Limalimbikitsa bukuli . Nthawi zambiri amanena mawuwo Koma kusintha kwa makompyuta kwayamba. Kunena zowona, izo zinayambika. Zinayambitsidwa ndi anthu ena, okhala ndi zikhalidwe zina, ndipo anali ndi masomphenya, malingaliro, ndondomeko. Kutengera ndi malo otani omwe osintha zinthu adapanga dongosolo lawo? Chifukwa chiyani? Kodi adakonza zotsogolera anthu kuti? Kodi ife tiri pa siteji yanji tsopano?
(Zikomo chifukwa chomasulira Aliyense amene akufuna kuthandizira kumasulira - lembani uthenga wanu kapena imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa])
Mabasiketi atatu.
Izi ndi zomwe Tracy amakumbukira kwambiri za Pentagon.
Anali kumapeto kwa 1962, kapena mwina chiyambi cha 1963. Mulimonsemo, nthawi yochepa kwambiri inali itadutsa kuchokera pamene banja la Tracy linasamuka ku Boston chifukwa cha ntchito yatsopano ya atate wake mu Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo. Mpweya ku Washington unalimbikitsidwa ndi mphamvu ndi kukakamizidwa kwa boma latsopano, laling'ono. Mavuto aku Cuba, Khoma la Berlin, akuthamangira ufulu wachibadwidwe - zonsezi zidapangitsa mutu wa Tracy wazaka khumi ndi zisanu. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti mnyamatayo adagwira mosangalala Loweruka la abambo ake kuti apite ku ofesi kuti akatenge mapepala omwe aiwalika. Tracy adangochita mantha ndi Pentagon.
Pentagon ndi malo odabwitsa kwambiri, makamaka akamawonedwa pafupi. M’mbali mwake ndi pafupifupi mamita 300 m’litali ndipo amaima mokwera pang’ono, monga ngati mzinda umene uli kuseri kwa mpanda. Tracy ndi bambo ake anasiya galimoto pamalo oimikapo magalimoto akuluakulu ndipo analunjika pakhomo. Atadutsa njira zochititsa chidwi zachitetezo pamalopo, pomwe Tracy adasaina ndikulandila baji yake, iye ndi abambo ake adatsika pakhonde mkati mwa chitetezo cha Free World. Ndipo chinthu choyamba chomwe Tracy adawona chinali msilikali wachinyamata wowoneka bwino akusuntha uku ndi uku kutsika - akuyendetsa njinga yamoto yamatatu. Anapereka makalata.
Zosamveka. Zosamveka konse. Komabe, msilikali amene anali pa njinga ya magudumu atatu aja ankaoneka wodekha kwambiri ndipo ankaika maganizo ake pa ntchito yake. Ndipo Tracy anayenera kuvomereza kuti: njinga zamagalimoto atatu zinali zomveka, chifukwa cha makonde aatali kwambiri. Iye mwini anali atayamba kale kukayikira kuti zikawatengera mpaka kalekale kuti akafike ku ofesiyo.
Tracy adadabwa kuti abambo ake adagwira ntchito ku Pentagon. Anali munthu wamba, osati waudindo, osati wandale. Bamboyo ankawoneka ngati mwana wamkulu kwambiri, munthu wamtali wamba, wamasaya pang'ono, atavala tracksuit ya tweed ndi magalasi akuda. Panthawiyi n’kuti nkhope yake ikuoneka ngati ili ndi vuto pang’ono, ngati kuti nthawi zonse ankakonza zachidule. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za chakudya chamasana, chimene palibe amene angachitchule kuti n’chabwinobwino bambo akachichita mozama. Ngakhale kuti ankagwira ntchito ku Pentagon (yowerengedwa kunja kwa mzinda), bambo anga ankabwerako nthawi zonse kukadya chakudya chamasana ndi banja lawo, ndiyeno ankabwerera ku ofesi. Zinali zosangalatsa: bambo anga ankanena nkhani, ankalankhula mawu oipa, nthawi zina kuyamba kuseka mpaka mapeto; komabe, iye anaseka kwambiri kotero kuti chimene chinatsala chinali kuseka naye. Chinthu choyamba chimene anachita atafika kunyumba chinali kufunsa Tracy ndi mlongo wake Lindsay wa zaka 13 kuti, “Kodi munachita chiyani lero chimene chinali chosaganizira ena, chopanga zinthu, kapena chochititsa chidwi?” ndipo anachita chidwi kwambiri. Tracy ndi Lindsay adakumbukira tsiku lonse, akuganizira zomwe adachita ndikuyesa kuzisintha m'magulu osankhidwa.
