{"id":38232,"date":"2019-10-31T22:22:28","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:22:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/odin-iz-metodov-polucheniya-istorii-blokirovok-v-postgresql\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:22:28","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:22:28","slug":"odin-iz-metodov-polucheniya-istorii-blokirovok-v-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pl\/blog\/administrirovanie\/odin-iz-metodov-polucheniya-istorii-blokirovok-v-postgresql","title":{"rendered":"Jedna z metod uzyskiwania historii blokad w PostgreSQL","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ci\u0105g dalszy artyku\u0142u &#171;<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/467181\/\">Pr\u00f3ba stworzenia odpowiednika ASH dla PostgreSQL <\/a><\/noindex>&#171;.<\/p>\n<p>W artykule szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo om\u00f3wimy i przedstawimy na konkretnych zapytaniach i przyk\u0142adach, jak\u0105 u\u017cyteczn\u0105 informacj\u0119 mo\u017cna uzyska\u0107 dzi\u0119ki historii widoku pg_locks.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Ostrze\u017cenie.<br \/>\nW zwi\u0105zku z nowo\u015bci\u0105 tematu i zako\u0144czeniem okresu testowania, artyku\u0142 mo\u017ce zawiera\u0107 b\u0142\u0119dy. Krytyka i uwagi s\u0105 jak najbardziej mile widziane i oczekiwane.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Dane wej\u015bciowe<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Historia widoku pg_locks<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">archive_locking<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"pgsql\">CREATE TABLE archive_locking \n(       timepoint timestamp without time zone ,\n\tlocktype text ,\n\trelation oid ,\n\tmode text ,\n\ttid xid ,\n\tvtid text ,\n\tpid integer ,\n\tblocking_pids integer[] ,\n\tgranted boolean ,\n        queryid bigint \n);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nW zasadzie tabela jest analogiczna do tabeli <b>archive_pg_stat_activity<\/b>, bardziej szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo opisanej tutaj \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/467277\/\">pg_stat_statements + pg_stat_activity + loq_query = pg_ash? <\/a><\/noindex> i tutaj \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/467181\/\">Pr\u00f3ba stworzenia analogii ASH dla PostgreSQL.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Do wype\u0142nienia kolumny <b>queryid<\/b> u\u017cywana jest funkcja <\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">update_history_locking_by_queryid<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"pgsql\">--update_history_locking_by_queryid.sql\nCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_history_locking_by_queryid() RETURNS boolean AS $$\nDECLARE\n  result boolean ;\n  current_minute double precision ; \n  \n  start_minute integer ;\n  finish_minute integer ;\n  \n  start_period timestamp without time zone ;\n  finish_period timestamp without time zone ;\n  \n  lock_rec record ; \n  endpoint_rec record ; \n  \n  current_hour_diff double precision ;\nBEGIN\n  RAISE NOTICE '***update_history_locking_by_queryid';\n  \n  result = TRUE ;\n  \n  current_minute = extract ( minute from now() );\n\n  SELECT * FROM endpoint WHERE is_need_monitoring\n  INTO endpoint_rec ;\n  \n  current_hour_diff = endpoint_rec.hour_diff ;\n  \n  IF current_minute &lt; 5 \n  THEN\n\tRAISE NOTICE &#039;Obecny czas jest kr\u00f3tszy ni\u017c 5 minut.