Poyendera dziko lililonse, ndikofunikira kuti musasokoneze zokopa alendo ndi kusamuka.
nzeru za anthu
Today Ndikufuna kuganizira mwina kwambiri kukanikiza nkhani - bwino ndalama pamene kuphunzira, kukhala ndi kugwira ntchito kunja. Ngati mu magawo anayi apitawo (, , , ) Ndinayesetsa kupewa mutuwu momwe ndingathere, ndiye m'nkhani ino tidzajambula mzere wandiweyani pansi pa ziwerengero za nthawi yayitali za malipiro a malipiro ndi ndalama.
Chodzikanira: Mutuwu ndi wovuta, ndipo ndi ochepa kwambiri omwe ali okonzeka kufotokoza momasuka, koma ndiyesetsa. Chilichonse chomwe chafotokozedwa pansipa ndikuyesa kulingalira zenizeni zozungulira, kumbali imodzi, komanso kukhazikitsa malangizo kwa iwo omwe akufuna kupita ku Switzerland, kumbali inayo.
Dziko ngati dongosolo la msonkho
Misonkho ku Switzerland imagwira ntchito mofanana ndi wotchi yaku Switzerland: momveka bwino komanso nthawi. Ndizovuta kwambiri kusalipira, ngakhale pali njira zosiyanasiyana. Pali ndalama zambiri zochotsera misonkho ndi zololeza (mwachitsanzo, pamakhala kuchotsedwa kwa zoyendera za anthu onse, nkhomaliro kuntchito, kugula zinthu zosangalatsa ngati zikufunika kuntchito, ndi zina).
Monga ndanenera mu , ku Switzerland pali njira yokhometsa msonkho ya magawo atatu: federal (mitengo yofanana kwa aliyense), cantonal (yofanana kwa aliyense mkati mwa canton) ndi communal (yofanana kwa aliyense mkati mwa chigawo). Aka midzi/midzi). M'malo mwake, misonkho ndi yotsika kuposa m'maiko oyandikana nawo, koma zowonjezera, zovomerezeka, zolipira zimadya kusiyana kumeneku, koma kwambiri kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi.
Koma zonsezi ndi zabwino mpaka mutasankha kuyambitsa banja - apa misonkho imakwera kwambiri, koma osati kwambiri. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti tsopano ndinu "gulu la anthu", ndalama zanu zikufotokozedwa mwachidule (moni, mlingo wopita patsogolo), kuti banja lidzadya zambiri, ndipo mwanayo akufunikabe kubadwa, ndiyeno masukulu, masukulu. , mayunivesite, ambiri omwe ali pamlingo wa boma, koma omwe mudzayenera kulipira kwinakwake, kwinakwake pang'ono. Anthu am'deralo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'maukwati apachiweniweni, chifukwa chuma chiyenera kukhala chachuma, kapena amakhala m'malo okhala ndi misonkho yotsika (mwachitsanzo, ), koma amagwira ntchito m'malo "olemera" (mwachitsanzo, Zurich - mphindi 30 pa sitima kuchokera ku Zug). Zaka zingapo zapitazo panali kuyesa kukonza zinthu, ndipo, osakweza misonkho kwa mabanja poyerekeza ndi anthu osakwatiwa - sizinagwire ntchito.
Kusintha kwa ma referendumNthawi zambiri, monyengerera ma referendum othandiza, amayesa kukankhira zisankho ndi malingaliro opanda pake. Kwenikweni, kuli lingaliro labwino kuchepetsa misonkho kwa okwatirana, makamaka amene ali ndi ana; Thandizo la lingaliro ili poyamba linali lalikulu kwambiri. Komabe, chipani chachikristu chimene chinayambitsa referendum chinaganiza panthaŵi imodzimodziyo kukankhira tanthauzo la ukwati monga “mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi” - tsoka, iwo anataya chichirikizo cha ambiri. Kulekerera.
Komabe, mukakhala ndi mwana, kapena aŵiri, misonkho yanu imachepetsedwa pang’ono, popeza kuti tsopano muli ndi munthu wina watsopano womudalira. Ndipo ngati m'modzi yekha wa okwatirana akugwira ntchito, ndiye kuti mutha kudalira ndalama zothandizira komanso zovomerezeka, makamaka pankhani ya inshuwaransi yazaumoyo.
Ngati mukufuna kuwongolera ndi - Mulungu aletse - kuthawa misonkho, ndiye kuti m'moyo pali mwayi umodzi wokha wogwidwa muchinyengo chamisonkho ndikukhululukidwa. Ndiko kuti, mukhoza retroactively kukonza zinthu ndi kuipitsa mbiri, mwachibadwa, ndi kulipira misonkho onse osalipidwa. Chotsatira - khoti, umphawi, nyali, hema wa lumpen kutsogolo kwa Ryumin Palace ku Lausanne.
"Lumpen-tent": malo osankhidwa a "intelligentsia" - moyang'anizana ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi laibulale ...
Kwa iwo omwe akukonzekera kusuntha ndi kulipira misonkho paokha (mwachitsanzo, potsegula kampani yawo), Tafunidwa mwatsatanetsatane.
Chinthu chabwino ndi chakuti simuyenera kudzaza msonkho wa msonkho mpaka ndalama zanu zidutsa ~ 120k pachaka, ndipo kampaniyo imathandizira mchitidwe wa "taxe a la source", ndipo chilolezo ndi B (chosakhalitsa). Mukangolandira C, kapena malipiro anu adutsa ~ 120k, ndinu olandiridwa kuti muzilipira misonkho nokha (osachepera mu canton ya Vaud muyenera kudzaza chilengezo). Monga akunenera , mu cantons olankhula Chijeremani monga Zurich, Schwyz, Zug kapena St. Galen, izi ziyenera kuchitika. Kapena ngati mukufuna kutumiza zikalata zochotsera (onani pamwambapa + chipilala cha penshoni chachitatu), muyenera kudzaza chilengezo (mungagwiritse ntchito chiwembu chosavuta).