Zakudya zamadzulo zinalinso zochititsa chidwi. Amayi ndi Abambo ankakonda kuyesa zakudya zatsopano ndikuchezera malo odyera atsopano. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, abambo, omwe anali kuyembekezera dongosolo, sanalole kuti Lindsay ndi Tracy atope, kuwasangalatsa ndi mavuto monga "Ngati sitima ikupita kumadzulo pa liwiro la makilomita 40 pa ola, ndipo ndege ili patsogolo. ndi…”. Tracy ankawadziwa bwino kwambiri moti ankatha kuwathetsa m’mutu mwake. Lindsey amangonamizira kukhala mtsikana wamanyazi wazaka khumi ndi zitatu.
“Chabwino, Lindsay,” Atate anafunsa pamenepo, “ngati gudumu lanjinga likugudubuzika pansi, kodi masipoko onse akuyenda pa liŵiro lofanana?”
"Kumene!"
"Kalanga, ayi," adayankha abambo, ndikulongosola chifukwa chomwe adayankhulira pansi amakhala osasunthika, pomwe wolankhulidwa pamwamba kwambiri amayenda mwachangu ngati njinga - kujambula ma graph ndi zojambula pamipukutu zomwe zikanapereka ulemu kwa Leonardo da. Vinci mwini. (Kamodzi pamsonkhano, mnyamata wina adapatsa abambo anga $ 50 pa zojambula zawo).
Nanga bwanji ziwonetsero zomwe amapitako? Pamapeto a mlungu, Amayi ankakonda kukhala ndi nthawi yodzipatula, ndipo Atate ankatenga Tracy ndi Lindsey kuti akaone zojambula, kaŵirikaŵiri ku National Gallery of Art. Nthawi zambiri awa anali okonda chidwi ndi abambo: Hugo, Monet, Picasso, Cezanne. Iye ankakonda kuwalako, kuwala komwe kunkaoneka ngati kumadutsa m’zinsaluzi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, bambo anga adalongosola momwe angayang'anire zojambula pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya "kusintha mtundu" (anali katswiri wa zamaganizo ku Harvard ndi MIT). Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutaphimba diso limodzi ndi dzanja lanu, sunthani mamita 5 kutali ndi zojambulazo, ndiyeno mwamsanga chotsani dzanja lanu ndikuyang'ana chithunzicho ndi maso onse awiri, malo osalala amapindika mumiyeso itatu. Ndipo zimagwira ntchito! Anayendayenda mozungulira nyumbayi ndi Tracy ndi Lindsay kwa maola ambiri, aliyense wa iwo akuyang'ana zojambulazo ndi diso limodzi lotsekedwa.
Iwo ankawoneka achilendo. Koma nthawi zonse akhala banja lachilendo pang'ono (mwanjira yabwino). Poyerekeza ndi anzawo akusukulu, Tracy ndi Lindsay anali osiyana. Wapadera. Zokumana nazo. Bambo ankakonda kuyenda, mwachitsanzo, choncho Tracy ndi Lindsey anakula akuganiza kuti kunali kwachibadwa kuyenda kuzungulira Ulaya kapena California kwa mlungu umodzi kapena mwezi umodzi. Ndipotu, makolo awo amawononga ndalama zambiri paulendo kusiyana ndi mipando, chifukwa chake nyumba yawo yaikulu ya Victorian ku Massachusetts inakongoletsedwa ndi "mabokosi a lalanje ndi matabwa". Kuphatikiza pa iwo, amayi ndi abambo adadzaza nyumbayo ndi ochita zisudzo, olemba, ochita zisudzo ndi zina, ndipo izi sizikuwerengera ophunzira a abambo, omwe angapezeke pansi. Amayi, ngati kuli kofunikira, adawatumiza mwachindunji ku ofesi ya abambo pamtunda wachitatu, kumene kunali tebulo lozunguliridwa ndi milu ya mapepala. Abambo sanaperekepo kalikonse. Komabe, patebulo lake, anali kusunga mbale ya maswiti a zakudya, amene anayenera kuchepetsa chilakolako chake, ndi chimene Atate ankadya monga masiwiti wamba.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, abambo sanali mwamuna yemwe mungayembekezere kuti mum'peze akugwira ntchito ku Pentagon. Komabe, apa iye ndi Tracy anayenda m’makonde aatali.
