Njira yophunzirira maphunziro osiyanasiyana "kugwiritsa ntchito makadi," yomwe imatchedwanso Leitner system, yadziwika kwa zaka pafupifupi 40. Ngakhale kuti makadi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsa mawu, kuphunzira mafomu, matanthauzo kapena masiku, njira yokhayo si njira ina ya "kusokoneza", koma chida chothandizira maphunziro. Imapulumutsa nthawi yofunikira kuloweza zambiri zambiri.
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Patangotha tsiku lachiphunzitso kwa wophunzira mphindi khumi zokha kuti mubwereze zomwe mwaphunzira. Mu sabata, zitenga mphindi zisanu. Pakatha mwezi umodzi, mphindi zingapo zidzakwanira kuti ubongo wake "uyankhe": "Inde, inde, ndimakumbukira zonse." Kafukufuku wopangidwa ku yunivesite ya Alberta zotsatira zabwino za njira ya Flashcards-Plus pamagiredi a ophunzira.
Koma dongosolo la Leitner lingagwiritsidwe ntchito osati m'masukulu ndi mayunivesite okha. CD Baby woyambitsa Derek Sievers Kuphunzira kwa Flashcard ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira kukulitsa luso laopanga. Ndi chithandizo chake, adadziwa bwino HTML, CSS ndi JavaScript.
Ngwazi ya chitsanzo china ndi Roger Craig mu 2010 pamasewera a Jeopardy! ndipo adalandira ndalama zokwana madola 77.
Pakuphunzirira pa intaneti, dongosololi limagwiritsidwa ntchito paliponse: palibe pafupifupi maphunziro aliwonse omwe makhadi salowetsedwa. Dongosololi limagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira pafupifupi maphunziro onse oyambira, ndipo zida zambiri zapadera zidapangidwira kale - pakompyuta komanso pamafoni. Woyamba wa iwo, SuperMemo, adapangidwa ndi Piotr Wozniak mu 1985.
Choyamba, iye anayesa kusintha ndondomeko maphunziro kwa iyemwini - poyerekezera kuphunzira English. Njirayi idabweretsa zotsatira, ndipo pulogalamuyo idakhala yopambana, ndipo ikusinthidwabe. Inde, pali ena, otchuka ntchito ngati и , omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zofanana ndi SuperMemo.
Zofunikira pakuwoneka kwa njira
Mmodzi mwa apainiya oyesa psychology, Hermann Ebbinghaus, akuphunzira malamulo a kukumbukira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, anafotokoza zomwe zimatchedwa mphamvu za kuiwala. Kenako asayansi kangapo kuyesera kwake, kufufuza "”, ndipo adapeza kuti zimasintha kutengera mawonekedwe azinthu zomwe zikuphunziridwa. Motero, nkhani kapena ndakatulo, pokhala nkhani zatanthauzo, zinkakumbukiridwa bwino. Kuonjezera apo, khalidwe la maphunziro linakhudzidwa ndi makhalidwe a munthu ndi zochitika zakunja - kutopa, khalidwe la kugona ndi chilengedwe. Koma kawirikawiri, maphunzirowa adatsimikizira njira zoyambira zomwe adazipeza ndi Hermann Ebbinghaus.
Malingana ndi izo, mapeto ooneka ngati omveka adapangidwa: kuti asunge chidziwitso, kubwereza zinthuzo kumafunika. Koma kuti ndondomeko yonseyo ikhale yogwira mtima kwambiri, izi ziyenera kuchitika pakapita nthawi. Njira iyi yobwerezabwereza pakapita nthawi idayesedwa koyamba kwa ophunzira ndi Herbert Spitzer ku Iowa State University mu 1939. Koma mapindikidwe a Ebbinghaus ndi njira yobwerezabwereza motalikirana zikadakhalabe zowonera pakapanda Robert Bjork ndi Sebastian Leitner. Kwa zaka makumi angapo, Björk adaphunzira za kuloweza pamtima, ntchito zambiri zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a Ebbinghaus, ndipo Leitner adapereka njira yoloweza pamtima pogwiritsa ntchito makadi mu 70s.
