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Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Malingaliro anga enieni a magaziniyi pazaka 6-5 za kukhalapo kwake. Nkhaniyi ili ndi kudzudzula pang'ono kwa Murzilka ndi Zithunzi Zoseketsa, kotero kuti okhulupirira amphamvu a zofalitsa zodziwika bwino za Soviet atha kukhala bwino powerenga nkhaniyi.

Zowonetseratu zonse pansi pa odulidwa ndi maulalo azithunzi zazikuluzikulu zamasamba olingana ndi magazini.

1990: Nthawi ya Golden

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80s, chifuno chonse ndi chosalamulirika cha njira yopanda malingaliro yotsutsana ndi zokopa zachikhalidwe chasosholisti chinali chitakhazikitsidwa m'gulu la Soviet. Izi zinakhudzanso ma periodics a mbali zonse. Kupanga mpikisano wamphamvu pamzere wa magazini a ana kunali pa ndandanda. Pulojekiti ya Tram inalandira thandizo lapamwamba la boma ndipo nthawi yomweyo inayambika ndi kufalitsidwa kwa mamiliyoni awiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, magaziniyo inalungamitsa ndalama zomwe zinayikidwamo, nthawi yomweyo kukhala yotchuka.

Kodi chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi chiyani pa magazini yatsopanoyi? Ndi chiyani chomwe chinali m'menemo chomwe sichinali m'mabuku otopa a ana a Soviet?

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

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Kuphwanya machitidwe

Poyerekeza ndi zokongola koma zopusa "Zithunzi Zoseketsa" komanso "Murzilka" wosapita m'mbali, waluso adatuluka patsamba lililonse.

Zosavomerezeka komanso zosagwirizana zidawonekera pamlingo wazithunzi komanso pamlingo wa zolemba. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, njira yolenga idaphatikizidwa ndi dongosolo laling'ono, pamene masamba amtundu womwewo pamutu uliwonse amabwerezedwa pazinthu zingapo motsatizana (ndiyeno ngakhale mwachisoni mumawona kuti mndandanda watha ndipo palibe. m'nkhani zatsopano).

Pano, mwachitsanzo, pali mndandanda wa miyambi ndi mawu okhudzana ndi mbali zina za thupi. Wojambula Baldin amapanga mafanizo odabwitsa omwe mukufuna kuyang'ana kwa nthawi yayitali, kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane. Kuphatikizika kwa nthabwala zapadera mu mzimu wa Kharms wokhala ndi kalembedwe kochititsa chidwi.

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Mwa njira, kugwiritsa ntchito mitu ya "serial" pafupipafupi chaka chonse, kapena nkhani zingapo motsatizana, zimasiyanitsa "Tram" bwino kwambiri. Izi zinali chonchonso m'magazini a Soviet (mwachitsanzo, nkhani zokhudzana ndi zochitika za Hercules m'magazini iliyonse ya VK ya 1984), koma izi zinali zosiyana ndi lamulo.

Chidziwitso cha sayansi

Ngakhale kuti zithunzizo zinali zinyalala chabe, lemba lonselo linali lolunjika kwa ana oganiza bwino ndi makolo olingalira (omwe anasankha kugula magaziniwo). Ngakhale kuti zithunzi zowoneka bwino zimayang'anira zolembazo, mawuwo nthawi zambiri amakhala ofunikira komanso osangalatsa.

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Kugogomezera kwakukulu m'magaziniyi kunayikidwa pakupereka ana chidziwitso cha sayansi yamakono, ndipo zomwe zili mkatizo zinavekedwa ndi siginecha yosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha "Tram". Pafupifupi danga la mbali zinayi, Mzere wa Mobius, chinenero cha Esperanto, banja la Rurik, zonyenga za kuwala, magawo ogona ndi zinthu zina zosangalatsa zinafotokozedwa momveka bwino kwa mwana ndi wamkulu.

