{"id":36723,"date":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/eshhe-odno-mnenie-o-raznitse-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","slug":"eshhe-odno-mnenie-o-raznitse-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/eshhe-odno-mnenie-o-raznitse-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","title":{"rendered":"Jeszcze jedna opinia na temat r\u00f3\u017cnicy mi\u0119dzy bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Niedawno odkry\u0142em taki artyku\u0142: R\u00f3\u017cnica mi\u0119dzy bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin<\/a><\/noindex>Chcia\u0142bym podzieli\u0107 si\u0119 swoim zdaniem na temat standardu.<\/p>\n

\/bin<\/h2>\n

\nZawiera polecenia, kt\u00f3re mog\u0105 by\u0107 u\u017cywane zar\u00f3wno przez administrator\u00f3w systemu, jak i przez u\u017cytkownik\u00f3w, ale kt\u00f3re s\u0105 niezb\u0119dne, gdy \u017cadne inne systemy plik\u00f3w nie s\u0105 zamontowane (na przyk\u0142ad w trybie pojedynczego u\u017cytkownika). Mo\u017ce r\u00f3wnie\u017c zawiera\u0107 polecenia, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 po\u015brednio u\u017cywane przez skrypty.<\/p>\n

Oczekuje si\u0119 obecno\u015bci takich polece\u0144:<\/p>\n

cat<\/b>, chgrp<\/b>, chmod<\/b>, chown<\/b>, cp<\/b>, date<\/b>, dd<\/b>, df<\/b>, dmesg<\/b>, echo<\/b>, false<\/b>, nazwa hosta<\/b>, kill<\/b>, ln<\/b>, login<\/b>, ls<\/b>, mkdir<\/b>, mknod<\/b>, more<\/b>, mount<\/b>, mv<\/b>, ps<\/b>, pwd<\/b>, rm<\/b>, rmdir<\/b>, sed<\/b>, sh<\/b>, stty<\/b>, su<\/b>, sync<\/b>, true<\/b>, umount<\/b>, uname<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017cna utworzy\u0107 symlinki do \/usr, ale chocia\u017c w czasach systemd \/usr na oddzielnym urz\u0105dzeniu si\u0119 nie spotyka, mo\u017cna go jeszcze znale\u017a\u0107 w systemach wbudowanych, sygnalizatorach \u015bwietlnych, m\u0142ynkach do kawy i PDP-11 obs\u0142uguj\u0105cym wa\u017cne urz\u0105dzenie w jednej z laboratori\u00f3w Akademii Nauk.<\/p>\n

\/sbin<\/h2>\n

\nNarz\u0119dzia u\u017cywane do administracji systemem (i inne polecenia tylko dla roota), \/sbin zawiera pliki binarne niezb\u0119dne do uruchamiania, przywracania i\/lub naprawiania systemu, opr\u00f3cz plik\u00f3w binarnych w \/bin. Programy wykonywane po zamontowaniu \/usr (gdy nie ma problem\u00f3w) s\u0105 zwykle umieszczane w \/usr\/sbin. Lokalne zainstalowane programy administracyjne powinny by\u0107 umieszczane w \/usr\/local\/sbin.<\/p>\n

Oczekiwane:<\/p>\n

fastboot, fasthalt, fdisk, fsck, getty, halt, ifconfig, init, mkfs, mkswap, reboot, route, swapon, swapoff, update<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Jednym ze sposob\u00f3w ochrony systemu przed niepowo\u0142anym dost\u0119pem u\u017cytkownik\u00f3w jest zabronienie uruchamiania tych narz\u0119dzi przez przypadkowych u\u017cytkownik\u00f3w, ustawiaj\u0105c atrybut x.
\nPonadto, zast\u0105pienie \/bin i \/sbin kopiami z archiwum (takimi samymi dla wszystkich jednorodnych system\u00f3w) jest szybkim sposobem na napraw\u0119 system\u00f3w bez mened\u017cera pakiet\u00f3w.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\/usr\/bin<\/h2>\n

\nTutaj wszystko jest proste. Jednorodne polecenia, identyczne dla wszystkich serwer\u00f3w\/m\u0142ynk\u00f3w do kawy firmy. A samo \/usr mo\u017ce by\u0107 rozwijane w identyczny spos\u00f3b dla r\u00f3\u017cnych system\u00f3w operacyjnych (dla \/bin i \/sbin zazwyczaj to nie dzia\u0142a), to architektonicznie niezale\u017cne programy. Mo\u017ce zawiera\u0107 linki do interpreter\u00f3w perl lub python, kt\u00f3re znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 w \/opt lub gdzie indziej w sieci.<\/p>\n

\/usr\/sbin<\/h2>\n

\nTo samo, co \/usr\/bin, ale do u\u017cycia tylko przez administrator\u00f3w.<\/p>\n

\/usr\/local\/bin \u0438 \/usr\/local\/sbin<\/h2>\n

\nJedna z najwa\u017cniejszych lokalizacji. W przeciwie\u0144stwie do innych, \/usr nie mo\u017ce by\u0107 taki sam dla ca\u0142ej organizacji. Znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 tutaj zale\u017cne od systemu operacyjnego, zale\u017cne od sprz\u0119tu i po prostu programy, kt\u00f3re nie s\u0105 potrzebne na wszystkich urz\u0105dzeniach. Podczas synchronizacji \/usr na maszynach, \/usr\/local musz\u0105 by\u0107 wykluczone.<\/p>\n

\/home\/$USER\/bin<\/h2>\n

\nTutaj mamy podobny przypadek jak z \/usr\/local, tylko \u017ce znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 tam programy specyficzne dla konkretnego u\u017cytkownika. Mo\u017cna je przenie\u015b\u0107 (lub zsynchronizowa\u0107) na inn\u0105 maszyna w trakcie przeprowadzki u\u017cytkownika. To, czego nie mo\u017cna przenie\u015b\u0107, znajduje si\u0119 w \/home\/$USER\/.local\/bin. Mo\u017cna u\u017cywa\u0107 local bez kropki. \/home\/$USER\/sbin z oczywistych powod\u00f3w nie istnieje.<\/p>\n

B\u0119d\u0119 wdzi\u0119czny za poprawki i uzupe\u0142nienia.<\/p>\n

\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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