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Linux kernel ili ndi zaka 31

Pa Ogasiti 25, 1991, patatha miyezi isanu yachitukuko, wophunzira wazaka 21 Linus Torvalds adalengeza pa comp.os.minix teleconference kuti mawonekedwe ogwirira ntchito a Linux yatsopano amalizidwa, porting bash 1.08 ndi gcc 1.40 anali. zatsirizidwa. Kutulutsidwa koyamba pagulu kwa Linux kernel kudayambitsidwa pa Seputembara 17. 0.0.1 kernel inali 62 KB yopanikizidwa ndipo inali ndi mizere pafupifupi 10 ya code code. Linux kernel yamakono ili ndi mizere yopitilira 30 miliyoni yamakhodi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi European Union mu 2010, pafupifupi mtengo wopangira pulojekiti yofanana ndi Linux kernel yamakono ingakhale yoposa madola biliyoni aku US (kuwerengera kunachitika pamene kernel inali ndi mizere 13 miliyoni ya code) , malinga ndi ziwerengero zina - oposa 3 biliyoni.

Linux kernel idauziridwa ndi makina opangira a MINIX, omwe sanagwirizane ndi Linus ndi chilolezo chake chochepa. Pambuyo pake, Linux itakhala pulojekiti yodziwika bwino, otsutsa adayesa kutsutsa Linus kuti amatengera mwachindunji ma code a ma subsystems a MINIX. Kuwukiraku kudabwezeredwa ndi Andrew Tanenbaum, mlembi wa MINIX, yemwe adalamula wophunzira kuti afanizire mwatsatanetsatane pakati pa Minix code ndi kutulutsa koyamba kwa Linux. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zidawonetsa kukhalapo kwa machesi anayi ang'onoang'ono a ma code block, chifukwa cha zofunikira za POSIX ndi ANSI C.

Poyamba Linus ankaganiza zotchula kernel Freax, kuchokera ku mawu oti "mfulu", "freak" ndi X (Unix). Koma dzina lakuti "Linux" linaperekedwa ku kernel ndi Ari Lemmke, yemwe, popempha Linus, adayika kernel pa seva ya FTP ya yunivesite, kutchula bukhulo ndi archive osati "freax", monga momwe Torvalds anafunsa, koma "linux". ”. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti wochita bizinesi wochita bizinesi William Della Croce (William Della Croce) adatha kulembetsa chizindikiro cha Linux ndipo adafuna kusonkhanitsa ndalama pakapita nthawi, koma kenako adasintha malingaliro ake ndikusamutsa ufulu wonse ku chizindikirocho kwa Linus. Mascot ovomerezeka a Linux kernel, Tux penguin, adasankhidwa chifukwa cha mpikisano womwe unachitika mu 1996. Dzina lakuti Tux likuyimira Torvalds UniX.

Kukula kwamphamvu kwa codebase (chiwerengero cha mizere ya gwero) ya kernel:

  • 0.0.1 - September 1991, mizere 10 zikwi;
  • 1.0.0 - March 1994, 176 zikwi mizere ya code;
  • 1.2.0 - March 1995, 311 zikwi mizere ya code;
  • 2.0.0 - June 1996, 778 zikwi mizere ya code;
  • 2.2.0 - January 1999, 1.8 miliyoni mizere ya code;
  • 2.4.0 - January 2001, 3.4 miliyoni mizere ya code;
  • 2.6.0 - December 2003, mizere ya code 5.9 miliyoni;
  • 2.6.28 - December 2008, mizere ya code 10.2 miliyoni;
  • 2.6.35 - August 2010, mizere ya code 13.4 miliyoni;
  • 3.0 - Ogasiti 2011, 14.6 miliyoni mizere ya code.
  • 3.5 - July 2012, 15.5 miliyoni mizere ya code.
  • 3.10 - July 2013, 15.8 miliyoni mizere ya code;
  • 3.16 - August 2014, mizere ya code 17.5 miliyoni;
  • 4.1 - June 2015, mizere ya code 19.5 miliyoni;
  • 4.7 - July 2016, 21.7 miliyoni mizere ya code;
  • 4.12 - July 2017, 24.1 miliyoni mizere ya code;
  • 4.18 - Ogasiti 2018, 25.3 miliyoni mizere ya code.
  • 5.2 - July 2019, 26.55 miliyoni mizere ya code.
  • 5.8 - Ogasiti 2020, 28.4 miliyoni mizere ya code.
  • 5.13 - June 2021, mizere 29.2 miliyoni ya code.
  • 5.19 - Ogasiti 2022, 30.5 miliyoni mizere ya code.