&#039;;\n\t\n\tstart_period = date_trunc(&#039;hour&#039;,now()) + (current_hour_diff * interval &#039;1 hour&#039;);\n    finish_period = start_period - interval &#039;5 minute&#039; ;\n  ELSE \n    finish_minute =  extract ( minute from now() ) \/ 5 ;\n    start_minute =  finish_minute - 1 ;\n  \n    start_period = date_trunc(&#039;hour&#039;,now()) + interval &#039;1 minute&#039;*start_minute*5+(current_hour_diff * interval &#039;1 hour&#039;);\n    finish_period = date_trunc(&#039;hour&#039;,now()) + interval &#039;1 minute&#039;*finish_minute*5+(current_hour_diff * interval &#039;1 hour&#039;) ;\n    \n  END IF ;  \n  \n  RAISE NOTICE &#039;start_period = %&#039;, start_period;\n  RAISE NOTICE &#039;finish_period = %&#039;, finish_period;\n\n\tFOR lock_rec IN   \n\tWITH act_queryid AS\n\t (\n\t\tSELECT \n\t\t\t\tpid , \n\t\t\t\ttimepoint ,\n\t\t\t\tquery_start AS started ,\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tMAX(timepoint) OVER (PARTITION BY pid ,\tquery_start   ) AS finished ,\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tqueryid \n\t\tFROM \n\t\t\t\tactivity_hist.history_pg_stat_activity \t\t\t\n\t\tWHERE \t\t\t\n\t\t\t\ttimepoint BETWEEN start_period and \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t  finish_period\n\t\tGROUP BY \n\t\t\t\tpid , \n\t\t\t\ttimepoint ,  \n\t\t\t\tquery_start ,\n\t\t\t\tqueryid \n\t ),\n\t lock_pids AS\n\t\t(\n\t\t\tSELECT\n\t\t\t\thl.pid , \n\t\t\t\thl.locktype  ,\n\t\t\t\thl.mode ,\n\t\t\t\thl.timepoint , \n\t\t\t\tMIN ( timepoint ) OVER (PARTITION BY pid , locktype  ,mode ) as started \n\t\t\tFROM \n\t\t\t\tactivity_hist.history_locking hl\n\t\t\tWHERE \n\t\t\t\thl.timepoint between start_period and \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t     finish_period\n\t\t\tGROUP BY \n\t\t\t\thl.pid , \n\t\t\t\thl.locktype  ,\n\t\t\t\thl.mode ,\n\t\t\t\thl.timepoint \n\t\t)\n\tSELECT \n\t\tlp.pid , \n\t\tlp.locktype  ,\n\t\tlp.mode ,\n\t\tlp.timepoint ,     \n\t\taq.queryid \n\tFROM lock_pids \tlp LEFT OUTER JOIN act_queryid aq ON ( lp.pid = aq.pid AND lp.started BETWEEN aq.started AND aq.finished )\n\tWHERE aq.queryid IS NOT NULL \n\tGROUP BY  \n\t\tlp.pid , \n\t\tlp.locktype  ,\n\t\tlp.mode ,\n\t\tlp.timepoint , \n\t\taq.queryid\n\tLOOP\n\t\tUPDATE activity_hist.history_locking SET queryid = lock_rec.queryid \n\t\tWHERE pid = lock_rec.pid AND locktype = lock_rec.locktype AND mode = lock_rec.mode AND timepoint = lock_rec.timepoint ;\t\n\tEND LOOP;    \n  \n  RETURN result ;\nEND\n$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b>Wyja\u015bnienie:<\/b> Warto\u015b\u0107 kolumny queryid jest aktualizowana w tabeli history_locking, a nast\u0119pnie podczas tworzenia nowej sekcji dla tabeli archive_locking warto\u015b\u0107 ta zostanie zachowana w warto\u015bciach historycznych. <\/p>\n<h2>Wyniki<\/h2>\n<p>\nOg\u00f3lne informacje o procesach jako ca\u0142o\u015bci.<\/p>\n<h3>OCZEKIWANIE NA ZASTAWY WED\u0141UG TYP\u00d3W ZASTAW\u00d3W<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Zapytanie<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"pgsql\">Z\nAS\n(\n\tWYBIERZ \n\t\tlocktype  ,\n\t\tmode ,\n\t\tcount(*) jako total \n\tZ\n\t\tactivity_hist.archive_locking\n\tGDZIE \n\t\ttimepoint mi\u0119dzy pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interwa\u0142 '1 godzina') A pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interwa\u0142 '1 godzina') I \n\t\tNIE przyznano\n\tGRUPUJ WED\u0141UG \n\t\tlocktype  ,\n\t\tmode  \n)\nWYBIERZ \n\tlocktype  ,\n\tmode ,\n\ttotal * interwa\u0142 '1 sekunda' jako duration\t\t\t\nZ t \t\t\nZAM\u00d3W WED\u0141UG 3 DESC <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Przyk\u0142ad<\/b><\/p>\n<pre>| OCZEKIWANIE NA ZASTAWY WED\u0141UG TYP\u00d3W ZASTAW\u00d3W\n+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------\n|            locktype|                          mode|            duration\n+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------\n|       transactionid|                     ShareLock|            19:39:26\n|               tuple|           AccessExclusiveLock|            00:03:35\n+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------\n<\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>UZYSKANE ZASTAWY WED\u0141UG TYP\u00d3W ZASTAW\u00d3W<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Zapytanie<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"pgsql\">Z\nAS\n(\n\tWYBIERZ \n\t\tlocktype  ,\n\t\tmode ,\n\t\tcount(*) jako