Elon Musk () kudzera pa msonkhano wamakanema ( tracker 11:25) mkati mwakuchita nawo gawo lazamalonda , Krasnodar 18/19.10.2019/XNUMX/XNUMX anati (kumasulira ):
"Ndikuwoneka kuti maphunziro ku Russia ndi abwino kwambiri. Ndipo zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti ku Russia kuli talente yambiri komanso zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa kuchokera kuukadaulo. "
Komano, woweruza wa Constitutional Court Aranovsky K.V. mu malingaliro osiyanasiyana pokhudzana ndi madandaulo a nzika MV Tchaikovsky, pa Okutobala 8, 2019, adalankhula motsutsa kwambiri:
"Kenako zidzakhala zotheka kukambirananso za momwe maphunziro a ntchito amavomerezera mwayi wopeza ntchito komanso ngati kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wina kuyenera kulumikizidwa ndi madipuloma."
Pa nthawi yomweyo, Aranovsky K.V. imalimbikitsa kulumikizana kwa maufulu alamulo awa ndi zikhalidwe:
"Ngati maphunziro aukadaulo atsimikizira ziyeneretso za omwe ali ndi dipuloma, ndiye kuti pazotsatira zamalamulo komanso zamalamulo pazokonda ndi zowona, izi zitha kukhala ndi zolemetsa zosiyana, zomwe zingapereke zifukwa zambiri zothandizira ulamuliro wa dipuloma, kotero kuti lingakhale lamulo logwiritsa ntchito ufulu wogwira ntchito ndi ufulu wogwirizana nawo."
Monga tikuonera pa mawu a Aranovsky K.V. pali kugwirizana kwachindunji ndi certification ya akatswiri ndi kukula kwa ufulu waumunthu. Ndipo kugwirizana koteroko, kutsimikiziridwa ndi udindo wa woweruza wa Khoti Lalikulu la Constitutional Court, kungakhale mkangano wolimbitsa udindo pazochitika za kukhazikitsidwa kwa milandu pofuna kuteteza ufulu wa wolemba. Ndiyesera kuwulula mbali iyi mu nkhaniyi.
Kufunika kwa udindo wa woweruza kungatsimikizidwe ndi mawu a munthu wopambana wochokera kudziko lina, Jack Ma ():
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Ndikuganiza kuti zolinga za maganizo a woweruza Aranovsky K.V. akudandaula ndi zomwe zikuchitika panopa ndi maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia ndikuyankhula ndi "gulu la otsogolera" ndi pempho, m'malo mwa anthu ambiri, omwe , m’nkhani yake , atavala zinthu zotsatirazi:
"Ndi kukongola kwake kwakukulu, anthu akuzama amapanga mphamvu yokoka ya chikhalidwe, yomwe imagwirizanitsa dzikoli ndi kukopa (kutengera) kudziko lapansi (kudziko lawo) osankhika, omwe nthawi ndi nthawi amayesa kuwulukira padziko lonse lapansi."
Ndifotokoza m’chithunzi chosavuta bvuto lomwe khoti la Constitutional Court (Constitutional Court) lidalingalirapo pankhaniyi. Citizen M.V. Tchaikovsky anatembenukira ku malo ogwira ntchito ndi pempho loti amuzindikire ngati alibe ntchito. Malo ogwirira ntchito adakana kumupatsa udindowu, potengera kuti sanapereke zolemba zofunikira kuchokera pamndandanda wokhazikitsidwa: chiphaso cha ndalama ndi zikalata zotsimikizira ziyeneretso. Nzikayo inapita kukhoti ndi makhoti oyamba ndi makhoti ena pambuyo pake anazindikira kukana kumeneku kukhala kololedwa. Kenako anapita ku Khoti Loona za Malamulo a Chitaganya cha Russia. Khotilo litaunika momwe mlanduwo unalili, linapeza kuti zopempha za malo ogwirira ntchito zinali zosaloledwa.
Lingaliro la ubale wa Khothi Loona za Malamulo lidatsutsidwa kuti ma dipuloma oyenerera siwokakamiza, chifukwa boma likufuna kuzindikira nzika zonse za Chitaganya cha Russia kuti alibe ntchito, kuphatikiza omwe alibe ziyeneretso zilizonse.
Woweruza Aranovsky K.V. adawona kuti njira yotsutsana yotereyi siili yokwanira pankhaniyi ndikuti malingaliro ozindikira ayenera kukhala pafupifupi awa. Kusiyanitsa kwa chiwerengero cha ufulu umene boma limatsimikizira kwa katswiri wovomerezeka kuyenera kuchitika pamene boma lapereka mipata yambiri yokwaniritsa luso la munthu pa ntchito zothandiza anthu. Ndipo potengera kupambana kwa munthu uyu, kusiyanitsa ndi kotheka. Koma pakadali pano izi siziri, ndipo sizingakhale zongopeka, popeza maphunziro apamwamba ku Russian Federation, chifukwa cha "gulu la oyang'anira," amatsata njira yomwe imanyalanyaza zochitika zonse za anthu.
