Chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa komanso zosamvetsetseka bwino "zodabwitsa" ndi ubongo wa munthu. Mafunso ambiri amazungulira chiwalo chovuta ichi: chifukwa chiyani timalota, momwe malingaliro amakhudzira kupanga zisankho, ndi ma cell a mitsempha omwe ali ndi udindo wozindikira kuwala ndi kumveka, chifukwa chiyani anthu ena amakonda sprats pomwe ena amalambira azitona? Mafunso onsewa amakhudza ubongo, chifukwa ndi pulosesa yapakati ya thupi la munthu. Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi apereka chidwi chapadera ku ubongo wa anthu omwe mwanjira ina adawonekera pagulu (kuchokera kwa akatswiri odziphunzitsa okha mpaka kuwerengera psychopaths). Koma pali gulu la anthu omwe khalidwe lawo lachilendo limagwirizanitsidwa ndi zaka zawo - achinyamata. Achinyamata ambiri ali ndi malingaliro okulirapo otsutsana, mzimu wokonda zinthu zamatsenga komanso chikhumbo chofuna kupeza mwayi woti apindule nawo. Asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Pennsylvania anaganiza zoyang'anitsitsa ubongo wodabwitsa wa achinyamata ndi njira zomwe zimachitika mwa iwo. Timaphunzira za zomwe adatha kudziwa kuchokera ku lipoti lawo. Pitani.
Maziko ofufuza
Chida chilichonse muukadaulo ndi chiwalo chilichonse m'thupi chimakhala ndi mapangidwe ake omwe amawalola kuti azigwira ntchito bwino. Ubongo wamunthu umapangidwa molingana ndi utsogoleri wogwira ntchito, kuyambira unimodal. sensory cortex* ndikumaliza ndi transmodal mgwirizano cortex *.
Sensory cortex* ndi gawo la cerebral cortex lomwe limayang'anira kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zidziwitso zolandilidwa kuchokera ku mphamvu (maso, lilime, mphuno, makutu, khungu ndi dongosolo la vestibular).
Association cortex * ndi gawo la parietal cortex ya ubongo yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kayendetsedwe kokonzekera. Pamene tatsala pang’ono kuchita mayendedwe alionse, ubongo wathu uyenera kudziwa kumene thupi ndi ziwalo zake zomwe zidzasunthike zili pa sekondi imeneyo, komanso pamene zinthu za m’malo akunja zimene tikukonzekera kugwirizana nazo zili. Mwachitsanzo, mukufuna kunyamula kapu, ndipo ubongo wanu umadziwa kale komwe dzanja ndi chikho chomwe chilipo.
Ulamuliro wogwirira ntchitowu umatsimikiziridwa ndi momwe ma anatomy amapangidwira zinthu zoyera*, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ntchito za neural ndi chidziwitso*.
White nkhani* - ngati imvi imakhala ndi ma neuroni, ndiye kuti chinthu choyera chimakhala ndi ma axon ophimbidwa ndi myelin, omwe amatuluka kuchokera ku selo kupita ku maselo ndi ziwalo zina.
Chidziwitso* (cognition) - ndondomeko yokhudzana ndi kupeza chidziwitso chatsopano cha dziko lotizungulira.
Chisinthiko cha cerebral cortex mu anyani ndi chitukuko cha ubongo wa munthu amadziwika ndi cholinga-molunjika kukulitsa ndi kukonzanso kwa transmodal associative madera, amene ali maziko a njira kuimira zomveka chidziwitso ndi malamulo abstract kuti akwaniritse zolinga.
Kukula kwaubongo kumatenga nthawi yayitali, pomwe njira zambiri zosinthira ubongo ngati dongosolo zimachitika: miyelination*, kudulira kwa synaptic * ndi zina zotero.
Myelination* - oligodendrocytes (mtundu wa maselo othandizira a dongosolo lamanjenje) amaphimba gawo limodzi kapena lina la axon, chifukwa cha zomwe oligodendrocyte imodzi imalumikizana ndi ma neuron angapo nthawi imodzi. Pamene axon ikugwira ntchito kwambiri, imakhala ndi myelinated kwambiri, chifukwa izi zimawonjezera mphamvu zake.
Kudulira kwa Synaptic * - kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ma synapses / neurons kuti awonjezere mphamvu ya neuro-system, i.e. kuchotsa zolumikizira zosafunikira. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, uku ndikukhazikitsa mfundo "osati kuchuluka, koma ndi khalidwe."