Zikuwonekeratu kuti ndizovuta kuchita izi nokha kwa nthawi yoyamba, kotero kwa 50-100 francs amalume achifundo-fudussier (Aka triplehander, germ. Treuhänder, mbali inayo ) adzakudzazani ndi mayendedwe oyeretsedwa (chinthu chachikulu ndikudalira, koma fufuzani!). Ndipo chaka chamawa mungathe kudzipanga nokha mu fano lanu ndi maonekedwe anu.
Komabe, ndi Switzerland conchitaganya, motero misonkho, imasiyanasiyana ku canton ndi canton, mzinda ndi mzinda ndi mudzi ndi mudzi. MU Ndinanena kuti mukhoza kupindula ndi misonkho posamukira kumidzi. Pali a , zomwe zimasonyeza momveka bwino kuti munthu angapulumutse kapena kutaya ndalama zochuluka bwanji pochoka ku Lausanne kupita ku, kunena kuti, Ecoublan (malo ozungulira kumene EPFL ili).
Panorama ya Nyanja ya Leman pafupi ndi Vevey kuti mulimbikitse misonkho
Misonkho ya ndege
Ku Switzerland pali misonkho yamtundu "pamlengalenga".
kapena kuyambira 01.01.2019/XNUMX/XNUMX. Uwu ndiye msonkho "wokondedwa" kwambiri ndi ambiri - msonkho pa mwayi wothekera kuwonera kanema wawayilesi ndikumvera wailesi. Ndiko kuti, m'dziko lathu - mumlengalenga. Inde, intaneti ikuphatikizidwanso pano, ndipo popeza pafupifupi aliyense ali ndi telefoni (werengani: foni yamakono) masiku ano, ndizovuta kwambiri kuchotsa.
M'mbuyomu, panali magawano mu wailesi (~ 190 CHF pachaka) ndi TV (~ 260 CHF pachaka) iliyonse. banja (inde, chalet cha dziko ndi banja lina), ndiye pambuyo pa referendum yaposachedwa ndalamazo zidagwirizana (~ 365 CHF pachaka, franc tsiku lililonse), mosasamala kanthu za wailesi kapena TV, ndipo nthawi yomweyo mabanja onse adayenera kulipira, mosasamala kanthu za kukhalapo kwa wolandira. Mwachilungamo, ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ophunzira, opuma pantchito komanso - mwadzidzidzi - wogwira ntchito msonkho uwu sulipidwa. Mwa njira, chifukwa chosalipira chindapusa chimafikira ma franc 5000, zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri. Ngakhale ndikudziwa zitsanzo zingapo pamene munthu sanapereke msonkho pa mfundo kwa zaka zingapo ndipo sanalipidwe.
Chabwino, chitumbuwa pa keke: ngati mukufuna kuwedza, kulipira chilolezo, pali zoletsa okhwima pa nthawi nsomba, ngati mukufuna kusaka, kulipira chilolezo, kusunga chida chanu molondola, ndipo ngakhale kulowa gawo kwa kuwombera nyama zakutchire. Mnzake wina wa ku Swiss adanena za kusaka kuti nsombazo zimaperekedwa ku boma.
Ngati mukufuna kukhala ndi chiweto, perekani msonkho (mpaka ma franc 100-150 mumzinda komanso pafupifupi ziro kumidzi). Ngati simulipira, ngati simunapange nyamayo, mulipidwa! Zimakhala zopusa: apolisi, akuyendayenda m'misewu, amaletsa akazi achipwitikizi ndi agalu ndikuyesera kuwalipiritsa.
Ndipo kachiwiri, dialectically, ine ndikuwona kuti ndalamazi zikuphatikizapo matumba omwe eni nyama amayenera kuchotsa chimbudzi cha milandu yawo, malo apadera oyenda agalu akuluakulu okhala ndi zipangizo zoyenera, komanso kuyeretsa misewu komanso kusakhalapo kwathunthu kwa ziweto zosokera. m'mizinda (inde ndi midzi). Zoyera komanso zotetezeka!
Kawirikawiri, n'zovuta kuganiza za mtundu wa ntchito zomwe sizingakhale pansi pa msonkho, koma misonkho imapita ku zolinga zomwe amasonkhanitsidwa: zothandizira anthu - chikhalidwe, agalu - kwa agalu, ndi zinyalala - zinyalala. ... Mwa njira, za zinyalala!
Kusankha zinyalala
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mfundo yakuti banja lililonse ku Switzerland limalipira ndalama zochotsera zinyalala (izi ndi zotsika mtengo, monga msonkho). Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti tsopano mutha kutaya zinyalala kulikonse kumene mukufuna. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kugula matumba apadera pamtengo wapakati wa 1 franc pa 17 malita. Mpaka posachedwa, iwo sanali mu cantons za Geneva ndi Valais, koma kuyambira 2018 adalowanso. Ichi ndichifukwa chake "chikondi" chonse cha ku Switzerland chosankha zinyalala: mapepala, pulasitiki (kuphatikizapo PET), galasi, kompositi, mafuta, mabatire, aluminiyamu, chitsulo, ndi zina zotero. Zofunikira kwambiri ndi zinayi zoyambirira. Kusanja kumathandiza kwambiri kusunga matumba kuti zinyalala wamba.