Chitsulo chobisika komanso mawu achipongwe

Posankha zinthu, gulu la mkonzi linasiya kwathunthu "lisping" yomwe ili ndi "Zithunzi Zoseketsa" zomwezo, m'malo mwake ndi maganizo otsutsa a ana okha, ku dziko la akuluakulu komanso kwa iwo eni.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti pamasamba a magazini akhoza kukumana ndi ndakatulo "zodabwitsa" monga Igor Irtenyev, Grigory Oster ndipo ngakhale, Mulungu andikhululukire, Viktor Shenderovich. Magaziniyi inali ndi nthabwala zakuda zoyenera komanso zododometsa zamakhalidwe a Kharms (monga, Kharms mwiniwake).

Maphunziro ndi khalidwe lachitsanzo sizinthu zazikulu za mwana

"Tram" kwenikweni anasiya khalidwe khalidwe la magazini Soviet ana. Ana analandiridwa monga momwe alili. Chikhumbo cha chidziwitso chinalimbikitsidwa, koma sichinakhazikitsidwe. Magiredi apamwamba ndi machitidwe achitsanzo sanawonetsedwe ngati zikhumbo zovomerezeka za mwana "wolondola". Komanso, atsikana abwino ndi anyamata abwino ankanyozedwa m’magaziniwo. Zina zoseketsa zinkawoneka kuti zimavomereza zigawenga ndi ophunzira a C-grade, koma zenizeni, lingaliro linaperekedwa kuti kuchita bwino m'maphunziro si chinthu chachikulu.

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Magazini ya Tram inali yochititsa chidwi chifukwa inazindikira kuti mwana aliyense ali ndi ufulu wongokhala yekha, popanda kukakamiza kuti akhale "mwana wasukulu wa Soviet."

Kusiya zilembo zobwerezabwereza

Chisankho chopambana chinali chakuti magaziniyo, kwenikweni, inasiya kugwiritsa ntchito anthu onse odziwika (kapena gulu la otere) monga Murzilka kapena Club of Merry Men.

Vuto la Murzilka ndi Merry Men ndiloti magazini amadzaza nawo. Amangokwiyitsa ndi kupezeka kwawo kokwiyitsa pachikuto chilichonse, m'masewera onse, m'miyambi ndi nkhani zambiri. Ana akhala “akhutitsidwa” nawo kwa nthaŵi yaitali.
Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Zoonadi, zilembo zina zobwerezabwereza zinalipo mu "Tram," koma zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, osati m'magazini iliyonse komanso penapake pamasamba otsiriza. Mwachitsanzo, panali nthabwala zosowa za wapolisi wofufuzayo Bertram Weiss ndi wothandizira wake wagalu Composter. Komabe, sangatchedwe "nkhope" ya magazini. Zolemba za ofufuza za iwo zinali ngati mwambi.

Anthu otchulidwa kwambiri pamasamba sanali zojambula, koma anawo. Ngati "Zithunzi Zoseketsa" ndi "Murzilka" anali magazini kwa ana, ndiye "Tram" - za ana.

Masewera a board

Mfundo yamphamvu inali masewera osakhala wamba. M'masewera ochokera ku "Funny Pictures", zolemba zingapo zotopetsa zimabwerezedwa kuyambira zaka khumi mpaka khumi, nthawi zambiri kuphako kosavuta - "yendani pamzerewu kuchokera ku point A kupita ku point B", "zindikirani kuti ndi mwini wake uti", ndi zina zotero. .

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga. Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Mu "Tram" mlingo wa masewera unali wapamwamba kwambiri. Ngakhale izi zikudutsa pa labyrinth, ndiye kuti ndizovuta zina zomwe sizili zachikhalidwe zomwe muyenera kuthana ndi zovuta zachilendo. Alendo omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri m'magaziniwa ndi masewera achilendo a chess ndi checkers. Ndipo pafupifupi nthawi zonse awa ndi masewera osati a m'modzi, koma kwa awiri kapena angapo omwe atenga nawo mbali, ngakhale awa ndi ma labyrinths odziwika bwino.