Pakukula kwa ubongo, mawonekedwe ogwirira ntchito amapangidwa mu transmodal association cortex, yomwe imakhudza mwachindunji chitukuko cha ntchito zapamwamba, monga kukumbukira ntchito *, kusinthasintha kwachidziwitso * и inhibitory control*.
Kukumbukira ntchito * - dongosolo lachidziwitso la kusungirako kwakanthawi kwa chidziwitso. Kukumbukira kotereku kumayendetsedwa panthawi yamalingaliro opitilira ndipo kumakhudzidwa ndi kupanga zisankho komanso kupanga mayankho amakhalidwe.
Kusinthasintha kwachidziwitso* - Kutha kusintha kuchokera ku ganizo lina kupita ku lina ndi/kapena kuganiza za zinthu zingapo nthawi imodzi.
Inhibitory control* (inhibition response) ndi ntchito yolamulira yomwe imayang'anira kuthekera kwa munthu kupondereza machitidwe ake achibadwa (achirengedwe, chizolowezi kapena olamulira) kuti agwiritse ntchito kuyankha koyenera pazochitika zinazake (zolimbikitsa zakunja).
Kuphunzira za kulumikizana kwa kapangidwe ka ubongo kunayamba kalekale. Kubwera kwa chiphunzitso cha maukonde, zidakhala zotheka kuwona kulumikizana kwamapangidwe-kachitidwe kazinthu zama neurobiological ndikuzigawa m'magulu. Pachimake chake, kulumikizidwa kwa kapangidwe kake ndi momwe kugawa kwa kulumikizana kwa ma anatomical mkati mwa dera laubongo kumathandizira kulumikizidwa kwa neural.
Ubale wamphamvu unapezeka pakati pa miyeso ya kulumikizana kwamapangidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito pamasikelo osiyanasiyana a spatiotemporal. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, njira zamakono zofufuzira zapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kugawa madera ena a ubongo molingana ndi makhalidwe awo ogwirira ntchito okhudzana ndi zaka za dera ndi kukula kwake.
Komabe, asayansi akuti pakadali pano pali umboni wochepa wa momwe kusintha kwa kamangidwe kazinthu zoyera panthawi ya chitukuko chaubongo wamunthu kumathandizira kusinthasintha kwa zochitika za neural.
Kulumikizana kwamagulu ndi ntchito ndiye maziko a kulumikizana kogwira ntchito ndipo kumachitika pomwe mawonekedwe olumikizana azinthu zoyera a dera la cortical akuneneratu mphamvu ya kulumikizana kwa madera. Ndiko kuti, ntchito ya zinthu zoyera idzawonetsedwa mu kutsegulira kwa ntchito zogwira ntchito za ubongo, potero kudzakhala kotheka kuyesa kukula kwa mphamvu ya kugwirizana kwapangidwe-ntchito.
Pofotokoza za ubale wamapangidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito, asayansi adapereka malingaliro atatu omwe adayesedwa panthawi yophunzira.
Lingaliro loyamba likunena kuti kulumikizana kwa kapangidwe ka ntchito kumawonetsa kukhazikika kwa magwiridwe antchito a chigawo cha cortical. Ndiko kuti, kapangidwe-ntchito kugwirizana adzakhala wamphamvu mu cortex somatosensory, chifukwa cha njira kudziwa oyambirira chitukuko cha otsogola zapaderazi. Mosiyana ndi izi, kugwirizanitsa kwapangidwe-ntchito kudzakhala kochepa mu transmodal association cortex, kumene kulankhulana kwa ntchito kungafooke chifukwa cha zovuta za majini ndi ma anatomical chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwachangu kwachisinthiko.
Lingaliro lachiwiri likuchokera pa nthawi yayitali yodalira ntchito yodalira myelination panthawi ya chitukuko ndipo imanena kuti chitukuko cha kugwirizana kwa mapangidwe-ntchito chidzakhazikika mu transmodal association cortex.
Lingaliro lachitatu: kulumikizana kwamapangidwe-kamagwira ntchito kumawonetsa ukadaulo wazidziwitso wagawo la cortical. Choncho, tingaganize kuti kugwirizana kwakukulu kwapangidwe-ntchito mu frontoparietal association cortex kudzakhudzidwa ndi mawerengedwe apadera ofunikira kuti akwaniritse ntchito zazikulu.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku
Kuti awonetse kukula kwa kulumikizana kwa kapangidwe ka ntchito muunyamata, asayansi adawerengera momwe kulumikizana kwadongosolo kumagawo osiyanasiyana aubongo kumathandizira kusinthasintha kogwirizana muzochitika za neural.