Pali apolisi otaya zinyalala omwe amatha kuyang'ana mwachisawawa zomwe mumataya ndi mapepala, kompositi kapena zinyalala wamba. Ngati pali kuphwanya (mwachitsanzo, anataya ma CD pulasitiki ndi pepala kapena Li-batire mu zinyalala wokhazikika), ndiye potengera umboni mu zinyalala palokha, munthu angapezeke ndipo anapereka chindapusa. Nthawi zina, mutha kulandiranso risiti yolipira ntchito ya ola limodzi ya ofufuza a zinyalala okha, ndiye kuti, landirani mokwanira. Sikelo ikupita patsogolo, ndipo pambuyo pa chindapusa cha 3-4 munthu akhoza kulembedwa, zomwe zadzaza kale.
Momwemonso, ngati mukufuna kutaya zinyalala m'chikwama chokhazikika pamalo opezeka anthu ambiri kapena kuziyika m'chidebe cha munthu wina.
Inshuwaransi - monga misonkho, koma inshuwaransi yokha
Ku Switzerland kuli mitundu yonse ya inshuwaransi: ulova, mimba, zachipatala (zofanana ndi inshuwaransi yathu yokakamizidwa yachipatala ndi inshuwaransi yodzifunira), paulendo wakunja (nthawi zambiri umachitika ndi OMC), inshuwaransi yamano, kulumala, ngozi, inshuwaransi ya penshoni, moto ndi masoka achilengedwe (), kubwereka nyumba yobwereka (RCA), kuti atetezedwe ku kuwonongeka kwa katundu wa anthu ena (inde, izi ndizosiyana ndi RCA), inshuwalansi ya moyo, (kuthawa kumapiri, koyenera m'chilimwe poyenda komanso m'nyengo yozizira pa skis), zovomerezeka (zosavuta komanso zomasuka kulankhulana m'makhoti) ndipo iyi si mndandanda wathunthu. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi magalimoto, pali zosankha zina zambiri: MTPL yakomweko, CASCO, kuyimba thandizo laukadaulo () Ndi zina zotero.
Nzika wamba amaganiza kuti inshuwaransi ndi nyumba yosauka komwe chilichonse chili chaulere. Ndimafulumira kukhumudwitsa: inshuwaransi ndi bizinesi, ndipo bizinesi iyenera kupanga ndalama, kaya ku Africa kapena Switzerland. Conventionally: kuchuluka kwa chindapusa - kuchuluka kwa zolipira - kuchuluka kwa malipiro ndi ndalama zochulukirapo, zomwe, mwachilengedwe, ndizokulirapo kuposa 0 (osachepera kutsatsa komweku ndi kulipira mabonasi kwa othandizira inshuwaransi kwa makasitomala atsopano), ziyenera kukhala zowoneka bwino. mtengo wabwino. Zindikirani, osati zofanana, osati zochepa, koma mozama kwambiri.
Chikhalidwe chachi Switzerland chochulukirapo: yang'anani ku Montreux kuchokera ku banki ina
Nachi chitsanzo cha scammer moona mtima.
Momwe CSS idabera ophunzira mu 2014Kotero, chinali 2014, sindinavutitse aliyense. Akuluakulu aku Swiss, monga gawo la kafukufuku wanthawi zonse, adawulula kuti imodzi mwamakampani akuluakulu a inshuwaransi, CSS, idalandira ndalama zokwana 200-300k francs ku chipukuta misozi chaka chilichonse kuti athe kulipira ndalama za inshuwaransi yachipatala yokakamizidwa kwa ophunzira. Zowonongeka pazaka 10 zidafika ma franc 3 miliyoni. Wow, bizinesi yabwino!
Pa nthawiyi, ophunzira a PhD adachotsedwa ku inshuwaransi ya ophunzira ndikukakamizidwa kulipira mokwanira, monga munthu wamkulu wogwira ntchito (chiyeneretso chochokera pa ndalama zapachaka chinayambitsidwa).
Kodi CSS idachita chiyani?! Kodi munalapa, kubwezera chinachake, thandizo mwanjira ina? Ayi, adangotumiza zidziwitso kuti monga tsiku loterolo, wophunzira wolemekezeka salinso ndi inshuwalansi yawo, ndipo udzu sudzakula. Zina zonse ndi vuto lanu, njonda!
Onani zambiri .
Inshuwaransi yazachipatala: ikangotsala pang'ono kufa, koma ndichedwa kwambiri kuchiza
Ndipo, popeza zokambiranazo zidatembenukira ku inshuwaransi yazaumoyo, ndikofunikira kuyimirira pano padera, popeza mutuwu ndi wovuta kwambiri komanso wotsutsana kwambiri.
Ku Switzerland, pali njira yopangira ndalama zothandizira chithandizo chamankhwala, ndiko kuti, mwezi uliwonse munthu wa inshuwalansi amapereka ndalama zina, ndiye kuti wogulayo amalipiritsa payekha mpaka kuchuluka kwa deductible. Dongosololi limakhazikitsidwa m'njira yoti powonjezera deductible, chopereka chapamwezi chimachepa molingana, kotero ngati simukukonzekera kudwala ndipo mulibe banja / ana, ndiye kuti omasuka kutenga deductible yayikulu. Ngati chithandizocho chimawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa zomwe zimaperekedwa, ndiye kuti kampani ya inshuwalansi imayamba kulipira (nthawi zina, kasitomala adzafunika kulipira 10%, koma osapitirira 600-700 pachaka).
Pazonse, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe munthu wa inshuwaransi amalipira kuchokera m'thumba lake ndi 2500 + 700 + ~ 250-300 × 12 = 6200-6800 pachaka kwa munthu wamkulu wogwira ntchito. Ndikubwereza: izi ziridi malipiro ochepa palibe thandizo.
Choyamba, ngati mudzakwera ma ambulansi kapena kukhala nthawi yayitali m'zipatala, ndikukulangizani kuti musamalire inshuwalansi yosiyana yomwe idzawononge ndalamazi.