Ana ndi olemba anzawo

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.Kusuntha kwamphamvu kunali kuyimira kwakukulu kwa luso la ana omwe ali pamasamba.

Magazini iliyonse inali ndi ndakatulo, zojambula, nkhani, nthabwala, ndi miyambi yochuluka yotumizidwa ndi oŵerenga ang’onoang’onowo.

Izi zinabweretsa ana pafupi kwambiri ndi magazini; sanali owerenga ake okha, komanso olenga.

1991: Kale Orthodox, komabe zabwino kwambiri

Chaka chotsatira magaziniyi inasunganso mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Zina mwazinthu za chaka chino, titha kuzindikira ziganizo zofunika kwambiri zomwe zalembedwa pachithunzi cha nkhaniyi pachikuto.

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Chatsopano chodziwika bwino cha 1991, chomwe chikuwoneka ngati chotsutsana masiku ano, ndi kupezeka kofunikira kwa tsamba la Orthodox (kapena awiri) m'magazini iliyonse. Komabe, m'masiku amenewo ngakhale "Zithunzi Zoseketsa" za Komsomol zidayamba kuchimwa chonchi, tsopano zikungonena nthawi yomwe Khrisimasi ndi Isitala zidzachitike.

Magazini ya Tram idzasunga chikhalidwe cha Orthodox mpaka kumapeto. Komabe, izi sizinakhudze kalembedwe, zomwe zili ndi khalidwe lazinthu zina zonse. M’malo mwa kupembedza, magaziniyi inakondabe sayansi, m’malo mwa kudzichepetsa, inkafunabe kuti ana akhale okha.

Pamodzi ndi izi, ndimatha kuwona kutsutsa kochulukira kwa boma la Soviet m'magazini ambiri andale. M'chaka chathachi, kutsutsidwa kumeneku kunali kosowa kwambiri komanso kochepa kwambiri, pamlingo wa nthabwala zazifupi. Chaka chino panalinso zochepa za ndale m'magazini, koma zidadutsa momveka bwino.

Pano, mwachitsanzo, ndi nkhani ya m’magazini ya August (Komiti Yowopsa idzachitika kumapeto kwa mwezi uno):Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

1992: Nthawi Yoiwalika

Belu loyamba la alamu linali kusakhalapo komaliza, kope la 12 la 1991. Chaka chotsatira, 1992, magaziniyo sanasindikizidwe nkomwe.

Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa USSR, Soviet Children's Fund yotchedwa V.I. Lenin (komwe magazini ya Tram inatumizidwa) inakonzedwanso mu Russian Children's Fund. Panalibe ndalama zopezera ndalama za Tram, ndipo magaziniyi, yofalitsidwa ndi mamiliyoni awiri, zikuwoneka kuti mwadzidzidzi ndipo inasiya kukhalapo.

Komabe, amene anapanga magaziniyi sanataye mtima. Wothandizira wamkulu adapezedwa (banki yomwe tsopano yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuchokera ku Kuzbass) ndipo chaka chotsatira kusindikizidwa kwa buku lotchuka kunayambiranso. Zowona, ndi kufalitsidwa ka 20 kakang'ono kuposa kale. Msika waulere walamula kuti makope 100 zikwizikwi ndizomwe zimakhala zomveka kusindikiza.

Dziwani kuti "Murzilka" ndi "Zithunzi Zoseketsa" (omwe, monga nthano za magazini a Soviet, adapitilizabe kuthandizidwa ndi boma), komanso sanasungire ziwerengero zawo zamadola mamiliyoni ambiri. Kwenikweni patapita zaka zingapo iwo anatsikira kwa 100-200 zikwi mwezi uliwonse, ndipo panopa kufalitsidwa musati upambana 50 zikwi.

1993: Chiyambi cha Mapeto

Kupuma kwapachaka kokakamiza sikunapindule ndi magaziniyo. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti chaka chino "Tram" yakhala yotopetsa mwadzidzidzi. Zithunzi ndi zolembazo zinkawoneka kuti zataya matsenga a chiyambi, zomwe zili mkatizo zinakhala zosamveka, zachilendo kapena zina. Magaziniyi yataya mtima wake wakale wokonda zachiwawa kwinakwake.