Kotero kuti a Khabrovites akhoza kumvetsetsa bwino malingaliro a woweruzayo, ndikuganiza kuti m'pofunika kufotokozera kuti woweruzayo sagwira ntchito ndi makhalidwe abwino omwe amavomerezedwa pakati pa anthu. Izi zikufotokozedwa bwino m'buku la A.N. Golovistikova, Yu. A. Dmitriev. Mavuto a chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo: Buku. - M.: EKSMO, 2005.:
"Makhalidwe abwino ndi malamulo ali ndi njira zosiyana zowunikira khalidwe laumunthu. Lamulo limagwiritsa ntchito njira monga zovomerezeka - zosaloledwa, zovomerezeka - zosaloledwa, zili ndi ufulu - zili ndi ntchito, ndi zina zotero. Pakuwunika makhalidwe, palinso njira zina: zamakhalidwe - zachiwerewere, zowona mtima - zosawona mtima, zoyamikirika - zochititsa manyazi, zolemekezeka - zonyansa, ndi zina zotero."
Mfundozi zayikidwa muzotsatira za zolembazo:
1) Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation Article 16. Zifukwa zoletsa woweruza.
3) ali ndi chidwi payekha, mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina pazotsatira za mlanduwo, kapena pali zinthu zina zomwe zimakayikitsa pazolinga zake komanso kupanda tsankho.
2) Malamulo a Njira Yotsutsana ndi Russian Federation Article 21. Kuchotsedwa kwa woweruza
7) adalankhula zapagulu kapena adapereka kuwunika pazabwino za mlandu womwe ukuganiziridwa
3) Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation Article 61. Mikhalidwe yosaphatikizapo kutenga nawo mbali pa milandu
2. Anthu omwe atchulidwa mu gawo limodzi la nkhaniyi sangathe kutenga nawo mbali pamilandu yachigawenga komanso ngati pali zochitika zina zomwe zimapereka chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti iwowo, mwachindunji kapena mosiyana, ali ndi chidwi ndi zotsatira za mlanduwu.
Vomerezani kuti ndizovuta kutsimikizira malingaliro anu kuti machitidwe opitilira muyeso abweretsa zotsatira zoyipa pamalamulo.
Kenako, ndimapereka malingaliro olembedwa a woweruza mokwanira.
Malingaliro a woweruza wa Khoti Loona za Malamulo K.V. Chithunzi cha ARANOVSKYMogwirizana ndi Chigamulo pamlandu wowona kuvomerezeka kwa malamulo a ndime 1 ndi 2 ya Article 3 ya Lamulo la Russian Federation "On Employment in the Russian Federation" pokhudzana ndi madandaulo a nzika M.V. Tchaikovsky, ndikukhulupirira. ndikofunikira kuzindikira zotsatirazi.
Akalandira udindo wosagwira ntchito, nzika sichiyeneranso kupereka diploma ya maphunziro apamwamba, makamaka maphunziro, monga umboni wa ziyeneretso za akatswiri. Aka sikoyamba kuti Khoti Loona za Malamulo ku Russian Federation lithetse kudalira mwachindunji kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu pakupereka dipuloma. Pachigamulo cha 14-P cha November 2018, 41, Khoti Loona za Malamulo ku Russian Federation linanena kuti kukhalapo kwa dipuloma sikungatsimikizire kuti munthu ali ndi ufulu wochita maphunziro amtundu wina (mitundu ina), ngati achita bwino ndi munthu. amene amagwirizana ndi udindo wake.
Chigamulo cha Khoti Loona za Malamulo a Chitaganya cha Russia mwina chikanakhala chosiyana pang’ono ngati zolembedwa zamaphunzirozo zikadakhala ndi mbiri yosiyana ndi momwe zilili tsopano. Ngati maphunziro a ntchito zantchito molimba anatsimikizira ziyeneretso za amene ali ndi dipuloma, ndiye mu malamulo malamulo ndi bwino zokonda ndi makhalidwe, izi mwina ndi kulemera osiyana, amene angapereke zifukwa zambiri kuthandizira ulamuliro wa dipuloma, kotero kuti katundu wake kukhala lamulo logwiritsa ntchito ufulu wogwira ntchito ndi ufulu wogwirizana nawo.
Zimakhala zovuta kuti tisamayanjanitse kukana mwayi ku dongosolo la maphunziro kuti apereke chivomerezo cha ntchito ndi dziko lake, pamene pali mphamvu zambiri zomwe munthu sangathe kudalira khalidwe lokhazikika la maphunziro. Choncho, nthawi ina m'mbuyomu, gulu interdepartmental pansi pa Boma la Russia anayamba ntchito, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kukonzanso malamulo a kuvomerezeka mayunivesite ndi kugawa m'magulu atatu: zofunika, patsogolo ndi kutsogolera. Mayunivesite oyambira amayenera kusinthira ku maphunziro a pa intaneti, zomwe zingawapangitse kukhala malo ophunzirira ndi olankhulirana ndi kuphunzira mtunda, mwachiwonekere, ofanana ndi malo a intaneti, pomwe mtengo wautumiki ungaphatikizepo dipuloma. Izi zotumphukira mayunivesite-maselo amalowa m'mapiramidi ngati mamembala wamba ndipo kumeneko amaphunzira kuphunzitsa, kulimbikitsa "luso", monga momwe utsogoleri ndi kutsata zimayikidwa m'makalasi apamwamba ndi maphunziro mu mzimu wa malonda a maukonde. Mayunivesite otsogola, ngati zonsezi zidachitika, amayenera kukonzekera zopangira zamaphunziro kuti zifalitsidwe pamaneti onse kudzera m'mayunivesite "otsogola" apakati. Ndiye, ndithudi, mayunivesite angachepetse ndalama chifukwa cha kukula ndi zipangizo za intaneti pamene akuchepetsa antchito a aphunzitsi. Ntchito zotere zimasangalatsidwa nthawi zonse ndi gulu la oyang'anira komanso omenyera ufulu wawo; zimakhwima nthawi zonse ndipo nthawi zina zimathandizidwa.