Kodi ntchito
M’ndondomeko yachikale ya Leitner, yofotokozedwa m’buku lakuti How to Learn (How to Learn), akulimbikitsa kukonzekera makadi a pepala mazana angapo. Tiyerekeze kuti pali mawu m'chinenero chachilendo kumbali imodzi ya khadi, ndi kutanthauzira kwake ndi zitsanzo za ntchito mbali inayo. Kuphatikiza apo, mabokosi asanu amafunikira. Choyamba, makhadi onse amapita. Mukawawona, makadi okhala ndi mawu osadziwika amakhalabe m'bokosi, ndipo mawu odziwika kale amapita m'bokosi lachiwiri. Tsiku lotsatira muyenera kuyambanso kuchokera ku bokosi loyamba: mwachiwonekere, mawu ena adzakumbukiridwa. Umu ndi momwe bokosi lachiwiri limalizidwira. Patsiku lachiwiri, muyenera kubwereza zonse ziwiri. Makhadi okhala ndi mawu odziwika kuchokera m'bokosi loyamba amasunthidwa kupita kwachiwiri, kuchokera pachiwiri mpaka chachitatu, ndi zina zotero. "Zosadziwika" zimabwerera ku bokosi loyamba. Mwanjira iyi mabokosi onse asanu amadzazidwa pang'onopang'ono.
Kenako chinthu chofunika kwambiri chimayamba. Makhadi ochokera m'bokosi loyamba amawunikidwa ndikusanja tsiku lililonse. Kuyambira wachiwiri - masiku awiri aliwonse, kuyambira wachitatu - masiku anayi aliwonse, kuyambira wachinayi - masiku asanu ndi anayi aliwonse, kuyambira wachisanu - kamodzi pa milungu iwiri iliyonse. Zomwe zimakumbukiridwa zimasunthidwa ku bokosi lotsatira, zomwe siziri - ku zam'mbuyo.
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Zidzatenga mwezi umodzi kukumbukira zonse kapena pafupifupi chirichonse. Koma makalasi a tsiku ndi tsiku satenga nthawi yoposa theka la ola. Bwino, monga Björk, ndikofunikira kubwezeretsa kukumbukira zomwe taphunzira ndendende tikayamba kuiwala. Koma pochita, mphindi ino ndizosatheka kutsatira. Choncho, sizingatheke kupeza zotsatira za XNUMX%. Komabe, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Leitner, patatha mwezi umodzi mutha kukumbukira zambiri kuposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu azinthu zomwe zatsalira m'chikumbukiro malinga ndi zomwe Ebbinghaus adawona.
Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apadera. Mapulogalamu oterewa ali ndi zosiyana ziwiri kuchokera ku njira ya "pepala". Choyamba, pafupifupi onse ali ndi mitundu yam'manja, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mutha kuphunzira popita kuntchito kapena kusukulu. Kachiwiri, mapulogalamu ambiri amakulolani kuti muyike nthawi yofikira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti muwunikenso zomwe mwaphunzira.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi chiyani
Kubwerezabwereza kwapakati kumakhala kofanana ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse, zomwe ndizofunikira pophunzitsa minofu. Kubwerezabwereza kwa chidziwitso chomwecho kumalimbikitsa ubongo kukumbukira bwino kwambiri ndikusunga kukumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali.
Ubongo umadziuza wokha kuti: “O, ndikuziwonanso. Koma popeza zimachitika nthawi zambiri, ndikofunikira kukumbukira. ” Kumbali inayi, dongosolo la Leitner siliyenera kuwonedwa ngati "chipolopolo cha siliva", koma ngati chida chothandizira pothandizira maphunziro. Monga njira ina iliyonse yophunzitsira, iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi njira zina.
Zoyambira zathu:
Ma habratopic athu okhudza kukumbukira ndi ntchito yaubongo:
Source: www.habr.com