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Mitu yophatikizika yomwe ikudutsa muzinthu zingapo yasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chizindikiro choipa chinali chakuti zithunzi zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa zithunzi. Kapangidwe kake kakhala kosavuta, pafupifupi koyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati anali zolemba zazifupi (nthabwala, miyambi, ndakatulo zazifupi), ndiye kuti m'zaka zabwino kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimabalalika mwachisawawa patsamba lonse losakanizidwa ndi mafanizo a psychedelic - ndiye zikuwoneka bwino. Tsopano zonse zakonzedwa mwaukhondo m'mizati iwiri yotopetsa, popanda mafanizo, koma ndi zodzaza za monochromatic.

Zolemba za Orthodox nthawi zina zidayamba kutenga masamba angapo. M’malo mwa nthabwala zoseketsa, nthabwala wamba zinayamba kufalitsidwa. Ndipo zambiri, nthabwala zakhala zosasangalatsa. Owerenga achinyamata pafupifupi anasiya kutumiza ntchito yawo. M'malo mwake, gawo lachilendo la "kudziŵana" linawonekera, kumene ana amalemba mwachidule za zomwe amakonda, amasonyeza zaka zawo ndikusiya adiresi yawo yonse kuti alembe makalata. Magazini opandukawo panthaŵi zina anayamba kufanana ndi nyuzipepala zaufulu zotsatsa (ndi nthabwala ndi malonda a zibwenzi patsamba lomalizira) kwa amayi apanyumba ambiri.

1994: Dinosaurs ndi Programming

Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Chaka chino magaziniyi ikuwoneka kuti yayamba kuyambiranso.

Choyamba, tinabwerera ku lingaliro la mutu wapachaka. Nthawi imeneyi anali madinosaur. Magazini iliyonse inafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane za mtundu umodzi wa abuluzi omwe satha, nthabwala ndi nkhani zinamangidwa mozungulira iwo.

Inde, lingalirolo mwachiwonekere linali lachiwiri (Spielberg's Jurassic Park inatulutsidwa chaka chatha, chomwe chinakhazikitsa mafashoni padziko lonse lapansi kwa zokwawa zakupha), koma zinali zabwino kale kuti magaziniyi sinangotulutsa nkhani ina, koma ikuyesera kupanga mwadongosolo. zomwe zili.

Chaka chino ndi chosangalatsanso ndi mndandanda wa nkhani zamaphunziro zoperekedwa ku mapulogalamu (mkonzi wamkulu Tim Sobakin ndi wolemba mapulogalamu ndi maphunziro ndi ntchito yoyamba, mwa njira).
Magazini ya Tram ndi nyenyezi ya avant-garde ya ana aku Russia yomwe inawala kwambiri ndipo inatuluka mwamsanga.

Sindikuganiza kuti nkhanizi ndi zabwino kwa ana a sukulu yapakati (zokambirana zambiri zazitali, zowuma, zopanda zithunzi), koma mwina ichi chinali chimodzi mwa zoyesayesa zoyamba ku Russia kuti alankhule mwadongosolo za mapulogalamu pamasamba a magazini ya ana.

Ngakhale kusintha kwazing'ono izi, chinachake chakupha chinachitika ku Tram magazini - izo zinatha zachilendo magazini ya ana.

1995: Chomaliza

Ndipo chaka chino palibe chozizwitsa chinachitika. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti bukuli silingabwererenso pamlingo wa 1990-91. Pamene magazini “aŵiri” anayamba kufalitsidwa mu February-March (molongosola ndendende, osati mwezi uliwonse, koma kamodzi pa miyezi iŵiri iliyonse), zinaonekeratu kuti magaziniyo sikhalitsa. Ndipo zidachitika, nkhani ya June (yokha yachinayi chaka chino) idakhala yomaliza.

Source: www.habr.com

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