Pogwiritsa ntchito ma multimodal neuroimaging data kuchokera kwa otenga nawo gawo 727 azaka 8 mpaka 23, ma probabilistic diffusion tractography adachitidwa ndikuwunika kulumikizana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa magawo awiri aliwonse a cortical panthawi yogwira ntchito. ntchito za n-back*kugwirizana ndi ntchito kukumbukira ntchito.
Vuto n-back* - njira yolimbikitsira ntchito zamadera ena a ubongo ndikuyesa kukumbukira ntchito. Nkhaniyi imaperekedwa ndi zolimbikitsa zingapo (zowoneka, zomvera, ndi zina). Ayenera kudziwa ndikuwonetsa ngati izi kapena zolimbikitsa zinalipo kale m'malo. Mwachitsanzo: TLHCHSCCQLCKLHCQTRHKC HR (vuto la 3-kumbuyo, pomwe chilembo china chinawonekera pamalo achitatu kale).
Kulumikizana kwa magwiridwe antchito a dziko lopumula kumawonetsa kusinthasintha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zochitika za neural. Koma pakugwira ntchito yokumbukira, kulumikizidwa kogwira ntchito kumatha kukulitsa kulumikizana kwapadera kapena anthu omwe akuchita nawo ntchito zazikulu.
Chithunzi #1: Kuyeza kulumikizidwa kwa ubongo wamunthu.
Ma Node mu maukonde opangidwa ndi ogwirira ntchito amazindikiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito 400-area cortical parcellation kutengera magwiridwe antchito amtundu wa data ya MRI ya omwe atenga nawo gawo pamaphunziro. Kwa aliyense wochita nawo kafukufukuyu, ma profayilo amalumikizidwe achigawo adachotsedwa pamzere uliwonse wamapangidwe kapena magwiridwe antchito ndikuyimiridwa ngati ma vector a mphamvu yolumikizira kuchokera ku neural network node kupita ku ma node ena onse.
Poyamba, asayansi adayang'ana ngati kugawidwa kwa malo olumikizirana ndi magwiridwe antchito kumagwirizana ndi zofunikira za bungwe la cortical.
Chithunzi #2
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ubale pakati pa mawonekedwe amderali komanso magwiridwe antchito amasiyana kwambiri pa cortex (2A). Malumikizidwe amphamvu adawonedwa m'magawo oyamba a sensory ndi medial prefrontal cortices. Koma m'madera ozungulira, osakhalitsa ndi a frontoparietal kugwirizana kunali kofooka kwambiri.
Kuti muwunikire momveka bwino za ubale pakati pa kulumikizana kwamapangidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito, gawo la "kutenga nawo gawo" linawerengedwa, chomwe ndi chiwonetsero cha kutsimikiza kwa kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana pakati pa madera apadera a ubongo. Chigawo chilichonse chaubongo chidapatsidwa ma netiweki asanu ndi awiri amtundu wa neural. Ma neuronal node a muubongo omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu la kutenga nawo gawo amawonetsa kulumikizana kosiyanasiyana (kulumikizana pakati pa zigawo zaubongo) ndipo, chifukwa chake, kumatha kukhudza njira zosinthira chidziwitso pakati pa zigawo, komanso mphamvu zawo. Koma ma node omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chochepa chotenga nawo mbali amasonyeza kugwirizana kwapafupi mkati mwa dera la ubongo lokha, osati pakati pa zigawo zingapo. Mwachidule, ngati coefficient ndi yayikulu, madera osiyanasiyana a ubongo amalumikizana mwachangu; ngati ali otsika, zochitika zimachitika mderali popanda kulumikizana ndi oyandikana nawo (2C).
Kenaka, mgwirizano pakati pa kusiyana kwa kugwirizanitsa kwapangidwe-ntchito ndi maulamuliro akuluakulu ogwira ntchito adawunikidwa. Kulumikizana kwamapangidwe-kamagwira ntchito kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe zimalumikizirana ndi magwiridwe antchito: madera osawoneka bwino amawonetsa kulumikizana kolimba, pomwe madera omwe ali pamwamba pa maulamuliro amawonetsa kulumikizidwa kofooka (2D).
Zinapezekanso kuti pali kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa ubale wokhazikika-wogwira ntchito komanso kukulitsa kwachisinthiko kwa dera la cortex (Kufotokozera:). Madera otetezedwa kwambiri anali ndi kulumikizana kwamphamvu-ntchito, pomwe madera otukuka kwambiri anali ndi kulumikizana kofooka. Kuwona kotereku kumathandizira lingaliro loti kulumikizidwa kwa kapangidwe kake ndi chiwonetsero chaulamuliro wa kortical waukadaulo wa magwiridwe antchito komanso kukula kwachisinthiko.