total \n\tZ\n\t\tactivity_hist.archive_locking\n\tGDZIE \n\t\ttimepoint mi\u0119dzy pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interwa\u0142 '1 godzina') A pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interwa\u0142 '1 godzina') I \n\t\tprzyznano\n\tGRUPUJ WED\u0141UG \n\t\tlocktype  ,\n\t\tmode  \n)\nWYBIERZ \n\tlocktype  ,\n\tmode ,\n\ttotal * interwa\u0142 '1 sekunda' jako duration\t\t\t\nZ t \t\t\nZAM\u00d3W WED\u0141UG 3 DESC <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Przyk\u0142ad<\/b><\/p>\n<pre>| UZYSKANE ZASTAWY WED\u0141UG TYP\u00d3W ZASTAW\u00d3W\n+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------\n|            locktype|                          mode|            duration\n+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------\n|            relation|              RowExclusiveLock|            51:11:10\n|          virtualxid|                 ExclusiveLock|            48:10:43\n|       transactionid|                 ExclusiveLock|            44:24:53\n|            relation|               AccessShareLock|            20:06:13\n|               tuple|           AccessExclusiveLock|            17:58:47\n|               tuple|                 ExclusiveLock|            01:40:41\n|            relation|      ShareUpdateExclusiveLock|            00:26:41\n|              object|              RowExclusiveLock|            00:00:01\n|       transactionid|                     ShareLock|            00:00:01\n|              extend|                 ExclusiveLock|            00:00:01\n+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------\n<\/pre>\n<p>\nSzczeg\u00f3\u0142owe informacje dotycz\u0105ce konkretnych zapyta\u0144 queryid<\/p>\n<h3>OCZEKIWANIE NA ZASTAWY WED\u0141UG TYP\u00d3W ZASTAW\u00d3W WED\u0141UG QUERYID<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Zapytanie<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"pgsql\">Z\nlt AS\n(\n\tWYBIERZ\n\t\tpid , \n\t\tlocktype  ,\n\t\tmode ,\n\t\ttimepoint , \n\t\tqueryid , \n\t\tblocking_pids ,\n                MIN ( timepoint ) OVER (PARTITION BY pid , locktype  ,mode ) jako started  \n\tZ\n\t\tactivity_hist.archive_locking\n\tGDZIE \n\t\ttimepoint mi\u0119dzy pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interwa\u0142 '1 godzina') A \n\t\t\t                  pg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interwa\u0142 '1 godzina') I \n\t\tNIE przyznano I\n\t       queryid NIE JEST NULL \n\tGRUPUJ WED\u0141UG \n\t        pid , \n\t\tlocktype  ,\n\t\tmode ,\n\t\ttimepoint ,\n\t\tqueryid ,\n\t\tblocking_pids \n)\nWYBIERZ \n        lt.pid , \n\tlt.locktype  ,\n\tlt.mode ,\t\t\t\n        lt.started ,\n\tlt.queryid  ,\n\tlt.blocking_pids ,\n\tCOUNT(*)  * interwa\u0142 '1 sekunda'\t jako duration\t\t\nZ lt \t\nGRUPUJ WED\u0141UG \n\tlt.pid , \n        lt.locktype  ,\n\tlt.mode ,\t\t\t\n        lt.started ,\n        lt.queryid ,\n\tlt.blocking_pids \nZAM\u00d3W WED\u0141UG 4<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Przyk\u0142ad<\/b><\/p>\n<pre>| OCZEKIWANIE NA ZAMKI ZDANYMI LOCKTYPE I QUERYID\n+----------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------\n|       pid|                 locktype|                mode|                       rozpocz\u0119to|             queryid|       blokuj\u0105ce_pids|            czas trwania\n+----------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------\n|     11288|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:00.302936|  389015618226997618|             {11092}|            00:03:34\n|     11626|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:21.380921|  389015618226997618|             {12380}|            00:00:29\n|     11626|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:21.380921|  389015618226997618|             {11092}|            00:03:25\n|     11626|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:21.380921|  389015618226997618|             {12213}|            00:01:55\n|     11626|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:21.380921|  