Mwachitsanzo, mnzanga wina anakomoka kuntchito, ndipo mnzanga wachifundo anaimbira ambulansi. Kuchokera kuntchito kupita kuchipatala - mphindi 15 wapansi (izi!), koma ambulansi iyenera kutenga njira yodutsa m'misewu, yomwe imatenganso mphindi 10-15. Pazonse, mphindi 15 pamtengo wa ambulansi ~ 750-800 francs (chinachake ngati nkhuni 50k) pazovuta zilizonse. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mutabereka, ndikwabwino kukwera tekesi, imatsika mtengo nthawi 20. Ambulansi ili pano chifukwa cha milandu yovuta kwambiri.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri: tsiku limodzi m'chipatala limawononga ndalama zokwana 1 francs (kutengera njira ndi dipatimenti), zomwe zikufanana ndi kukhala ku Montreux kapena Lausanne Palace (mahotela a nyenyezi zisanu +).
Chachiwiri, madokotala ndi amodzi mwa ntchito zolipidwa kwambiri, ngakhale sachita kalikonse. Mphindi 1 ya nthawi yawo imawononga ma x credits (dotolo aliyense ali ndi "rating" yake kutengera luso lake ndi ziyeneretso), ngongole iliyonse imawononga 4-5-6 francs. Nthawi yokhazikika ndi mphindi 15, chifukwa chake aliyense ndi wochezeka ndipo amafunsa za nyengo, thanzi, ndi zina zotero. Ndipo popeza machiritso ndi bizinesi (chabwino, kupyolera mu kampani ya inshuwalansi, ndithudi), ndipo bizinesi iyenera kupanga phindu - chabwino, mukumvetsa, chabwino?! - mtengo wa inshuwalansi umakula ndi pafupifupi 5-10% pachaka (palibe pafupifupi kutsika kwa mitengo ku Switzerland, mukhoza kupeza ngongole pa 1-2%). Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2019 kusiyana kunali 306-285 = 21 francs kapena 7.3% kuchokera ku Assura kuti mupeze inshuwaransi yosavuta.
Ndipo monga chitumbuwa china pa keke, kupambana mkangano ndi madokotala am'deralo omwe adavulaza thanzi la wodwala ndi mpikisano wokwera mtengo komanso wovuta. Kwenikweni, pazifukwa izi pali inshuwaransi yakeyake - yovomerezeka, yomwe ndi yotsika mtengo, koma imalipira mokwanira ndalama za maloya ndi makhothi. Kumbuyo Simukuyenera kupita patali: sindikudziwa momwe mungasokonezere 98% acetic acid ndi vinyo wosasa (yesetsani kungotsegula mabotolo onse awiri panthawi yanu).
pa (kunena mofatsa, osati munthu wosauka) ku Zurich pambuyo pa opaleshoni yaying'ono, nthawi zambiri ndimakhala chete.
Maapulo mu chipale chofewa: kukwera komweko pomwe tinali titayamba kale kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa kusamutsidwa kwathu, komanso kwa ena, thandizo lachipatala. Komabe, 32 km m'malo mwa 16 - kunali kukhazikitsidwa
Chachitatu, khalidwe laling'ono lamankhwala ofunikira (izi sizikutanthauza kuyika manja ndi miyendo pamodzi m'thupi limodzi pambuyo pa ngozi, koma za kupeza matenda ndi kupereka mankhwala a chimfine). Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti chimfine sichimaganiziridwa kuti ndi matenda pano - amanena kuti chidzachoka paokha, koma panthawiyi, mutenge paracetamol.
Muyenera kuyang'ana madokotala anzeru kudzera mwa anzanu (madokotala anzeru amapangiratu miyezi 2-3 pasadakhale), ndikunyamula mankhwala kuchokera ku Russian Federation. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala oletsa kupweteka / odana ndi kutupa Nimesil kapena Nemulex ali mkati Nthawi 5 zodula, ndipo nthawi zambiri m'paketi Nthawi 2 mapiritsi ochepa, okhudza Mezim kuti agaye fondue kapena raclette, nthawi zambiri ndimakhala chete.
Chachinayi, nkhani za mizere italiitali yodikirira thandizo lachipatala ndi nkhani ya moyo kuposa chinthu chodabwitsa. M'chipatala chilichonse / urzhans (chofanana ndi chipinda chodzidzimutsa) pali dongosolo lofunika kwambiri, ndiye kuti, ngati mwadulidwa kwambiri pa chala chanu, koma palibe lita imodzi ya magazi yomwe imatuluka pa ola limodzi, ndiye kuti mukhoza kudikira. ola, kapena awiri, kapena atatu, ngakhale anayi kapena asanu kwa maola osoka! Amoyo, akupuma, palibe chomwe chikuwopseza moyo wanu - khalani ndikudikirira. Momwemonso, X-ray ya chala chosweka imatha kudikirira mpaka Maola 3-4, ngakhale kuti njirayi imatenga mphindi 1-2 (kuvala chovala chotsogolera, namwino anakhazikitsa kujambula, dinani ndipo x-ray ikuwonetsedwa kale pazenera).
Mwamwayi, izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa ana. "Zowonongeka" zonse za ana nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika, ndipo inshuwaransi yokha ndiyotsika mtengo kangapo kuposa ya akulu.
Chitsanzo chapaderaKamwana kakang’ono kathyoka mphuno ndipo anagonekedwa m’chipatala. Ponseponse, chithandizo (kuphatikiza mankhwala) chimawononga ndalama zokwana 14, zomwe zidalipiridwa kwathunthu ndi inshuwaransi, pomwe makolowo adalipira ma franc 000 m'matumba awo. Ndi okwera mtengo kapena ayi? Lembani mu ndemanga!