Komabe, sialiyense amene amawona mwa iwo kupita patsogolo kwa kuunika. Wina angasankhe kuti chiopsezo chosalekeza cha kusintha kwapangidwe, osatchula kukhazikitsa kwawo kwenikweni, kumalepheretsa sayansi ndi maphunziro apamwamba mwayi wokhala ndi khalidwe labwino. Choncho, sikuti aliyense amaona kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo la Bologna n'kothandiza, ndipo ambiri angakonde kuchita popanda izo, monga, mwachitsanzo, mayunivesite aku Germany adachita. Sikuti aliyense akukhulupirira kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa digiri ya bachelor ndi masters molingana ndi miyezo ya Bologna kwawonjezera maphunziro apamwamba komanso kuti madipuloma aku Russia tsopano akuzindikiridwa molingana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, monga momwe amayembekezera. Zinthu zambirimbiri zimene zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zimenezi zikanagwiritsidwa ntchito kaamba ka phindu la sayansi ndi malipiro abwino a ntchito yophunzitsa. Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro kwakhala kwa zaka makumi atatu, ndipo zotsatira zawo zidakali zotsutsana, kotero tsopano, pamene ndalama zambiri zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo chidaliro cha ma diploma sichinachuluke, palibe chifukwa chopitirizira kudalira zisankho zautumiki, zoyamba za rectors. ndi chidwi cha omenyera ufulu wawo.
Ndizotheka kuti tsopano tidikirira mpaka ma dipuloma a mayunivesite ambiri ndi masukulu aukadaulo (lyceums, makoleji, etc.) akhale otsimikiza. Ndiye mwinamwake kudzakhala kotheka kukambitsirananso momwe maphunziro a ntchito amavomerezera mwayi wopeza ntchito komanso ngati kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wina kuyenera kugwirizana ndi ma dipuloma. Komabe, pakadali pano, miyezo yamaphunziro yoperekedwa ndi Constitution ya Russian Federation palokha (Gawo 5 la Ndime 43), olamulira ndi omenyera ufulu sangapereke mwanjira ina kuposa zolemba ndi malipoti operekedwa ndi dipatimenti yawo, ngakhale kuti kudziyimira pawokha kuyunivesite ndi ufulu wamaphunziro kumatanthawuza. Miyezo, m'malo mwake, idakhazikitsidwa kachitidwe.
Mpaka posachedwa, mwayi wopereka ma dipuloma unatsimikizira dongosolo la maphunziro a ntchito yotetezedwa mwalamulo, kuphatikizapo ndalama za bajeti. N’kutheka kuti n’kupanda nzeru kusiya zitsimikizo zoterozo popanda kutsimikizira kuti maphunzirowo adzapindula. Panthawi yokonzanso, dongosololi linagawira zothandizira m'njira zomwe sizikanatheka kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa ntchito, ubwino ndi ulemu wa aphunzitsi, i.e. pa khalidwe la maphunziro. Dongosololi limalipira pang'ono pokhapokha ngati mphunzitsi atapatsidwa ntchito yolipidwa ngati woyang'anira, woyambitsa, kapena wolimbikitsa chidwi. Nthawi zina amalola mphunzitsi kuti awonjezere pang'ono malipiro ake osauka, koma osati ntchito, koma ziwerengero zabwino ndi malipoti, kusonyeza njira waluso m'malo mwa njira zamaphunziro, pofunsira thandizo la ndalama ndi mavoti, kuwunika ndi ma graph ndi zina zonse zomwe ndizofunika kwambiri ku mautumiki a kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi madipatimenti. Kuti achite izi, mphunzitsi ayenera kukulitsa luso ndi luso lolemba zoyambira ndi zofunsira, kuziyika m'ndalama ndi m'madipatimenti, kupereka zilolezo, ndikupanga ma index a mawu.
M'malo oterowo, zomwe zimayamikiridwa sizophunzitsa kapena kuphunzira, koma zovuta zamaphunziro ndi njira zomwe zimafunikira osati ndi ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, koma ndi mautumiki, kuti amve bwino ndikukhalabe m'malo opindulitsa pazinthu zofunika. Komabe, sizingatheke kuti chifukwa cha izi ndikofunikira kusunga mwayi wadongosolo, wotsimikiziridwa ndi diploma yokakamiza. Zokonda zake ndi mfundo zake ndizosatsimikizika, ndipo chifukwa cha iwo sikutheka kuchepetsa ufulu wa nzika, mwayi wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, mosiyana ndi zomwe zili mu Article 2, 7, 17, 18, 21, 34, 37 , Gawo 3 la Gawo 55 la Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Kugonjera ndi kuyankha pansi pa olamulira kumapondereza kuphunzitsa ndi maphunziro pamene mayunivesite amasiya kudzilamulira, ufulu wamaphunziro, kalembedwe ndi kutumikira dongosolo lomwe limapereka chilolezo cha ntchitoyo. Kudziyimira pawokha ndizofunikira pa ntchito za yunivesite, ndipo ngati tikuganiza kuti mayunivesite aku Russia sangathe, ndiye kuti zoyembekeza za maphunziro abwino ndi ma dipuloma ndizosatheka.