Pofika ku ofesi ya abambo ake, Tracy ankaganiza kuti ayenera kuti anayenda maulendo angapo a mpira. Kuwona ofesiyo, adamva ... kukhumudwa? Chitseko china chokha mu kanjira kodzaza ndi zitseko. Kumbuyo kwake kuli chipinda wamba, chopakidwa utoto wamba wankhondo, tebulo, mipando ingapo, ndi makabati angapo okhala ndi mafaelo. Panali zenera limene munthu ankatha kuona khoma lodzaza ndi mawindo omwewo. Tracy sankadziwa kuti ofesi ya Pentagon iyenera kukhala yotani, koma ndithudi osati chipinda chonga ichi.
Kunena zoona, Tracy sankadziwa n’komwe zimene bambo ake ankachita tsiku lonse muofesiyi. ntchito yake sinali chinsinsi, koma iye ankagwira ntchito mu Unduna wa Chitetezo, ndipo bambo ake anatenga kwambiri, osati makamaka kulankhula za ntchito kunyumba. Ndipo kunena zoona, ali ndi zaka 15, Tracy sanasamale zimene bambo anali kuchita. Chinthu chokha chimene iye anali wotsimikiza nacho chinali chakuti atate wake anali paulendo wopita ku bizinesi yaikulu, ndipo anathera nthawi yochuluka kuyesera kuti anthu achite zinthu, ndipo izo zinali ndi chinachake chochita ndi makompyuta.
Nzosadabwitsa. Bambo ake ankasangalala ndi makompyuta. Ku Cambridge, pakampani mamembala a gulu lofufuza la abambo anga anali ndi kompyuta yomwe anaisintha ndi manja awoawo. Anali makina aakulu, aakulu ngati mafiriji angapo. Pafupi ndi iye panali kiyibodi, chophimba chosonyeza zomwe mumalemba, cholembera chopepuka - chilichonse chomwe mungafune. Panali ngakhale mapulogalamu apadera omwe amalola anthu angapo kugwira ntchito nthawi imodzi pogwiritsa ntchito ma terminals angapo. Bambo ankasewera ndi makinawo usana ndi usiku, akumajambulitsa mapulogalamu. Kumapeto kwa sabata, amapita ndi Tracy ndi Lindsey kuti nawonso azisewera (kenako amapita kukagula ma burgers ndi zokazinga kwa Howard Johnson kutsidya lina la msewu; zinafika poti operekera zakudya sankayembekezera n’komwe malangizo awo. , kungotumikira ma burgers atangowona zokhazikika). Bambo ngakhale adawalembera mphunzitsi wamagetsi. Ngati mwalemba bwino mawuwo, anganene kuti “Zovomerezeka.” Ngati ndinali kulakwitsa - "Dumbkopf". (Izi zinali zaka zambiri munthu wina asanauze bambo anga kuti mawu achijeremani akuti "Dummkopf" analibe b)
Tracy ankaona zinthu ngati izi ngati zachibadwa; ngakhale adadziphunzitsa yekha pulogalamu. Koma tsopano, poyang'ana mmbuyo zaka zoposa 40, ndi malingaliro atsopano a zaka zatsopano, amazindikira kuti mwina ndichifukwa chake sanasamalire kwambiri zomwe abambo ake anachita ku Pentagon. Anawonongedwa. Iye anali ngati ana aja masiku ano amene azunguliridwa ndi zithunzi za 3D, akusewera ma DVD ndi kusefa ukonde, kuzitenga mopepuka. Chifukwa adawona abambo ake akulumikizana ndi makompyuta (kucheza ndi chisangalalo), Tracy adaganiza kuti makompyuta ndi a aliyense. Sanadziwe (analibe chifukwa chenicheni chodziwira) kuti kwa anthu ambiri mawu akuti kompyuta amatanthauza bokosi lalikulu, losamvetsetseka la kukula kwa khoma la chipinda, njira yowopsya, yosasunthika, yankhanza yomwe imawatumikira - chachikulu. mabungwe - pokakamiza anthu kukhala manambala pamakhadi okhomedwa. Tracy analibe nthawi yoti azindikire kuti bambo ake anali m'modzi mwa anthu ochepa padziko lapansi omwe adayang'ana zaukadaulo ndikuwona kuthekera kwa chinthu chatsopano.