Supuni ya uchi. Ngakhale kuti inshuwaransi iyi iyenera kubweretsa phindu kwa eni ake, nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti ku Switzerland imagwira ntchito yake bwino. Mwachitsanzo, madzulo a Chaka Chatsopano, tsoka linachitika - ndinayika chala changa pa galasi losweka. Tinkangochita chikondwerero cha Chaka Chatsopano ku France, choncho tinali kusoka ku Annecy. Tinadikirira ~ maola 4, maola a 2 kupita ku ward ndi maola a 2 pa "gome la opaleshoni". Chekecho chinatumizidwa ku kampani ya inshuwalansi ndi kufotokozera mwachidule za momwe zinthu zilili (EPFL ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera). Mwamwayi, 29 ndi ½ tsiku logwira ntchito, lomwe pulofesa amatipatsa ngati tsiku lopuma, i.e. Inshuwaransi yangozi imakwaniritsa zonse.
Collage kuchokera kwa abwenzi. Samalani, olimba - ndakuchenjezani
Pensheni dongosolo
Sindidzachita mantha ndi mawu awa ndipo nditcha Swiss pension insurance system imodzi mwazinthu zoganizira komanso zachilungamo padziko lapansi. Uwu ndi mtundu wa inshuwaransi yapadziko lonse lapansi. Zachokera pa , kapena mizati.
Mzati woyamba - mtundu wa analogue ya chikhalidwe. penshoni ku Russian Federation, yomwe imaphatikizapo penshoni ya olumala, penshoni ya wopulumuka, ndi zina zotero. Zopereka ku mtundu uwu wa penshoni zimaperekedwa ndi aliyense amene amapeza ndalama zoposa 500 francs pamwezi. Ndikoyeneranso kudziwa kuti kwa mkazi wosagwira ntchito ndi ana aang'ono, zaka za mzati woyamba zimaganiziridwa, mofanana ndi mkazi wogwira ntchito.
Mzati wachiwiri - ntchito zolipirira gawo la penshoni. Kulipira motier-motier (50/50) ndi wogwira ntchito ndi owalemba ntchito pamalipiro kuyambira 20 mpaka 000 francs pachaka. Pamalipiro opitilira 85 francs ( izi ndi 85 francs 320 centimes) malipiro a inshuwalansi samalipidwa basi ndipo udindo umasamutsidwa kwa wogwira ntchitoyo (mwachitsanzo, akhoza kupereka ndalama ku chipilala chachitatu).
Mzati wachitatu - ntchito yongodzipereka yokha kuti apeze ndalama zapenshoni. Pafupifupi ma franc 500 pamwezi amatha kuchotsedwa pamisonkho poika muakaunti yapadera.
Zikuwoneka motere:
Zipilala zitatu za dongosolo la penshoni la Swiss.
Uthenga wabwino kwa alendo: pochoka m'dzikoli kukakhala kudziko lina lomwe silinasaine mgwirizano ndi Confederation pa dongosolo la penshoni, mukhoza kutenga mizati ya 2 ndi 3 pafupifupi kwathunthu, ndipo choyamba pang'ono. Uwu ndi mwayi waukulu kwa ogwira ntchito akunja poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena.
Komabe, izi sizikugwira ntchito popita ku mayiko a EU kapena mayiko omwe asayina mgwirizano ndi chitaganya pa dongosolo la penshoni. Chifukwa chake, pochoka ku Switzerland, ndizomveka kusamukira kwanu kwa miyezi ingapo.
Komanso, mizati yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyambitsa bizinesi, kugula malo komanso ngati malipiro a ngongole. Njira yabwino kwambiri.
Monga kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi, zaka zopuma pantchito ku Switzerland zimayikidwa pa 62/65, ngakhale kupuma pantchito ndikotheka kuchokera ku 60 mpaka 65 ndikuchepetsa kofananirako phindu. Komabe, tsopano pali nkhani yolola wogwira ntchitoyo kusankha nthawi yopuma pantchito pakati pa zaka 60 ndi 70. Mwachitsanzo, Gratzel akugwirabe ntchito ku EPFL, ngakhale ali ndi zaka 75.
Mwachidule: kodi wogwira ntchito amalipira chiyani pamisonkho?
M'munsimu ndikupereka ziganizo za malipiro zomwe zimasonyeza ndendende zomwe zimabisidwa kwa wogwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, m'mabungwe a boma (EPFL):
Mbiri: AVS - Assurance-vieillesse et survivants (inshuwaransi yaukalamba) Aka mzati woyamba), AC - inshuwaransi yopanda ntchito, CP - caisse de pension (thumba lapenshoni Aka mzati wachiwiri), ANP / SUVA - ngozi yotsimikizika (inshuwaransi yangozi), AF - magawo a mabanja (msonkho womwe phindu la banja lidzalipidwa).
Pazonse, msonkho wonse wa msonkho uli pafupifupi 20-25%. Imasinthasintha pang'ono mwezi ndi mwezi (osachepera mu EPFL). Mnzake wina wa ku Argentina anayesa kufufuza (wa ku Argentina wokhala ndi mizu yachiyuda 😉) ndikuwerengera momwe izi zimachitikira, koma sizidziwika kwa wina aliyense kupatula omwe amagwira ntchito mu EPFL accounting system. Komabe, osachepera msonkho wapachaka wa msonkho komanso kuwunika kwazomwe zikuchitika zitha kupezeka mu gawo lachiwiri .
Kuphatikiza apo, musaiwale kuwonjezera inshuwaransi yomwe mwasankha, koma malipiro ovomerezeka adzawonjezera ma franc ena 500-600. Ndiye kuti, msonkho "wokwanira", kuphatikizapo inshuwaransi yovomerezeka ndi malipiro, wadutsa kale 30%, ndipo nthawi zina umafika 40%, monga, mwachitsanzo, kwa ophunzira omaliza maphunziro. Kukhala ndi malipiro a postdoc, ndithudi, ndi kwaulere, ngakhale kuti peresenti ya postdoc imalipira zambiri.