Khoti Loona za Malamulo a Chitaganya cha Russia amaona mu kudziyimira pawokha mayunivesite mfundo yaikulu ya ntchito zawo, amene amatsimikiza ubale wawo ndi boma ndi boma ndondomeko m'munda wa maphunziro (Chigamulo No. 27-P wa December 1999, 19); Iye akunena kuti kudziyimira pawokha wadzilungamitsa yekha mbiri mu chikhalidwe yunivesite pan-European, ndipo zikugwirizana ndi zolinga za chikhalidwe chikhalidwe, ufulu sayansi, luso ndi mitundu ina ya zilandiridwenso, kuphunzitsa, ndi ufulu wa aliyense maphunziro ndi zina. mfundo za malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino zomwe zikutsatira zomwe zili mu Article 7, 17, 18, 43 (gawo 1 ndi 5), 44 (gawo 1) la Constitution ya Russian Federation; imalola kuletsa kudziyimira pawokha kwa mayunivesite aboma ndi ma municipalities ndi akuluakulu aboma pazifukwa zazikulu zamalamulo komanso malinga ndi momwe mabungwewa, omwe ali ndi ufulu wa woyambitsa, amawongolera kutsata kwa ntchito za yunivesite ndi zolinga zake zovomerezeka (Tanthauzo la June 7 , 2011 No. 767-О-О). Kudziyimira pawokha kwa mabungwe a maphunziro - okhala ndi ufulu wamaphunziro pofunafuna chowonadi, ndi ulaliki wake waulele ndi kufalitsa pansi paudindo waukadaulo wa aphunzitsi popanda chisamaliro cha oyang'anira - zidazindikirika ndi Ndime 3 ya Federal Law "Pa Maphunziro Apamwamba ndi Omaliza Maphunziro Aukadaulo" . Ndime 3 ya Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" imachokera ku mfundo yomweyi, kuwerengera pakati pa mfundo za maphunziro ufulu wa mphunzitsi pakuwunika mitundu ndi njira zophunzitsira ndi kulera, kudziyimira pawokha kwa mabungwe ophunzirira, maphunziro. ufulu ndi ufulu wa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira (ndime 7, 8, 9) . Kukhazikitsidwa kwa izi ndi zokayikitsa ngati dongosolo likuyika otenga nawo gawo mu bizinesi yamaphunziro kuti akwaniritse zofuna zake. Ngakhale Peter I sanakayikire kuti "sayansi ya kugonjera sangalekerere," ndipo N.I. Pirogov anatsindika kwambiri kuti kugwirizana kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino kuti “sayansi ili ndi ulamuliro wake; Atakhala mkulu, amasiya kufunikira kwake ”[1].
Tsopano pali zambiri zosonyeza kuti posachedwa, mwinamwake mu maunansi osiyanasiyana azamalamulo, tidzayenera kuchedwetsa chikhalidwe chokhwima cha ma dipuloma mpaka patakhala umboni wamphamvu wakuti mayunivesite akubwezeretsa kudzilamulira. Koma izi sizowona ngati gawo la kayendetsedwe ka maphunziro silikhala ndi anthu ochepa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ogwira ntchito ndi mautumiki, kutayika kwa ntchito zawo ndi malangizo a njira. Ndikofunikiranso kuwonetsetsa kuti kusintha kwamaphunziro kumatsikira makamaka pakuthetsedwa kwa mabungwe omwe akumwalira, komanso kuti mabungwe omwe alipo ataya chidwi pakukonzanso ndikusintha mayina, komanso kuti okonda sakhalanso opambana pazoyeserera zawo zopanga madipatimenti kukula kwake. a faculty kapena kukhazikitsa "masukulu" m'malo mwawo.
Ngakhale kuti gawo loyang'anira, pamodzi ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu, limakhala ngati wokonza ndi mbuye wa maphunziro, limatsimikizira kamangidwe kake ndi zomwe zidzachitike, palibe chiyembekezo ndipo palibe chifukwa chowononga mphamvu ya chilamulo pa ma diploma okakamiza, omwe panthawiyi amataya malamulo ake. ndi maziko azamalamulo. Zomwe tafotokozazi sizikusiyana ndi Chigamulo chomwe chinatengedwa pankhaniyi.
[1] Onani: Funso la University // Bulletin of Europe. T. 1(237). Petersburg, 1906. S. 1, 15.[2] Onani Kropotova N.V. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov pa chikhalidwe yunivesite: chasintha chiyani mu zaka zana ndi theka? // Kafukufuku wamakono wa sayansi ndi zatsopano. 2016 No7 // .
Muzochitika ziti zomwe woweruza K.V. Aranovsky adatsutsana nazo mu Chigamulo cha Khoti Loona za Malamulo a Chitaganya cha Russia pamlandu wowona kuti malamulo a ndime 1 ndi 2 a Article 3 ya Lamulo la Russian Federation " Pa Ntchito ya Anthu mu Chitaganya cha Russia” ponena za dandaulo la nzika ya M.V. Tchaikovsky? angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulungamitsa kulemera kwa udindo wa mmodzi wa maphwando?
