Za zosunga zobwezeretsera mu Proxmox VE

M'nkhaniyi "The Magic of Virtualization: An Introduction to Proxmox VE" tidayika bwino hypervisor pa seva, kulumikizidwa kosungirako, kusamalira chitetezo choyambirira, komanso kupanga makina oyamba. Tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito ntchito zofunika kwambiri zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti nthawi zonse athe kubwezeretsa ntchito ngati zalephera.

Zida zakubadwa za Proxmox zimakulolani kuti musamangosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera, komanso pangani zithunzi zamakina omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale kuti mutumizidwe mwachangu. Izi sizimangokuthandizani kupanga seva yatsopano yautumiki uliwonse mumasekondi pang'ono ngati kuli kofunikira, komanso kumachepetsa nthawi yochepetsera kukhala yochepa.

Sitidzalankhula za kufunika kopanga zosunga zobwezeretsera, chifukwa izi ndizodziwikiratu ndipo zakhala nthawi yayitali axiom. Tiyeni tikambirane zinthu zina zosadziwika bwino.

Choyamba, tiyeni tiwone momwe deta imasungidwira panthawi yosunga zobwezeretsera.

Kusunga ma algorithms

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mfundo yakuti Proxmox ili ndi zida zabwino zopangira makina osunga zobwezeretsera. Zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kusunga deta yanu yonse yamakina ndikuthandizira njira ziwiri zophatikizira, komanso njira zitatu zopangira makopewo.

Choyamba, tiyeni tiyang'ane njira za compression:

1. Kuphatikizika kwa LZO. Algorithm yophatikizika ya data yopanda kutaya yomwe idapangidwa m'ma 90s. Code inalembedwa Markus Oberheimer (yokhazikitsidwa mu Proxmox ndi lzop utility). Mbali yayikulu ya aligorivimu iyi ndikutsegula mwachangu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, zosunga zobwezeretsera zilizonse zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm iyi zitha kutumizidwa munthawi yochepa ngati kuli kofunikira.
2. GZIP compression. Pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm iyi, zosunga zobwezeretsera zidzakanikizidwa pa ntchentche ndi zida za GNU Zip, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito algorithm yamphamvu ya Deflate yopangidwa ndi Phil Katz. Kugogomezera kwakukulu ndikuponderezedwa kwakukulu kwa data, komwe kumachepetsa malo a disk omwe amasungidwa ndi makope osunga zobwezeretsera. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku LZO ndikuti njira zopondereza / kutsitsa zimatenga nthawi yayitali.

Mitundu yosungira

Proxmox imapatsa woyang'anira dongosolo kusankha njira zitatu zosunga zobwezeretsera. Pogwiritsa ntchito, mutha kuthana ndi vuto lomwe likufunika pozindikira chofunikira pakati pakufunika kwa nthawi yopumira komanso kudalirika kwa zosunga zobwezeretsera zomwe zapangidwa:

1. Chithunzithunzi mode. Njirayi imathanso kutchedwa zosunga zobwezeretsera Zamoyo, chifukwa sizifuna kuyimitsa makina kuti agwiritse ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito makinawa sikusokoneza ntchito ya VM, koma ili ndi zovuta ziwiri zazikulu - mavuto angabwere chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa mafayilo ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito komanso kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono. Zosunga zobwezeretsera zopangidwa ndi njirayi ziyenera kuyesedwa nthawi zonse pamalo oyeserera. Apo ayi, pali chiopsezo kuti ngati kuchira mwadzidzidzi n'kofunika, iwo akhoza kulephera.
2. Imitsani Mode. Makina enieni "amaundana" kwakanthawi mpaka ntchito yosunga zobwezeretsera itatha. Zomwe zili mu RAM sizinafufutidwe, zomwe zimakulolani kuti mupitirize kugwira ntchito ndendende kuyambira pomwe ntchito idayimitsidwa. Zachidziwikire, izi zimayambitsa kutsika kwa seva pomwe chidziwitso chikukopera, koma palibe chifukwa chozimitsa / pamakina, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zina. Makamaka ngati kukhazikitsidwa kwa mautumiki ena sikungochitika zokha. Komabe, zosunga zobwezeretsera zotere ziyeneranso kutumizidwa kumalo oyesera kuti ayesedwe.
3. Imani Mode. Njira yodalirika yosunga zobwezeretsera, koma imafuna kutseka kwathunthu kwa makina enieni. Lamulo limatumizidwa kuti lizimitsa nthawi zonse, mukayimitsa, zosunga zobwezeretsera zimachitika, ndiyeno lamulo limaperekedwa kuti muyatse makinawo. Chiwerengero cha zolakwika ndi njira iyi ndizochepa ndipo nthawi zambiri zimachepetsedwa mpaka ziro. Zosunga zobwezeretsera zidapangidwa mwanjira imeneyi pafupifupi nthawi zonse zimatumiza molondola.