Kapangidwe ka ndalama za wophunzira wa PhD ndi Post-Doc ku EPFL
Nyumba: lendi ndi ngongole
Ndinaziyika mu mutu wosiyana, popeza chinthu chodula kwambiri ku Switzerland ndikubwereka nyumba. Tsoka ilo, kusowa kwa msika wa nyumba ndi kwakukulu, nyumba yokha si yotsika mtengo, kotero ndalama zomwe muyenera kulipira lendi nthawi zina zimakhala zakuthambo. Komabe, mtengo pa lalikulu mita ukuwonjezeka mosagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa nyumba.
Mwachitsanzo, situdiyo ya 30-35 m2 pakatikati pa Lausanne imatha kugula ma franc 1100 kapena 1300, koma mtengo wake ndi pafupifupi ma franc 1000. Ndidawonanso situdiyo mu garaja, koma yoperekedwa, mkati (osati malo otchuka kwambiri, tiyeni tiyang'ane nawo) pamtengo wa 1100 francs. Ndi Zurich kapena Geneva ndizoipa kwambiri, kotero anthu ochepa kumeneko angakwanitse kugula nyumba kapena situdiyo pakati.
Ichi chinali chipinda changa choyamba pamene ndinasamukira ku Switzerland koyamba
Izi ndi zomwe studio yatsopano ku Lausanne imawonekera
Chipinda chokhala ndi chipinda chimodzi (zipinda za 1.0 kapena 1.5 ndi pamene khitchini imalekanitsidwa ndi malo okhala, ndipo 0.5 imatchedwa kuti chipinda chochezera kapena chipinda chochezera) cha malo omwewo chidzawononga pafupifupi 1100-1200, awiri- chipinda (2.0 kapena 2.5 zipinda 40-50 m2) - 1400-1600, zipinda zitatu ndi pamwamba - pafupifupi 2000-2500.
Mwachibadwa, chirichonse chimadalira dera, zothandizira, kuyandikira kwa zonyamulira, kaya pali makina ochapira (kawirikawiri pali makina amodzi olowera pakhomo lonse, ndipo nyumba zina zakale zilibe ngakhale izi!) . Kwinakwake kunja, nyumba imatha kugula ma franc 200-300, koma osatsika mtengo kangapo.
Izi ndi zomwe zipinda ziwiri zogona ku Montreux zimawonekera
Ichi ndichifukwa chake nyumba za "communal", monga momwe tingatchulire, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofala ku Switzerland, pamene munthu mmodzi kapena awiri amabwereka chipinda cha 4-5 cha 3000 francs, ndiyeno oyandikana nawo 1-2 amasamukira m'nyumbayi, kuphatikizapo. chipinda chimodzi - wamba holo imodzi Ndalama zonse: 200-300 francs pamwezi. Ndipo nthawi zambiri, zipinda zazikulu zimakhala ndi makina awo ochapira.
Chabwino, kupeza nyumba yanuyanu ndi lotale. Kuphatikiza pa malipoti amalipiro, chilolezo (chilolezo chokhala mdziko muno) ndikutsata (kupanda ngongole zilizonse), muyeneranso kusankhidwa ndi eni nyumba (nthawi zambiri kampani), yomwe ili ndi gulu lonse la odwala, kuphatikiza aku Swiss. . Ndikudziwa anthu omwe, ngati akufunafuna ntchito, amalemba makalata olimbikitsa eni nyumba. Nthawi zambiri, kusankha kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yochezeramo kudzera mwa abwenzi ndi mabwenzi sikukhala koyipa kwambiri.
Mwachidule za kugula nyumba. Ndizachilengedwe kuti simungaganize zogula nyumba yanu ku Switzerland mpaka mutakhala pulofesa wathunthu, chifukwa malo ogulitsa nyumba amatha kuwononga ndalama zambiri zakuthambo. Ndipo, mogwirizana, chilolezo okhazikika C. Ngakhale amakonza: “L - kugula kokha kwa nyumba yayikulu, momwe mudzakhalamo (simungathe kulembetsa ndikutuluka - amafufuza). B - gawo limodzi lalikulu ndi gawo limodzi la "dacha" (chalet m'mapiri, etc.). Ndi kapena nzika - kugula popanda zoletsa. Ngongole pa chilolezo B imaperekedwa popanda vuto lililonse ngati muli ndi ntchito yabwino yokhazikika."
Mwachitsanzo, nyumba ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja m’mudzi wolemera ndalama 1.5-2-3 miliyoni francs. Kutchuka ndi zodzionetsera ndi zamtengo wapatali kuposa ndalama! Komabe, nyumba m'mudzi wina pafupi ndi Montreux moyang'anizana ndi nyanjayi ndi mamita 100 kuchokera pamenepo ndi 300 - 000 (situdiyo imapezeka mpaka 400). Ndipo kachiwiri ife tibwerera ku , kumene ndinatchula kuti midzi ya ku Switzerland ili ndi zofunikira zina, pamene 300-400-500k francs yomweyo mukhoza kupeza nyumba yonse ndi chiwembu choyandikana.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mungagwiritse ntchito ndalama zapenshoni kuti mugule malo, ndipo bonasi "yokondweretsa" pa izi ndi ngongole ya ngongole, yomwe ingakhale 500, 1000, kapena 1500 francs pamwezi, i.e. kufanana ndi renti. Ndizopindulitsa kuti mabanki akhale ndi - m'lingaliro lililonse - wokhala ndi ngongole, popeza katundu ku Switzerland akungokulirakulira pamtengo.