M'malingaliro anga, kulingalira kwa woweruza wa Khoti Lalikulu la Constitutional Court kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pamene, malinga ndi mfundo yakuti malingaliro a katswiri wovomerezeka ndi olemera kwambiri kuposa malingaliro a katswiri yemwe alibe diploma, mmodzi wa maphwando amafuna. kusintha kwa mgwirizano womwe uli woyenera, mwa lingaliro lake. Chitsanzo chosavuta chingakhale momwe chitukuko china chinachitidwa ndi katswiri yemwe alibe dipuloma m'munda wa injiniya wa mapulogalamu. Chipani chotsutsa chinapereka chigamulo kuchokera kwa katswiri yemwe ali ndi dipuloma yofanana, ndipo kuchokera pazifukwa izi zikutsatira kuti ubwino wa ntchito yomwe wachita sagwirizana ndi mlingo wofunikira. Chifukwa chake, pangafunike kusintha koyenera kuchokera kwa wosewera. Ndipo mfundo yakuti katswiri wa kontrakitala, mwachitsanzo, wakhala akuchita izi kwa zaka zambiri ndipo wagwiritsa ntchito mapulojekiti ambiri, mwa lingaliro la kasitomala, sizofunika.
Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kufotokozera kuti khoti nthawi zonse limasankha kuchuluka kwa chipukuta misozi ndi kuvomerezana ndi gawo lomwe lili m'boma m'derali. Ndipo, chifukwa chake, phwando lomwe limapereka ntchito zachitukuko liyenera kutsimikizira kuti mitengo yamtengo wapatali, yosiyana kwambiri ndi mautumiki awo, ndi zina zotero, pamene gulu lotsutsa likuyesera kuchepetsa. Njira yabwino ndiyo kugawa ndalama zonsezo m'zigawo, popeza khoti liyenera kuyang'ana njira zosiyana zochepetsera zodandaula pamlandu uliwonse.
Chitsanzo chabwino cha makinawa ndi yankho . Pochita izi, wotsutsayo, kuti agwiritse ntchito pa webusaiti ya wotsutsa chithunzi cha ndondomeko ya panorama ya St. Khotilo lidaganiza zobweza ma ruble 5 ndi mtengo wake.
Nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kuganizira kuti udindo womwe wakhazikitsidwa mu Constitutional Court Resolution si lamulo lachindunji. Ndipo kudalira kuthamangira "ndi saber pa akasinja" sikungakhale kothandiza. Njira zophatikizira mfundo zochokera ku Khothi Lalikulu la Constitutional Resolution ziyenera kutsatiridwa ndikumvetsetsa momwe bwalo lamilanduli lilili. Kuti ndimveketse bwino mbali imeneyi, ndigwiritsa ntchito mawu otengedwa m’nkhani za sayansi kuti ndipewe zoneneza za kukondera.
Lonjezani"Kukula kwa chilungamo cham'malamulo (zamalamulo) m'gawo lake kumangofikira gawo lomwe bungwe lofananirali limapangidwa ndikugwira ntchito, mokulira - kugawo lapadera la ubale wamalamulo ndi anthu pankhani ya" kutenga nawo mbali pazantchito zonse Kuwongolera malamulo "Mu Russian Federation".
Krapivkina O.A. Mkhalidwe wa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingaliro otsutsana a woweruza m'malamulo osiyanasiyana a ISTU Bulletin No. 2(97) 2015
Lonjezani“Mabungwe a anthu osagwirizana ndi malamulo amakhazikitsidwa m’mayiko ambiri a demokalase, kuphatikizapo USA, Russia, Canada, Germany, England, ndi zina zotero. zikuphatikizidwa m'mawu a gawo lolingalira lachigamulo (Germany). Koma pali mayiko ademokalase omwe ali ndi dongosolo lachiweruzo lotukuka, kumene kulibe bungwe lachiweruzo chotero. Ena mwa iwo ndi, mwachitsanzo, France, Belgium ndi Italy. Chifukwa chachikulu cha kusakhalapo kwa bungwe lotsutsana ndi maganizo, mwachiwonekere, kuopa kosalekeza kuwulula chinsinsi cha chipinda chokambirana ndikuchepetsa ulamuliro wa chigamulo cha khoti. Kusowa kwa bungweli m'makhoti angapo akufotokozedwanso ndi miyambo yazamalamulo ya boma. "
"Kwa maloya a Anglo-America, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingaliro otsutsana ndi gawo lachiweruzo. Komanso, iye ndi wonyadira chilungamo cha America. Malingaliro otsutsana a Woweruza wa Khoti Lalikulu la US O. Holmes amaganiziridwa moyenerera, monga momwe wofufuza wa ku America E. Dumbold amanenera, "chuma chamaganizo" [7]. Woweruza wamkulu wa ku United States A. Scalia akunena kuti malingaliro otsutsana ndi zotsatira za kulingalira kodziimira ndi kozama; iwo ali ndi chidwi ndi woweruza milandu chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo ndi chidwi pazochitikazo, zimakhala ngati umboni wa zovuta zalamulo zomwe zimaganiziridwa, zomwe zimafuna njira yoyenera; mwachibadwa amasintha khoti kukhala bungwe limene mikangano yalamulo imachitikira, ndipo maganizo azamalamulo amapangidwa.”