Kuchita ndondomeko yosungitsa malo

Kuti mupange zosunga zobwezeretsera:

1. Tiyeni tipite ku makina omwe mukufuna.
2. Sankhani chinthu Kusungitsa.
3. Sakani batani Sungani tsopano. Zenera lidzatsegulidwa momwe mungasankhire magawo a zosunga zobwezeretsera zam'tsogolo.

   

4. Monga chosungiramo timasonyeza chomwe tidalumikiza mu gawo lapitalo.
5. Mukasankha magawo, dinani batani Kusungitsa ndipo dikirani mpaka zosunga zobwezeretsera zitapangidwa. Padzakhala zolembedwa za izi NTCHITO CHABWINO.

   

Tsopano zosungidwa zomwe zidapangidwa zokhala ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera zamakina owoneka bwino zitha kupezeka kuti zitsitsidwe kuchokera pa seva. Njira yosavuta komanso yodziwika kwambiri yokopera ndi SFTP. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito pulogalamu yotchuka ya FTP kasitomala FileZilla, yomwe ingagwire ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya SFTP.

1. M'munda Wolandira lowetsani adilesi ya IP ya seva yathu ya virtualization m'munda lolowera lowetsani mizu m'munda achinsinsi - yomwe idasankhidwa pakukhazikitsa, komanso m'munda Doko onetsani "22" (kapena doko lina lililonse lomwe lidatchulidwira ma SSH).
2. Sakani batani Kulumikizana mwachangu ndipo, ngati deta yonse idalowetsedwa bwino, ndiye mugawo logwira ntchito mudzawona mafayilo onse omwe ali pa seva.
3. Pitani ku chikwatu /mnt/storage. Zosunga zobwezeretsera zonse zomwe zidapangidwa zizipezeka mu "dump" subdirectory. Zidzawoneka ngati:
   • vzdump-qemu-machine_number-date-time.vma.gz ngati musankha njira ya GZIP;
   • vzdump-qemu-machine_number-date-time.vma.lzo posankha njira ya LZO.

Ndikofunikira kutsitsa nthawi yomweyo makope osunga zobwezeretsera kuchokera pa seva ndikusunga pamalo otetezeka, mwachitsanzo, posungira mitambo yathu. Ngati mutsegula fayilo yokhala ndi vma resolution, chida cha dzina lomwelo lomwe limabwera ndi Proxmox, ndiye mkati mwake mudzakhala mafayilo okhala ndi zowonjezera. zofiira, CONF и fw. Mafayilowa ali ndi izi:

• zofiira - chithunzi cha disk;
• CONF - Kusintha kwa VM;
• fw - makonda a firewall.

Kubwezeretsa kuchokera ku zosunga zobwezeretsera

Tiyeni tiwone momwe makina enieni adachotsedwa mwangozi ndikubwezeretsanso mwadzidzidzi kuchokera ku zosunga zobwezeretsera ndikofunikira:

1. Tsegulani malo osungira pomwe kopi yosunga zobwezeretsera ili.
2. Pitani ku tabu Zokhutira.
3. Sankhani kopi yomwe mukufuna ndikudina batani Kubwezeretsa.

   

4. Tikuwonetsa zosungira zomwe mukufuna komanso ID yomwe idzapatsidwe makinawo akamaliza.
5. Sakani batani Kubwezeretsa.

Kubwezeretsa kukatha, VM idzawonekera pamndandanda wazomwe zilipo.

Kupanga makina enieni

Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti kampani ikufunika kusintha zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri. Kusintha kotereku kumayendetsedwa popanga zosintha zambiri pamafayilo osintha. Zotsatira zake sizidziwikiratu ndipo cholakwika chilichonse chingayambitse kulephera kwautumiki. Kuti mupewe kuyesa koteroko kuti zisakhudze seva yothamanga, tikulimbikitsidwa kufananiza makina enieni.