Chithunzi #3
Asayansi akukumbutsanso kuti kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adangoyang'ana kwambiri pophunzira kulumikizana kwamagulu muubongo wachikulire. Muntchito yomweyi, kutsindika kunayikidwa pa phunziro la ubongo, lomwe lidakalipo pa chitukuko, i.e. pakuphunzira ubongo waunyamata.
Zinapezeka kuti muubongo waunyamata, kusiyana kwa zaka zokhudzana ndi zaka zokhudzana ndi machitidwe ogwirira ntchito kunafalitsidwa kwambiri kumadera onse a lateral temporal, inferior parietal, ndi prefrontal cortices (3A). Zowonjezera zolumikizana zidagawidwa mopanda malire kumadera onse a cortical, mwachitsanzo. analipo mu gawo lapadera la magawo olekanitsidwa a cortical (3B), zomwe sizinawonedwe mu ubongo wamkulu.
Kukula kwa kusiyana kwa zaka pakulumikizana kwamapangidwe-kachitidwe kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amagwira nawo ntchito (3С) ndi gradient yogwira ntchito (3D).
Kugawidwa kwa malo kwa kusiyana kwa zaka zokhudzana ndi zaka zokhudzana ndi machitidwe ogwirira ntchito kunalinso kogwirizana ndi kufalikira kwa chisinthiko cha cortex. Kuwonjezeka kokhudzana ndi zaka kumalumikizidwe kunkawoneka mu cortex yowonjezera, pamene kuchepa kwa zaka zokhudzana ndi zaka kunkawoneka mu cortex yosungidwa kwambiri ya sensorimotor (Kufotokozera:).
Mu gawo lotsatira la kafukufukuyu, otenga nawo mbali a 294 adayezetsanso ubongo kachiwiri zaka 1.7 pambuyo poyambirira. Mwa njira iyi, zinali zotheka kudziwa mgwirizano pakati pa kusintha kwa zaka zokhudzana ndi zaka zokhudzana ndi kugwirizana kwa kamangidwe ka ntchito ndi kusintha kwa chitukuko cha mkati mwa munthu. Pachifukwa ichi, kusintha kwautali mu kulumikizana kwa kamangidwe ka ntchito kunayesedwa.
Chithunzi #4
Panali kuyankhulana kwakukulu pakati pa kusintha kwa zaka zapakati ndi zautali zokhudzana ndi zaka zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito (4A).
Kuyesa ubale pakati pa kusintha kwa nthawi yayitali pakulumikizana kwamapangidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito (4B) ndi kusintha kwa nthawi yayitali pakuchita nawo ntchito (4С) kubweza kwa mzere kunagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusintha kwa nthawi yayitali pamalumikizidwe kunapezeka kuti kumayenderana ndi kusintha kwa nthawi yayitali pakuchita nawo gawo pagawo la magawo omwe amagawidwa kwambiri, kuphatikiza ma dorsal ndi medial prefrontal cortices, inferior parietal cortex, ndi lateral temporal cortex (4D).
Chithunzi #5
Asayansi ndiye adafuna kumvetsetsa zotsatira za kusiyana kwapang'onopang'ono pakulumikizana kwamachitidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito. Mwachindunji, ngati kulumikizidwa kwadongosolo-ntchito panthawi yokumbukira ntchito kumatha kufotokozera magwiridwe antchito. Kuwongolera kwa magwiridwe antchito kunapezeka kuti kumalumikizidwa ndi kulumikizana kwamphamvu kogwira ntchito mu rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, ndi medial occipital cortex (5A).
Zonse zomwe taziwona pamwambapa zimabweretsa mfundo zingapo zazikulu. Choyamba, kusintha kwa chigawo kumalumikizidwe amipangidwe-yogwira ntchito kumagwirizana mosagwirizana ndi zovuta za ntchito yomwe dera linalake laubongo limayang'anira. Kulumikizana kolimba kwa magwiridwe antchito kunapezeka m'magawo aubongo omwe amakhazikika pakukonza zidziwitso zosavuta (monga ma siginecha owoneka). Ndipo zigawo zaubongo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi njira zovuta kwambiri (ntchito zogwira ntchito komanso zoletsa) zinali ndi kulumikizana kocheperako.