"Mu miyambo ya Anglo-Saxon, malingaliro osagwirizana ndi gulu lomwe limachita m'njira zitatu - uneneri, kukambirana, ndi chitsimikizo cha kuwona mtima [6]. Ngakhale, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti malingaliro oyamba okhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingaliro otsutsana ku United States anali oyipa. Wolemba wina wa malingaliro oyamba osagwirizana, Woweruza William Johnson, adalembera Purezidenti wa US panthawiyo a Thomas Jefferson kuti atapereka malingaliro ake otsutsana nawo, adangomva ziphunzitso zamakhalidwe zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa iye za khalidwe losayenera la oweruza omwe amaukirana [10. ]. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa zigamulo zomwe Khothi Lalikulu Lalikulu ku United States linapereka lingaliro limodzi lokha lidakula pang'onopang'ono [8]. Chotero, monga chitsanzo cha thayo laulosi la lingaliro lotsutsana, munthu angakumbukire lingaliro lotsutsana la Justice Laskin wa Khoti Lalikulu la Canada, amene mu mlandu wa Murdoch v. Murdoch anatsutsa dongosolo lakale la malamulo a katundu, kuchirikiza kuyenera kwa akazi osudzulidwa amene anali ndi phande m’ntchito zapakhomo ndi kulera ana ku gawo la chumacho. Pambuyo pake, pa mlandu wa Rathwell v. Khoti la Rathwell, lotsogozedwa ndi Dixon, lidapereka chigamulo chomwe chidagwirizana ndi malingaliro otsutsana a Laskin. Chifukwa chake, idakhala ngati kalambulabwalo wa kusintha kwa malamulo omwe cholinga chake ndi kuteteza ufulu wa amayi."
“Ku China, maganizo otsutsana nawo anayamba kugwirizana ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Loona za Malamulo ku Shanghai No. 2 mu September 2003. Bungweli lakhala lachilendo ku China chilungamo. Oweruza achi China azolowera kuchita zinthu zazifupi, "zopanda maziko".
...
Kuthekera kwa kuphatikizirapo malingaliro otsutsana a oweruza pazigamulo zamilandu kumawonetsa kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo ku China, kumapangitsa oweruza kukhala ndi udindo, komanso kumathandizira kusintha kachitidwe kakukonza zigamulo zamilandu. Kufikira posachedwapa, zigamulo za makhoti a ku China zinali zachidule za masamba asanu ndi limodzi, mmene mbali yeniyeni ya mlanduwo ndi chigamulo cha khoti lenilenilo zinalongosoledwa mwachidule. Mbali yotsutsana inalibe, maziko ovomerezeka a chisankho, kuunika kwa umboni, ndi zotsutsana za maphwando sizinatchulidwe m'malemba a chigamulo. Zina mwa kuipa kwa zisankho zamtunduwu, otsutsa aku China adatchulapo kusawoneka bwino kwachiweruzo. Sizinachitike mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 pomwe zopempha kuti zisinthe zidayamba kugwira ntchito. Mabwalo amilandu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza bwalo la Supreme People’s Court, afuna kuti oweruza milandu adzilungamitsira zigamulo zawo m’malemba a zigamulo zawo. Choncho, mu July 2004, khoti la Foshan Arbitration Court la m’chigawo cha Guangdong linatulutsa chigamulo chokhala ndi masamba oposa 100.”
Lonjezani"Ufulu wokhala ndi lingaliro lotsutsana umapangitsa munthu kukhala woweruza, kumusiyanitsa ngati munthu wodziyimira pawokha komanso wodalirika wa bungwe loweruza [3]. Kukhazikitsa kwa anthu otsutsa maganizo awo kumachepetsa mphamvu ya lamulo poletsa maganizo a anthu ambiri kukhala njira yokhayo yomasulira mfundo za malamulo. Monga momwe A. Scalia ananenera, “dongosolo la kusagwirizana maganizo kwasintha Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu la United States kukhala bwalo lapakati la mkangano wamakono wa zamalamulo, ndipo zigamulo zake kuchokera ku mbiri chabe ya zigamulo zalamulo zomveka kukhala chinachake chonga “History of American Legal Philosophy with Commentary. .”
Lonjezani"Chofunikira cha malingaliro otsutsana ndi zolinga zomwe woweruza adakhalabe paumodzi panthawi ya voti adapangidwa momveka bwino ndi A. L. Kononov: "... kufotokoza ndi kuteteza maganizo a munthu ndi ntchito yovuta m'maganizo ndi m'maganizo, nthawi zonse. mkangano waukulu wamkati. Ndizovuta kwambiri kugonjetsa kukayikira ndikupewa chikoka cha akuluakulu, kukhalabe ochepa pakati pa oweruza anzako, aliyense wa iwo, mwa kutanthauzira, ndi katswiri wa ziyeneretso zapamwamba. Lingaliro lotsutsana ndilo, ndithudi, kutanthauzira monyanyira kwa udindo wa woweruza, pamene mtengo wa chigamulo mwachiwonekere uli wokwera, pamene kusagwirizana kwamkati sikungatheke, ndipo kutsutsidwa kwa kulakwa kwachiweruzo ndikokwanira "[7, p. 46]. Chifukwa chimene chinayambitsa "mkangano waukulu wamkati" ndi kuzindikira kwa woweruza za udindo pa zisankho zomwe zimathetsedwa popereka chigamulo komanso zomwe zimakhala zofunika mtsogolo mwa woimbidwa mlandu.