Kukonza nyumba pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya ku Russia (kulemba ganyu anthu ogwira ntchito pa intaneti kapena malo omanga oyandikana nawo) sizingatheke, chifukwa ndi anthu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera okha omwe ali ndi magetsi, mpweya wabwino, ndi kutentha. Mwachidziwikire, onsewa adzakhala anthu osiyanasiyana, ndipo malipiro a ola lililonse kwa aliyense wa iwo ndi ma franc 100-150 pa ola limodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kupeza zilolezo ndi zovomerezeka kuchokera kwa oyang'anira ndi oyang'anira, mwachitsanzo, kukonzanso bafa kapena kusintha mabatire. Nthawi zambiri, mutha kulipira theka lina la mtengo wanyumbayo pakukonzanso kwake.
Kuti likhale lokongola komanso lomveka bwino lomwe amakhalamo, ndidakonza vidiyo yayifupi yokhala ndi nkhani ya komwe amakhala.
Gawo loyamba la Lausanne:
Gawo lachiwiri la Montreux:
Kunena chilungamo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ophunzira nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa malo ogona pasukulu yaku yunivesite. Mtengo wobwereketsa ndi wocheperako; pa studio mutha kulipira ma franc 700-800 pamwezi.
O inde, ndipo potsiriza, musaiwale kuwonjezera 50-100 francs pamwezi kwa ndalama zothandizira pa ndalama zobwereka, zomwe zimaphatikizapo magetsi (pafupifupi 50-70 pa kotala) ndi kutentha ndi madzi otentha (china chilichonse). Ngakhale kutentha ndi madzi otentha ndi magetsi omwewo kapena nthawi zina gasi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma boiler omwe amaikidwa m'nyumba iliyonse.
Banja ndi kindergartens
Apanso, banja si chinthu chotchipa ku Switzerland, makamaka pamene pali ana. Ngati onse awiri akugwira ntchito, msonkho umatengedwa kuchokera ku ndalama zonse za banja, i.e. apamwamba, moyo m'nyumba yazipinda ziwiri umakhala wotsika mtengo, mutha kupulumutsa pang'ono pazakudya ndi zosangalatsa, koma zonse zimasanduka bash for bash.
Chilichonse chimasintha kwambiri pamene ana amawonekera m'banja, popeza sukulu ya mkaka ku Switzerland ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kuti mulowemo (tikukamba za sukulu za kindergartens za boma zomwe zingapezeke), muyenera kulemba pafupifupi masabata oyambirira a mimba. Ndipo poganizira mfundo yakuti kuchoka kwa amayi kuno kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi : Nthawi zambiri mwezi (masabata 4) asanabadwe ndi miyezi 2.5 atabadwa, ndiye kuti sukulu ya ana a sukulu imakhala yofunikira kwambiri ngati makolo onse akufuna kupitiriza ntchito yawo.
Kunena zowona, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti pafupifupi makampani onse amapereka zopindulitsa, zolipira nthawi imodzi, ntchito yanthawi yochepa (80% ya maola 42 pa sabata, mwachitsanzo) ndi zinthu zina zothandizira makolo atsopano. Ngakhale ndalama za SNSF zimapereka zomwe zimatchedwa ndalama za banja ndi ndalama za ana, ndiye kuti, ndalama zowonjezera zowonjezera banja ndi ana, komanso pulogalamu ya 120%, pamene maola 42 kwa kholo logwira ntchito amaonedwa kuti ndi 120% nthawi ya ntchito. Ndikwabwino kukhala ndi tsiku limodzi lowonjezera pa sabata ndi mwana wanu.
Komabe, sukulu yotsika mtengo kwambiri, monga ndikudziwira, idzawononga makolo 1500-1800 francs pamwezi pa mwana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mwachiwonekere, ana amadya, kugona ndi kusewera m'chipinda chimodzi, kusintha malo, kunena kwake. Ndipo inde, kindergarten ku Switzerland nthawi zambiri imatsegulidwa mpaka masiku 4, i.e. mmodzi wa makolowo adzafunikabe kugwira ntchito yaganyu.
Kawirikawiri, kusweka-ngakhale pakhomo ndi ~ 2-2.5 ana, i.e. ngati m’banjamo muli ana atatu kapena kuposerapo, ndiye kuti n’kosavuta kuti kholo limodzi likhale pakhomo m’malo mogwira ntchito ndi kulipirira sukulu ya mkaka ndi/kapena nanny. Bonasi yabwino kwa makolo: ndalama za kindergarten zimachotsedwa pamisonkho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri pa bajeti. Kuphatikiza apo, boma limalipira ma franc 3-200 pamwezi kwa mwana aliyense (malingana ndi canton), kuyambira zaka 300 mpaka 3. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa anthu ochokera kumayiko ena omwe amabwera ndi ana.
Ndipo ngakhale Switzerland ili ndi zabwino zambiri zamabanja omwe ali ndi ana, monga zopindulitsa, zopumira misonkho, maphunziro aulere, zothandizira (za inshuwaransi yazaumoyo kapena matumba a zinyalala ochokera kumudzi), amalankhula zokha.
Kufotokozera mwachidule
Zikuwoneka kuti takonza ndalama zomwe timapeza komanso ndalama zomwe timawononga, tsopano ndi nthawi yoti ziwerengero zina zigwirizane ndi zotsatira za zaka pafupifupi 6 zakukhala ku Switzerland.
Nditamaliza maphunziro, ndinalibe cholinga chokhala ndi moyo wosasamala momwe ndingathere kuti ndipulumutse mafuta anga azachuma penapake mkati mwa mabanki aku Swiss. Komabe, ndikuganiza kuti chakudyacho chikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi theka kapena kotala.