Kulumikizana kogwira ntchito kunapezekanso kuti kumagwirizana ndi kukula kwa ubongo komwe kumawonedwa mu anyani. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu waubongo wa anthu, anyani, ndi anyani awonetsa kuti madera okhudzidwa (monga momwe amawonera) amasungidwa bwino pakati pa anyani ndipo sanafutukuke kwambiri pakusintha kwaposachedwa. Koma mayanjano a muubongo (mwachitsanzo, prefrontal cortex) akula kwambiri. Mwinamwake kukula kumeneku kunakhudza mwachindunji kutuluka kwa luntha lachidziwitso mwa anthu. Zinapezeka kuti madera a ubongo omwe amakula mofulumira panthawi ya chisinthiko anali ndi kugwirizana kofooka kwapangidwe ndi ntchito, pamene madera osavuta akumva anali ndi kugwirizanitsa kwakukulu.
Kwa ana ndi achinyamata, kulumikizana kwapangidwe kumawonjezeka kwambiri kumadera akutsogolo a ubongo, omwe amayang'anira ntchito yoletsa (ie, kudziletsa). Choncho, chitukuko cha nthawi yaitali cha kugwirizanitsa kwapangidwe-ntchito m'maderawa kungapangitse kuti ntchito yoyang'anira ntchito ikhale yabwino komanso kudziletsa, njira yomwe imapitirira mpaka munthu wamkulu.
Kuti muwone mwatsatanetsatane ma nuances a phunziroli, ndikupangira kuti muwone и kwa iye.
Epilogue
Ubongo wamunthu wakhalapo ndipo udzakhala kwa nthawi yayitali chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zazikulu za umunthu. Iyi ndi njira yovuta kwambiri yomwe imayenera kugwira ntchito zambiri, kuwongolera njira zambiri ndikusunga zidziwitso zambiri. Kwa makolo ambiri, palibe chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri kuposa ubongo wa ana awo achichepere. Makhalidwe awo nthawi zina amakhala ovuta kuwatcha omveka kapena olimbikitsa, koma izi zimafotokozedwa ndi ndondomeko ya chitukuko chawo chamoyo ndi mapangidwe a anthu.
Kumene, kusintha structural ndi zinchito kugwirizana madera ena a ubongo ndi chikoka cha kusintha kwa mahomoni kungakhale kulungamitsidwa sayansi kwa khalidwe lachilendo achinyamata, koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti iwo safuna kutsogoleredwa. Munthu sali mwachibadwa kukhala woyanjana ndi anthu. Ngati wina amapewa anthu ena, sichifukwa chachibadwa chathu. Choncho, kutenga nawo mbali kwa makolo m'miyoyo ya ana awo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chitukuko chawo.
Ndikoyeneranso kumvetsetsa kuti ngakhale ali ndi zaka zitatu, mwana ali kale munthu wokhala ndi khalidwe lake, zokhumba zake komanso momwe amaonera dziko lozungulira. Kholo sayenera kukhala wosawoneka kwa mwana wake, kumulola kuti apite mwaufulu, koma sayenera kukhala khoma lolimba la konkriti, kumuteteza ku chidziwitso cha dziko. Penapake muyenera kukankhira, kwinakwake muyenera kudziletsa, kwinakwake muyenera kupereka ufulu wonse, ndipo penapake, kusonyeza ulamuliro wa makolo, muyenera kunena molimba "ayi", ngakhale mwanayo sakusangalala ndi izi.
Kukhala kholo n’kovuta, kukhala kholo labwino n’kovuta kwambiri. Koma kukhala wachinyamata si kophweka. Thupi limasintha kunja, ubongo umasintha, chilengedwe chimasintha (panali sukulu, ndipo tsopano yunivesite), kusintha kwa moyo kumasintha. Masiku ano, moyo nthawi zambiri umafanana ndi Fomula 1, momwe mulibe malo odekha. Koma kuthamanga kwambiri kumabwera ndi chiopsezo chachikulu, kotero wokwera wosadziwa akhoza kuvulala. Ntchito ya kholo ndikukhala mphunzitsi wa mwana wake kuti amutulutse mofatsa kudziko mtsogolo, popanda kuopa tsogolo lake.
Makolo ena amadziona ngati anzeru kuposa ena, ena ali okonzeka kutsatira malangizo aliwonse omwe amamva pa intaneti kapena kwa anansi awo, ndipo ena amangokhala "violet" pazovuta zonse zakulera. Anthu ndi osiyana, koma monga momwe kulankhulana pakati pa ziwalo zake kuli kofunika mu ubongo wa munthu, kulankhulana pakati pa makolo ndi ana kumagwira ntchito imodzi yofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro.
Zikomo powerenga, khalani ndi chidwi komanso khalani ndi sabata yabwino anyamata! 🙂
Zotsatsa zina 🙂
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Source: www.habr.com