Kukula kwa Core Development:

  • Linux 0.0.1 - Seputembara 1991, kutulutsidwa koyamba kwapagulu komwe kumathandizira i386 CPU kokha ndikuyambira kuchokera ku floppy;
  • Linux 0.12 - Januware 1992, code idayamba kugawidwa pansi pa layisensi ya GPLv2;
  • Linux 0.95 - Marichi 1992, idawonjezera kuthekera koyendetsa X Window System, idakhazikitsa chithandizo cha kukumbukira komanso kugawa.
  • Linux 0.96-0.99 - 1992-1993, ntchito idayamba pa stack network. Dongosolo la fayilo la Ext2 linayambitsidwa, kuthandizira mawonekedwe a fayilo ya ELF adawonjezeredwa, madalaivala a makadi amawu ndi olamulira a SCSI adayambitsidwa, kukweza ma module a kernel ndi / proc file system inakhazikitsidwa.
  • Mu 1992, magawo oyamba a SLS ndi Yggdrasil adawonekera. M'chilimwe cha 1993, ntchito za Slackware ndi Debian zidakhazikitsidwa.
  • Linux 1.0 - Marichi 1994, kutulutsidwa koyamba kokhazikika;
  • Linux 1.2 - Marichi 1995, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa madalaivala, kuthandizira nsanja za Alpha, MIPS ndi SPARC, kukulitsa luso la stack network, mawonekedwe a paketi fyuluta, thandizo la NFS;
  • Linux 2.0 - June 1996, chithandizo cha machitidwe ambiri;
  • Marichi 1997: LKML, mndandanda wamakalata a Linux kernel wakhazikitsidwa;
  • 1998: Anakhazikitsa gulu loyamba la Top500 Linux, lopangidwa ndi ma node 68 okhala ndi ma Alpha CPU;
  • Linux 2.2 - Januwale 1999, kukonza bwino kwa kasamalidwe ka kukumbukira, kuonjezera chithandizo cha IPv6, kukhazikitsa chowotcha moto chatsopano, kubweretsa kamvekedwe katsopano ka mawu;
  • Linux 2.4 - February 2001, chithandizo cha machitidwe a 8-processor ndi 64 GB ya RAM, Ext3 file system, USB support, ACPI;
  • Linux 2.6 - Disembala 2003, thandizo la SELinux, zida zosinthira kernel zokha, ma sysfs, makina okonzanso kukumbukira;
  • Mu 2005, Xen hypervisor idayambitsidwa, yomwe idayambitsa nthawi ya virtualization;
  • Mu September 2008, kumasulidwa koyamba kwa nsanja ya Android yochokera ku Linux kernel kunapangidwa;
  • Mu July 2011, patatha zaka 10 za chitukuko cha nthambi ya 2.6.x, kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha 3.x kunachitika. Chiwerengero cha zinthu mu Git repository chafika 2 miliyoni;
  • Mu 2015, kutulutsidwa kwa Linux 4.0 kernel kunachitika. Chiwerengero cha zinthu za git zomwe zili munkhokwe zafika 4 miliyoni;
  • Mu Epulo 2018, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha zinthu 6 miliyoni za git m'malo oyambira zidagonjetsedwa.
  • Mu Januware 2019, nthambi ya Linux 5.0 kernel idapangidwa. Malo osungira afika pamlingo wa 6.5 miliyoni git zinthu.
  • Lofalitsidwa mu Ogasiti 2020, kernel 5.8 inali yayikulu kwambiri potengera kuchuluka kwa masinthidwe a maso onse pa moyo wonse wantchitoyo.
  • Mu 5.13 kernel, mbiri inayikidwa kwa chiwerengero cha omanga (2150), omwe kusintha kwawo kunaphatikizidwa mu kernel.
  • Mu 2021, code yopangira madalaivala ku Rust idawonjezedwa ku nthambi ya Linux-kernel. Ntchito ikuchitika yophatikiza zigawo zothandizira Dzimbiri mu gawo lalikulu la pachimake.
  • Mu Ogasiti 2022, nthambi ya Linux 6.0 kernel idapangidwa, popeza panali zotulutsa zokwanira munthambi ya 5.x kusintha nambala yoyamba mu nambala yamtunduwu.

68% ya zosintha zonse zazikulu zidapangidwa ndi makampani 20 apamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, popanga kernel 5.19, 10.9% ya zosintha zonse zidakonzedwa ndi Intel, 5.7% ndi Linaro, 5.5% ndi AMD, 5.2% ndi Red Hat, 4.1% ndi Google, 3.5% ndi Meta, 3.1% ndi SUSE, 2.9 % ndi Huawei, 2.8% - NVIDIA, 2.7% - Oracle. 11.8% ya zosinthazo zidakonzedwa ndi opereka pawokha kapena opanga mapulogalamu omwe sananene momveka bwino ntchito yawo kumakampani ena. Ndi mizere ya 5.19 ya code yomwe yawonjezeredwa ku kernel, AMD ndiye mtsogoleri, ndi gawo la 37.9% (woyendetsa amdgpu ali ndi mizere yoposa 4 miliyoni ya code, yomwe yambiri imapangidwa ndi mafayilo amutu omwe ali ndi deta ya zolembera za GPU).

Source: opennet.ru

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