Makina opangira ma cloning adzapanga kopi yeniyeni ya seva yeniyeni, yomwe kusintha kulikonse kungapangidwe popanda kukhudza ntchito ya utumiki waukulu. Ndiye, ngati zosinthazo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, VM yatsopano imayambitsidwa ndipo yakaleyo imatsekedwa. Pali mbali ina mu ndondomekoyi yomwe iyenera kukumbukiridwa nthawi zonse. Makina opangidwa adzakhala ndi adilesi ya IP yofanana ndi VM yoyambirira, kutanthauza kuti padzakhala mkangano wa adilesi ikayamba.

Tikuuzani momwe mungapewere mkhalidwe wotere. Yomweyo pamaso cloning, muyenera kusintha masinthidwe maukonde. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kusintha kwakanthawi adilesi ya IP, koma osayambitsanso ma network. Mukamaliza kupanga makina pamakina akulu, muyenera kubweza zosinthazo, ndikuyika adilesi ina iliyonse ya IP pamakina opangidwa. Motero, tidzalandira makope awiri a seva yomweyo pamaadiresi osiyanasiyana. Izi zikuthandizani kuti muyike mwachangu ntchito yatsopanoyi.

Ngati ntchitoyi ndi seva yapaintaneti, ndiye kuti mungofunika kusintha A-record ndi omwe akukupatsani DNS, pambuyo pake zopempha za kasitomala za dzina lachidziwitsochi zidzatumizidwa ku adilesi yamakina opangidwa.

Mwa njira, Selectel imapatsa makasitomala ake onse ntchito yochititsa madera angapo pa seva za NS kwaulere. Zolemba zimayendetsedwa kudzera pagulu lathu lowongolera komanso kudzera pa API yapadera. Werengani zambiri za izi m'chidziwitso chathu.

Kupanga VM mu Proxmox ndi ntchito yosavuta. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kuchita izi:

1. Pitani ku makina omwe tikufuna.
2. Sankhani kuchokera menyu Zambiri ndime choyerekeza.
3. Pazenera lomwe limatsegulidwa, lembani dzina la parameter.

   

4. Pangani cloning pakukhudza batani choyerekeza.

Chida ichi chimakupatsani mwayi wopanga makina enieni osati pa seva yapafupi. Ngati ma seva angapo a Virtualization aphatikizidwa kukhala gulu, ndiye kuti pogwiritsa ntchito chida ichi mutha kusuntha zomwe zidapangidwa ku seva yomwe mukufuna. Chofunikira ndikusankha kosungira disk (parameter Zosungira Zolinga), yomwe ndi yabwino kwambiri mukasuntha makina enieni kuchokera pamtundu wina kupita ku wina.

Zosungirako zenizeni

Tikuuzeni zambiri zamitundu yamagalimoto yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Proxmox:

1. NTHAWI. Mtundu womveka bwino komanso wosavuta. Ili ndi fayilo ya data ya byte-for-byte hard drive popanda kukanikiza kapena kukhathamiritsa. Iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri chifukwa imatha kukhazikitsidwa mosavuta ndi lamulo lokhazikika pamakina aliwonse a Linux. Komanso, iyi ndi "mtundu" wachangu kwambiri wagalimoto, popeza hypervisor safunikira kuyikonza mwanjira iliyonse.

   Choyipa chachikulu chamtunduwu ndikuti ngakhale mutapereka malo ochuluka bwanji pamakina, malo amtundu wa hard disk adzalandidwa ndi fayilo ya RAW (mosasamala kanthu komwe mwakhalako mkati mwa makina enieni).

2. Chithunzi cha QEMU (qcow2). Mwina kwambiri chilengedwe mtundu pochita ntchito iliyonse. Ubwino wake ndikuti fayilo ya data ingokhala ndi malo omwe amakhala mkati mwa makina enieni. Mwachitsanzo, ngati 40 GB ya malo idaperekedwa, koma 2 GB yokha idagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti malo ena onse adzakhalapo kwa ma VM ena. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusunga malo a disk.

   Choyipa chaching'ono chogwira ntchito ndi mawonekedwe awa ndi awa: kuti muyike chithunzi chotere pamakina ena aliwonse, choyamba muyenera kutsitsa. wapadera nbd driverkomanso kugwiritsa ntchito cemu-nbd, zomwe zidzalola opareshoni kuti apeze fayilo ngati chipangizo chokhazikika. Pambuyo pake, chithunzicho chidzapezeka kuti chiyike, kugawa, kuyang'ana dongosolo la fayilo ndi ntchito zina.

   Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ntchito zonse za I/O mukamagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwewa zimasinthidwa mu pulogalamu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kutsika pang'onopang'ono mukamagwira ntchito ndi disk subsystem. Ngati ntchitoyo ndikuyika database pa seva, ndiye kuti ndibwino kusankha mtundu wa RAW.

3. Chithunzi cha VMware (vmdk). Mtunduwu ndi wochokera ku VMware vSphere hypervisor ndipo idaphatikizidwa mu Proxmox kuti igwirizane. Zimakuthandizani kuti musamuke makina enieni a VMware kupita ku Proxmox.

   Kugwiritsa ntchito vmdk mosalekeza sikuvomerezeka; mawonekedwewa ndiwochedwetsa kwambiri mu Proxmox, chifukwa chake ndi oyenera kusamuka, palibenso china. Kuperewera kumeneku mwina kuthetsedwa m'tsogolomu.

Kugwira ntchito ndi zithunzi za disk

Proxmox imabwera ndi chida chosavuta chotchedwa qemu-img. Imodzi mwa ntchito zake ndikutembenuza zithunzi za disk. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, ingotsegulani cholumikizira cha hypervisor ndikuyendetsa lamulo mumtundu:

qemu-img convert -f vmdk test.vmdk -O qcow2 test.qcow2

Muchitsanzo choperekedwa, chithunzi cha vmdk cha VMware virtual drive chimatchedwa mayeso idzasinthidwa kukhala mtundu magwire. Ili ndi lamulo lothandiza kwambiri mukafuna kukonza zolakwika pakusankha koyambirira.

Chifukwa cha lamulo lomwelo, mutha kukakamiza kupanga chithunzi chomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mkangano kulenga:

qemu-img create -f raw test.raw 40G

Lamuloli lipanga chithunzi choyesera mumpangidwe NTHAWI, 40 GB kukula. Tsopano ndi oyenera kulumikiza aliyense wa makina pafupifupi.

Kusintha kukula kwa disk yeniyeni

Ndipo pomaliza, tikuwonetsani momwe mungakulitsire kukula kwa chithunzi cha disk ngati pazifukwa zina palibenso malo okwanira. Kuti tichite izi, timagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yosinthira:

qemu-img resize -f raw test.raw 80G

Tsopano chithunzi chathu chakhala 80 GB kukula. Mutha kuwona zambiri zachithunzichi pogwiritsa ntchito mkangano Dziwani:

qemu-img info test.raw

Musaiwale kuti kukulitsa chithunzicho sikungowonjezera kukula kwa magawowo - kumangowonjezera malo aulere. Kuti muwonjezere kugawa, gwiritsani ntchito lamulo:

resize2fs /dev/sda1

kumene / dev / sda1 - gawo lofunikira.

Automation ya zosunga zobwezeretsera

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira ma backups ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri komanso yowononga nthawi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Proxmox VE imaphatikizapo chida chosungira zokhazikika. Tiyeni tiwone momwe tingachitire izi:

1. Pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a intaneti a hypervisor, tsegulani chinthucho Data center.
2. Sankhani chinthu Kusungitsa.
3. Sakani batani kuwonjezera.
4. Khazikitsani magawo a ndandanda.

   

5. Chongani m'bokosi Yambitsani.
6. Sungani zosintha pogwiritsa ntchito batani kulenga.

Tsopano wokonza mapulani adziyambitsa okha pulogalamu yosunga zobwezeretsera pa nthawi yeniyeni yotchulidwa, kutengera ndandanda yomwe yatchulidwa.

Pomaliza

Tinawonanso njira zokhazikika zosungira ndi kubwezeretsa makina enieni. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumakupatsani mwayi wopulumutsa zonse popanda vuto ndikuzibwezeretsa mwachangu pakagwa mwadzidzidzi.

Inde, iyi si njira yokhayo yopulumutsira deta yofunika. Pali zida zambiri zomwe zilipo, mwachitsanzo. Kupindulitsa, yomwe mutha kupanga makope athunthu komanso owonjezera a zomwe zili mu Linux-based virtual servers.

Mukamachita zosunga zobwezeretsera, nthawi zonse muyenera kukumbukira kuti amatsitsa gawo la disk. Choncho, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti izi zichitike panthawi ya katundu wochepa kuti asachedwe panthawi ya ntchito za I / O mkati mwa makina. Mutha kuyang'anira momwe disk ikuchedwa kuchedwetsa mwachindunji kuchokera pa hypervisor web interface (IO delay parameter).

Source: www.habr.com