Abambo anga nthawi zonse anali olota, munthu yemwe amafunsa nthawi zonse "bwanji ngati ...?" Iye ankakhulupirira kuti tsiku lina makompyuta onse adzakhala ngati makina ake ku Cambridge. Zidzakhala zomveka bwino komanso zodziwika bwino. Adzatha kuyankha anthu ndi kupeza umunthu wawo. Adzakhala njira yatsopano yodziwonetsera. Awonetsetsa mwayi wopeza zidziwitso mwa demokalase, kuonetsetsa kulumikizana, ndikupereka malo atsopano ochitira malonda ndi kulumikizana. Pamapeto pake, adzalowa mu symbiosis ndi anthu, kupanga mgwirizano wokhoza kuganiza mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa momwe munthu angaganizire, koma kukonza zambiri m'njira zomwe palibe makina angaganizire.
Ndipo bambo ku Pentagon anachita zonse zotheka kuti chikhulupiriro chake chikhale chochita. Mwachitsanzo, ku MIT adayambitsa , kuyesa koyambirira kokulirapo kwa makompyuta amunthu padziko lonse lapansi. Oyang’anira ntchitoyo analibe chiyembekezo chopatsa aliyense kompyuta yake, osati m’dziko limene makompyuta otsika mtengo kwambiri amawononga madola masauzande ambiri. Koma amatha kumwaza malo khumi ndi awiri akutali m'masukulu onse ndi nyumba zogona. Ndiyeno, pogawa nthawi, amatha kuyitanitsa makina apakati kuti agawire zidutswa zing'onozing'ono za nthawi ya purosesa kwambiri, mofulumira kwambiri, kotero kuti wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense amamva kuti makinawo akumuyankha payekha. Chiwembucho chinagwira ntchito modabwitsa. M'zaka zochepa chabe, Project MAC sinangobweretsa mazana a anthu kuti azitha kulumikizana ndi makompyuta, komanso idakhala gulu loyamba lapaintaneti padziko lonse lapansi, likukula kukhala gulu loyamba lazolengeza zapaintaneti, maimelo, kusinthana kwa zida zaulere - ndi obera. Izi zachitika pambuyo pake m'magulu a pa intaneti a nthawi ya intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, ma terminals akutali akuwoneka ngati "malo odziwitsa zapakhomo," lingaliro lomwe lakhala likufalikira m'magulu aukadaulo kuyambira m'ma 1970. Lingaliro lomwe lidauzira mlalang'amba wa anyamata achichepere ngati Jobs ndi Wozniak kuti ayambitse china chake chotchedwa microcomputer pamsika.
Panthawiyi, abambo a Tracy anali paubwenzi ndi mnyamata wamanyazi yemwe adamuyandikira pafupifupi tsiku loyamba la ntchito yake yatsopano ku Pentagon, ndipo maganizo ake a "Kupititsa patsogolo nzeru zaumunthu" anali ofanana ndi malingaliro a symbiosis ya makompyuta a anthu. poyamba anali mawu a maloto athu ovuta kwambiri. Abwana ake omwe ku SRI International (omwe pambuyo pake adakhala Silicon Valley) adawona kuti Douglas ndi wamisala wathunthu. Komabe, abambo a Tracy anapereka thandizo loyamba la ndalama kwa Engelbart (panthawi yomweyo kumuteteza kwa abwana), ndipo Engelbart ndi gulu lake anapanga mbewa, mawindo, hypertext, purosesa ya mawu ndi maziko a zatsopano zina. Kufotokozera kwa Engelbart mu 1968 pamsonkhano ku San Francisco kudadabwitsa anthu masauzande ambiri - ndipo pambuyo pake kunasintha kwambiri mbiri yamakompyuta, nthawi yomwe m'badwo wotukuka wa akatswiri apakompyuta pomaliza pake unazindikira zomwe zingatheke polumikizana ndi kompyuta. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti mamembala a m'badwo wachichepere adalandira thandizo la maphunziro kuchokera ku chithandizo cha abambo a Tracy ndi otsatira ake ku Pentagon - zigawo za m'badwo uno pambuyo pake zinasonkhana ku PARC, Palo Alto Research Center yodziwika bwino ya Xerox. Kumeneko adabweretsa masomphenya a abambo awo a "symbiosis" m'mawonekedwe omwe timagwiritsa ntchito zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake: makompyuta awo omwe ali ndi zenera lojambula ndi mbewa, mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito mawindo, zithunzi, mindandanda, mipiringidzo, ndi zina zotero. Makina osindikizira a laser. Ndi ma netiweki am'deralo a Ethernet kuti alumikizitse zonse palimodzi.