Kuchokera m'mawu omwe ali pamwambawa zikuwonekeratu kuti kudandaula kwachindunji ku malingaliro otsutsa sikutheka ndipo chimodzi mwazotsutsana ndi chakuti apilo iyi idzapangitsa khoti kuti lipange chigamulo potengera zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, zomwe khoti likhoza kuonedwa ngati kukakamiza. izo. Kumbali inayi, ndikofunikira kupanga dongosolo logwirizana, lolumikizidwa bwino la zinthu zamalo ovomerezeka a chipani pamlandu. Ndipo pankhani yoteteza kukopera ndi maufulu okhudzana nawo, poganizira kusatsimikizika kwamitundu yambiri, izi ndizovuta. Pali positi pa Habre ndipo iye, mu lingaliro langa, ndithu qualitatively systematized mfundo nthambi zimene ziyenera kuganiziridwa pamene kulowa mu mkhalidwe wa chitetezo cha milandu kukopera. Cholembacho chinasindikizidwa mu 2013 ndipo, popeza sindinayang'anenso kufunikira kwa kusanthula komwe kunachitika mmenemo, ndikukulangizani kuti muchite zimenezo musanagwiritse ntchito zomwe zili mkati mwake. Chofunikira ichi chimabwera chifukwa chakuti nkhani yalamulo imachitika mosalekeza, mchitidwe wina woweruza umachitika, ndipo mafotokozedwe a Khothi Lalikulu akuwonekera.
Ndipereka zitsanzo ziwiri za momwe kuchuluka kwa luso kungagwiritsire ntchito kuteteza ufulu wa aluntha.
Chinthu choyamba komanso chofunikirabe chikugwirizana ndi momwe wogwira ntchito, atatenga zotsatira zonse, amapita kwa kasitomala ndikusiya kontrakitala popanda malipiro. Izi zikufotokozedwa mu post ya 2013 , ndipo mfundo yakuti mbaliyi sinataye kufunika kwake ikhoza kuwonedwa kuchokera ku positi yaposachedwa . Nkhani ya 2013, ndondomeko yoyamba, ikufotokoza momwe gulu la olemba omwe adapanga pulogalamu monga gawo la ntchito ya ntchito yawo ndi pulogalamu ya mapulogalamu omwe ufulu wawo uli wa bungwe. Ndipo, pambuyo pake, mmodzi wa antchito a gulu lotchulidwa, atasamukira ku bungwe lina, adapanga chinthu china pogwiritsa ntchito chitukuko cha gulu kuchokera kumalo a ntchito yapitayi. Ulalo wa chigamulo cha khothi la arbitration muzinthuzo sukugwiranso ntchito, koma mutafufuza, ulalo wogwirira ntchito , zomwe zimapereka chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zochokera ku positi pa Habré.
Kawirikawiri, chigamulo cha khoti chinapangidwa mokomera wotsutsa, yemwe pulogalamuyo inabedwa, malinga ndi maganizo a akatswiri, omwe, poyerekeza ndondomeko ya pulogalamu ya ma modules, mawu akuti:
"Malinga ndi lingaliro la katswiri, posanthula zidutswa za magwero a mapulogalamu a OpenSky-2 ndi Meridian, kusiyana (mizere iwiri) kunapezeka m'dzina la nthambi yolembera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungirako zoikamo zomwe zimatsimikizira njira zogwirira ntchito. pulogalamu, pomwe m'malo mwa nthambi "SoftwareRIVC_PULKOVOAS_RDS (Spp ) Zidziwitso", zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi "OpenSky-2", pazifukwa zomwezo, zokhala ndi ma tag omwewo komanso mawonekedwe omwewo amtengo wosungidwa momwemo. , nthambi ya "SoftwareAeronavigator Meridian Alerts" imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu "Meridian".
Monga momwe ndingaganizire, pankhani zotere, wotsutsa akuyesera kutsimikizira zomwe angathe. Mafunso asanakayezedwe azamalamulo adapangidwa molondola ndipo zotsatira zofunikira zidapezedwa. Mwina ngati wogwira ntchito amene anaba pulogalamuyo anali wosamala kwambiri pobisa mayendedwe ake, zotsatira zake sizikadachitika. Ndiye tikanayenera kudalira kusiyana kwa msinkhu wa luso.
Funso limabuka: momwe mungadziwire kuchuluka kwa luso? Pankhani yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa, ndinganene chiwembu chotsatirachi. Zinanenedwa pamwambapa kuti mankhwalawa adapangidwa ndi gulu la olemba. Nthawi zambiri, m'magulu oterowo, aliyense amachita zomwe akudziwa bwino ndipo, chifukwa chake, adagwiritsapo ntchito njira zofananira pazinthu zina. Sonkhanitsani zitsanzo ziwiri kapena zitatu zamayankho omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbuyomu kuchokera kwa aliyense wa olemba ndikufunsani funso pakuyezetsa, pafupifupi mwanjira iyi: chitani mayankho omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito pazabedwa, mu gawo limodzi kapena imzake, agwirizane mumayendedwe, ukadaulo, mawonekedwe. , yopangidwa ndi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zisankho zopanga za wolemba wina muzinthu zopangidwa kale. Zotengera mfundo ya kulemba pamanja. Ndikuganiza kuti ngati zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana nazo zikugwirizana, sizingakhale zovuta kugwirizanitsa izi ndi komwe zidachokera.