Ndondomeko ya ndalama za ophunzira a Postgraduate ku EPFL
Mtengo wa post-doc ku EPFL
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2017, nditatha kuteteza zolemba zanga, ndinakakamizika kupita ku ntchito ina yowerengera ndalama, motero maguluwo adasintha, koma pamagrafu amapangidwa mofanana. Mwachitsanzo, magulu a malo ogona, ndalama zapakhomo ndi mauthenga amaphatikizidwa kukhala "Mabilu" (kapena maakaunti).
Za intaneti yam'manja ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimotoGulu la Bili lidaphatikizansopo ndalama zapaintaneti yam'manja, yomwe nthawi ina idayamba kuwuluka pamsewu (ndalama zolipiriratu). Nthawi zambiri ndimagwiritsa ntchito intanetiyi pogwira ntchito ndikamakwera masitima otanganidwa kwambiri ku Switzerland. Panthawi ina: ziwerengero za phukusi la magalimoto pa piritsi: 01 - 1x, 02 - 2.5x, 03-3x, 04 - 2x, 05 -2x, pamene x = 14.95 CHF pa 1 Gb ya magalimoto. Ndidawona izi penapake mu Marichi-Epulo ndikuchepetsa pang'ono chilakolako changa.
Kubwerera kumankhwala ndi inshuwaransi, mutha kuwona bwino lomwe kuti ngati wophunzira womaliza maphunziro amawononga pafupifupi 4-5% ya ndalama zake pa inshuwaransi yazaumoyo, ndiye kuti postdoc imagwiritsa ntchito 6%, pomwe malipiro ake ndi apamwamba.
Kuphatikiza apo, pakuwonjezeka kwa ndalama (wophunzira omaliza maphunziro -> postdoc), chiŵerengero cha magawo awiri oyambirira a zowonongera chinakhalabe chimodzimodzi - ~ 36% ndi 20%, motsatira. Zowonadi, ngakhale mutapeza ndalama zotani, mudzawonongabe zonse!
Zoyendera zapagulu ndizowonetsera mtengo wa taxi ndi ndege, chifukwa kwa zaka 4 EPFL idalipira zolembetsa ku Switzerland konse, zomwe zidalemba mu .
Zosangalatsa zina:
- Ndinagula kompyuta yanga yayikulu, komanso laputopu, kubwerera ku 2013, komabe, ndalama zogulira zida pazaka za 2 za postdoc yanga zidakwera pamaperesenti, motero kwenikweni. Mwinamwake, kunali kugulidwa kwa polojekiti ya 4K ndi khadi la kanema lomwe linali ndi mphamvu yoteroyo, kuphatikizapo ngati m'mbuyomo mungathe kusonkhanitsa kompyuta yabwino kwa ~ 1000 francs ndipo izi zinkaonedwa kuti ndizokwera mtengo, lero zida zapamwamba zimatha kugula 2000, 3000, kapena 5 zikwi. Ndipo, ndithudi, Aliexpress imagwira ntchito yake: kugula kochepa kwambiri - ndipo voila, chikwama chanu chilibe kanthu!
- ndalama zogulira zinthu zakwera kwambiri (Aka zovala). Malingaliro anga, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinthu zabwino, monga kugulitsa zinthu (gawo, voliyumu, ndi zina). Ngati m'mbuyomu mutha kugula nsapato ndi kuvala kwa 2-3, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale zaka 4, tsopano zonse zakhala zotayidwa (chitsanzo chaposachedwa ndi nsapato za kampani yodziwika bwino yaku Germany yomwe "inagwa" pawiri.izi!mwezi))
- Mphatsozo zinachepa pakati, i.e. m'malo mwake, ndalama zenizeni zidakhalabe pamlingo womwewo - kuchuluka kwa abwenzi/zochitika zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse.
Ndizo zonse anthu! Ndikukhulupirira kuti nkhani zanga zidzayankha mafunso a mkango okhudza kusamuka ndi kukhala ku Switzerland. Ndikuwonetsa ndikulankhula za mbali zina ndi mphindi .
KDPV yatengedwa
PS: Popeza iyi ndi nkhani yomaliza ya mndandanda uno, ndikufuna kusiya apa mfundo ziwiri za Switzerland zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe m'nkhani zam'mbuyo:
- Ku Switzerland, mutha kupeza ndalama mosavuta mpaka 1968, pomwe kusintha kwachuma kudachitika, ndipo ma franc akale, akadali asiliva adasinthidwa ndi ndalama wamba wamba.
- Okonda mabizinesi apocalyptic omwe amagula golide weniweni amakonda ndalama zapadera zagolide zaku Swiss - zimalumikizidwa ndi kudalirika.
PPS: Chifukwa chowerengera zolembazo, ndemanga zamtengo wapatali ndi zokambirana, ndine wothokoza kwambiri komanso wothokoza kwa anzanga ndi anzanga Anna, Albert (), Anton (), Stas, Roma, Yulia, Grisha.
Mphindi yotsatsa. Pokhudzana ndi zamakono zamakono, ndikufuna kunena kuti Moscow State University ikutsegula sukulu yokhazikika chaka chino (ndipo wakhala akuphunzitsa kwa zaka 2 kale!) Pali mwayi wophunzira Chitchaina, komanso kulandira madipuloma a 2 nthawi imodzi (zapadera za IT kuchokera ku Moscow State University Computer Science Complex zilipo). Mutha kudziwa zambiri za yunivesite, mayendedwe ndi mwayi kwa ophunzira .
Osayiwala kulembetsa : Sizovuta kwa inu - ndakondwa!
Ndipo inde, chonde lembani kwa ine za zofooka zilizonse zomwe zawonedwa m'malembawo.
Source: www.habr.com