Ndipo potsirizira pake, panali kulankhulana. Pamene ankagwira ntchito ku Pentagon, abambo a Tracy ankathera nthawi yambiri yogwira ntchito paulendo wa pandege, nthawi zonse kufunafuna magulu ofufuza akutali omwe amagwira ntchito pamitu yogwirizana ndi masomphenya ake a symbiosis ya makompyuta a anthu. Cholinga chake chinali kuwagwirizanitsa kukhala gulu limodzi, gulu lodzidalira lomwe lingapite kumaloto ake ngakhale atachoka ku Washington. April 25, 1963 pa iye anafotokoza mbali yofunika kwambiri ya njira yake: kugwirizanitsa makompyuta onse paokha (osati makompyuta aumwini - nthawi yawo siinafike) kukhala makina amodzi a makompyuta omwe amaphimba kontinenti yonse. Ukadaulo wakale wakale wamanetiweki sunalole kupanga dongosolo loterolo, makamaka panthawiyo. Komabe, chifukwa cha abambowo chinali kale patali. Posakhalitsa anali kulankhula za Intergalactic Network ngati malo amagetsi otseguka kwa aliyense, "njira yayikulu komanso yofunika kwambiri yolumikizirana ndi maboma, mabungwe, mabungwe, ndi anthu." E-union ithandizira ma e-banki, malonda, malaibulale a digito, "Maupangiri Ogulitsa, Upangiri wa Misonkho, kufalitsa kosankhidwa kwa zidziwitso mdera lanu laukadaulo, zolengeza zachikhalidwe, masewera, zosangalatsa" - ndi zina. ndi zina zotero. Pofika chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1960, masomphenyawa analimbikitsa olowa m’malo a papa kuti agwiritse ntchito Intergalactic Network, yomwe masiku ano imatchedwa Arpanet. Komanso, mu 1970 anapita patsogolo, kukulitsa Arpanet kukhala maukonde omwe tsopano amadziwika kuti intaneti.
Mwachidule, abambo a Tracy anali mbali ya kayendetsedwe ka mphamvu zomwe zidapanga makompyuta monga momwe timawadziwira: kasamalidwe ka nthawi, makompyuta aumwini, mbewa, mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito, kuphulika kwachidziwitso ku Xerox PARC, ndi intaneti monga ulemerero waukulu. zonse. Inde, ngakhale iye sakanatha kulingalira zotsatira zoterozo, osati mu 1962. Koma izi ndi zomwe adayesetsa. Pambuyo pake, ndichifukwa chake adachotsa banja lake kunyumba yomwe ankakonda, ndichifukwa chake adapita ku Washington kukagwira ntchito ndi maulamuliro ambiri omwe amadana nawo kwambiri: adakhulupirira maloto ake.
Chifukwa adaganiza zomuwona akukwaniritsidwa.
Chifukwa Pentagon - ngakhale ena mwa anthu apamwamba sanazindikire izi - anali kutulutsa ndalama kuti zitheke.
Bambo ake a Tracy atangopinda mapepala aja n’kukonzeka kuti azipita, anatulutsa mabaji apulasitiki obiriwira odzaza manja. "Umu ndi momwe mumasangalalira akuluakulu aboma," adatero. Nthawi zonse mukachoka ku ofesi, muyenera kuyika zikwatu zonse pa desiki yanu ndi baji: zobiriwira zazinthu zapagulu, kenako zachikasu, zofiira, ndi zina zotero, pakuwonjezera chinsinsi. Zopusa pang'ono, poganizira kuti simusowa china chilichonse kupatula zobiriwira. Komabe, pali lamulo lotero, kotero ...
Bambo ake a Tracy anayika mapepala obiriŵira mozungulira ofesi, n’cholinga choti aliyense woti ayang’ane aziganiza kuti, “Mwiniwake wa m’deralo akufunitsitsa kuti atetezeke.” “Chabwino,” iye anatero, “tikhoza kupita.”
Tracy ndi bambo ake anachoka pakhomo la ofesi kumbuyo kwawo komwe kunapachika chikwangwani
- ndikuyamba kuyenda m'makonde aatali, aatali a Pentagon, komwe anyamata okwera njinga zamagalimoto atatu anali kupereka zidziwitso za visa kwa akuluakulu amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Zipitilizidwa…
(Zikomo chifukwa chomasulira Aliyense amene akufuna kuthandizira kumasulira - lembani uthenga wanu kapena imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa])
Source: www.habr.com