Chitsanzo chotsatira chingakhale .
Chofunikira pankhaniyi chimapangidwa motere: nzika, ikugwira ntchito ku Vodokanal LLC, idapanga fayilo ya Excel momwe zimatheka kusinthiratu data pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa GOST R 50779.42-99 (ISO 8258-91) " Njira zowerengera. Shewhart's control chart. Ambiri a Khabrovite awona, m'mabungwe ambiri, mafayilo awa a Excel amasungidwa ngati kachidutswa ka diso lawo, omwe amaperekedwa kuchokera kwa antchito kupita kwa antchito monga odziwa kwambiri. Palibe chifukwa chotsutsana ndi momwe zinthu zilili, chifukwa kwenikweni amapulumutsa antchito nthawi yambiri. Atachotsedwa ntchito, kampaniyo inapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito chitukuko cha wogwira ntchitoyo. Anaganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chitukuko chake kunali kovulaza kwa iye ndipo adasumira mlandu pomwe adayerekeza kuchuluka kwa zonena zake ndi ma ruble 100.
Mkaziyo anakanidwa ndi zifukwa zotsatirazi:
Poganizira:
"Pulogalamu ya pakompyuta ndi gulu la data ndi malamulo omwe amaperekedwa m'njira yoyenera, yopangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito makompyuta ndi zida zina zamakompyuta kuti apeze zotsatira zina, kuphatikizapo zinthu zokonzekera zomwe zimapezedwa popanga pulogalamu ya pakompyuta, ndi ma audiovisual opangidwa ndi izo. "
...
Choncho, panthawi ya mlandu wotsutsa Proskurina S.V. palibe umboni womwe unaperekedwa wa ufulu wodzipatula wa wodandaulayo ku chinthu chogwirizana ndi chidziwitso komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu umenewu ndi wotsutsa, popeza pa TV "SanDisk" (m / o <nambala>) yoperekedwa ndi wotsutsa, mu fayilo "card-xls", yomwe ili mufoda "doc. Excel", palibe chinthu chaluntha mu mawonekedwe a pulogalamu ya pakompyuta yogwira ntchito ndi matebulo ndi kupanga ma grafu okonzekera a Shewhart Charts.
Chifukwa chakuti wodandaulayo wapempha kuti avomereze kuvomereza kwapadera kwa pulogalamu ya pakompyuta yogwira ntchito ndi matebulo ndikupanga ma graph osinthika a Shewhart Charts, khotilo likufika potsimikiza kuti likukana kuwakhutiritsa, popeza panthawi ya mlandu izi zikuchitika. sizinatsimikizidwe ndipo zatsutsidwa ndi zolemba za mlanduwo. ”
Ndiko kuti, kufufuza sikunapeze pulogalamu ya pakompyuta mu fayilo yotchulidwa. Kuchokera pamawonedwe okhazikika, izi ndi zoona, popeza fayilo ya Excel palokha silingapangitse kuti hardware igwire ntchito (ntchito). Ndiye kuti, ngati palibe pulogalamu yapakompyuta, ndiye kuti sipangakhale zonena. Mfundo imeneyi ndi yosavuta komanso yomveka.
Mwachibadwa, uku ndiko kulakwitsa koonekeratu kwa wotsutsa. Mwa njira, zitha kuwongoleredwa polemba chigamulo chatsopano, momwe mutu watsopano wazomwe ukunena ukuwonetsedwa ndipo zofunikira zikukwaniritsidwa, tchulani:
"Mogwirizana ndi Art. 1300 ya Civil Code of the Russian Federation, chidziwitso cha kukopera ndi chidziwitso chilichonse chomwe chimazindikiritsa ntchito, wolemba kapena wina yemwe ali ndi chilolezo, kapena chidziwitso chokhudza momwe ntchitoyo ingagwiritsire ntchito, yolumikizidwa nayo kapena ikuwoneka yokhudzana ndi kuwulutsa kapena chingwe. kuulutsa kapena kubweretsa ntchito yotero kwa anthu, komanso manambala ndi ma code aliwonse omwe ali ndi chidziwitsocho. ”
Ndikuganiza kuti pazifukwa zotere, mawu ofunikira angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza zonena. Ndiko kuti, munthu adatha kupanga gawo ndi ntchito yake yolenga yomwe imapulumutsa nthawi yambiri yogwira ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito zamalonda. Ndizopadera, popeza palibe amene akugwira ntchito pamaso pake adatha kugwiritsa ntchito izi ndipo wolembayo ali ndi ufulu wolandira malipiro kuchokera kuzinthu zachuma.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kudziwa kuti gulu lathu likuyandikira kumvetsetsa kuti udindo, udindo, kapena kukhala m'gulu linalake ndi zotsatira za kufunikira kwa munthu pagulu ndipo mtengowu umatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito, ndiko kuti. , mlingo wa luso lake ndi luso lake pozindikira ufulu wogwira ntchito.
Source: www.habr.com