalo omwewo. Koma chowonadi ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri: sadzamuwona Bob konse! Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zithunzi zomwe zimawuluka kuchokera ku Bob kupita ku Alice sizidzamugwira, ngakhale atapatsidwa kuti sangathe kufika pa liwiro la kuwala. Bob akadayamba kugwedezeka, kukhala pafupi pang'ono ndi Alice, ndiye kuti mafotoni omwe adawulukira kutali ndi iye panthawi yomwe amachoka akanamupeza, ndipo akadakhala patali pang'ono, sakadamupeza. Ndichifukwa chake timati Alice amangowona theka la nthawi ya mlengalenga. Panthawi yomwe Alice akuyamba kusuntha, Bob ali patali pang'ono kuposa momwe Alice amawonera.
Pokambirana za quantum entanglement, takhala tikuzoloŵera lingaliro lakuti ngakhale dongosolo la quantum mechanical lonse liri ndi chikhalidwe cha quantum, mbali zina sizingakhale nazo. Ndipotu, tikamakambirana zovuta za quantum system, gawo lina likhoza kudziwika bwino kwambiri ndi thermodynamics: likhoza kupatsidwa kutentha kodziwika bwino, ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha quantum sichidziwika bwino cha dongosolo lonse. Nkhani yathu yomaliza yokhudzana ndi Alice, Bob ndi Bill ili ngati izi, koma dongosolo la quantum lomwe tikukamba pano ndi nthawi yopanda kanthu, ndipo Alice amangowona theka lake. Tiyeni tisungire malo kuti nthawi yonse ya danga ili m'malo ake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mulibe tinthu tating'onoting'ono (zowona, osawerengera Alice, Bob, Bill ndi rocket). Koma gawo la nthawi ya mlengalenga lomwe Alice akuwona silikhala pansi, koma mumkhalidwe wotanganidwa ndi gawo lomwe sakuwona. Nthawi ya danga yomwe Alice amazindikira ili mumkhalidwe wovuta, wosadziwika wa quantum womwe umadziwika ndi kutentha kochepa. Mawerengedwe a Unruh amasonyeza kuti kutentha kumeneku kuli pafupifupi 60 nanokelvins. Mwachidule, monga Alice akufulumizitsa, akuwoneka kuti amizidwa mumadzi ofunda a radiation ndi kutentha kofanana (m'magawo oyenerera) mpaka kuthamanga komwe kugawidwa ndi
Mpunga. 7.1. Alice akuyenda mwachangu popuma, pomwe Bob ndi Bill amakhala osasunthika. Kuthamanga kwa Alice kuli kotero kuti sadzawonanso ma photon omwe Bob amatumiza njira yake pa t = 0. Komabe, amalandira zithunzithunzi zomwe Bill anamutumizira pa t = 0. Zotsatira zake ndikuti Alice amatha kuwona theka la nthawi yamlengalenga.
Chodabwitsa pa mawerengedwe a Unruh ndi chakuti ngakhale amatchula kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto mpaka malo opanda kanthu, amatsutsana ndi mawu otchuka a King Lear, "kuchokera ku kanthu kalikonse." Kodi malo opanda kanthu angakhale bwanji ovuta chonchi? Kodi tinthu tating'onoting'ono timachokera kuti? Chowonadi ndi chakuti malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha quantum, malo opanda kanthu alibe kanthu konse. Mmenemo, apa ndi apo, zokondweretsa zazing'ono zimawonekera ndikuzimiririka, zomwe zimatchedwa particles pafupifupi, mphamvu zomwe zingakhale zabwino ndi zoipa. Woyang'anira wamtsogolo - tiyeni timutchule Carol - yemwe amatha kuona pafupifupi malo opanda kanthu angatsimikizire kuti mulibe tinthu tating'ono tokhalitsa. Komanso, kukhalapo kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mphamvu zabwino mu gawo la nthawi yomwe Alice amatha kuwona, chifukwa cha kutsekeka kwachulukidwe, kumalumikizidwa ndi kusangalatsa kwamphamvu kofanana ndi kosiyana mu gawo la danga losawoneka kwa Alice. Chowonadi chonse chokhudza nthawi yopanda kanthu chonse chimawululidwa kwa Carol, ndipo chowonadi ndichakuti palibe tinthu tating'ono. Komabe, zimene zinachitikira Alice zimamuuza kuti tinthu ting’onoting’ono tomwe tilipo!
Koma ndiye kuti kutentha komwe kumawerengedwa ndi Unruh kumawoneka ngati nthano chabe - sizinthu zambiri za malo athyathyathya monga choncho, koma ndi katundu wa wowonera yemwe akukumana ndi kuthamanga kosalekeza mu malo athyathyathya. Komabe, mphamvu yokoka yokha ndi mphamvu yofanana "yopeka" m'lingaliro lakuti "kuthamanga" komwe kumayambitsa sikuli kanthu koma kuyenda motsatira geodesic mu metric yokhotakhota. Monga tinafotokozera m’Mutu 2 , mfundo ya Einstein ya kufanana imanena kuti kuthamanga ndi mphamvu yokoka n’zofanana kwenikweni. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, palibe chodabwitsa kwambiri chokhudza dzenje lakuda lomwe lili ndi kutentha kofanana ndi kuwerengera kwa Unruh kwa kutentha kwa wowonera akuthamanga. Koma, mwina tingafunse kuti, kodi ndi phindu lotani la mathamangitsidwe amene tiyenera kugwiritsira ntchito kudziŵa kutentha? Mwa kusunthira kutali mokwanira ndi dzenje lakuda, titha kupanga kukopa kwake kokoka kukhala kofooka momwe timafunira. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti kuti tidziwe kutentha kwabwino kwa bowo lakuda lomwe timayeza, tifunika kugwiritsa ntchito kamtengo kakang'ono kofananako? Funsoli limakhala lovuta kwambiri, chifukwa, monga timakhulupirira, kutentha kwa chinthu sikungachepetseko. Zimaganiziridwa kuti ili ndi mtengo wokhazikika womwe ungayesedwe ngakhale ndi munthu amene ali kutali kwambiri.
Source: www.habr.com