389015618226997618|             {12751}|            00:00:01\n|     11629|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:24.331935|  389015618226997618|             {11092}|            00:03:22\n|     11629|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:24.331935|  389015618226997618|             {12007}|            00:00:01\n|     12007|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:05:03.327933|  389015618226997618|             {11629}|            00:00:13\n|     12007|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:05:03.327933|  389015618226997618|             {11092}|            00:01:10\n|     12007|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:05:03.327933|  389015618226997618|             {11288}|            00:00:05\n|     12213|            transactionid|           ShareLock|    2019-09-17 10:06:07.328019|  389015618226997618|             {12007}|            00:00:10<\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>ZABIERANIE ZAMK\u00d3W ZDANYMI LOCKTYPE I QUERYID<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Zapytanie<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"pgsql\">Z\nlt AS\n(\n\tWYBIERZ\n\t\tpid , \n\t\tlocktype  ,\n\t\tmode ,\n\t\ttimepoint , \n\t\tqueryid , \n\t\tblokuj\u0105ce_pids ,\n                MIN ( timepoint ) OVER (PARTITION BY pid , locktype  ,mode ) as rozpocz\u0119to  \n\tZ\n\t\tactivity_hist.archive_locking\n\tGDZIE\n\t\ttimepoint pomi\u0119dzy pg_stat_history_begin+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') I\n\t\t\ttpg_stat_history_end+(current_hour_diff * interval '1 hour') I\n\t\tprzyznane I\n\t\tqueryid IS NOT NULL \n\tGRUPUJ\n\t        pid , \n\t\tlocktype  ,\n\t\tmode ,\n\t\ttimepoint ,\n\t\tqueryid ,\n\t\tblokuj\u0105ce_pids \n)\nWYBIERZ \n        lt.pid , \n\tlt.locktype  ,\n\tlt.mode ,\t\t\t\n        lt.zacz\u0105\u0142 ,\n\tlt.queryid  ,\n\tlt.blokuj\u0105ce_pids ,\n\tCOUNT(*)  * interval '1 second'\t as czas_trwania\t\t\t\nZ lt \t\nGRUPUJ \n\tlt.pid , \n\tlt.locktype  ,\n\tlt.mode ,\t\t\t\n        lt.zacz\u0105\u0142 ,\n\tlt.queryid ,\n\tlt.blokuj\u0105ce_pids \nZAM\u00d3W PO 4<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Przyk\u0142ad<\/b><\/p>\n<pre>| ZABEZPIECZANIE ZAMKNI\u0118\u0106 PRZEZ TYPY ZAMKNI\u0118\u0106 NA PODSTAWIE QUERYID\n+----------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------\n|       pid|                 typ_zamkni\u0119cia|                tryb|                       rozpocz\u0119to|             queryid|       blokuj\u0105ce_pid|            czas_trwania\n+----------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------\n|     11288|                 relacja|    RowExclusiveLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:00.302936|  389015618226997618|             {11092}|            00:03:34\n|     11092|            identyfikator_transakcji|       ExclusiveLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:00.302936|  389015618226997618|                  {}|            00:03:34\n|     11288|                 relacja|    RowExclusiveLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:00.302936|  389015618226997618|                  {}|            00:00:10\n|     11092|                 relacja|    RowExclusiveLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:00.302936|  389015618226997618|                  {}|            00:03:34\n|     11092|               wirtualny_xid|       ExclusiveLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:00.302936|  389015618226997618|                  {}|            00:03:34\n|     11288|               wirtualny_xid|       ExclusiveLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:00.302936|  389015618226997618|             {11092}|            00:03:34\n|     11288|            identyfikator_transakcji|       ExclusiveLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:00.302936|  389015618226997618|             {11092}|            00:03:34\n|     11288|                    krotka| AccessExclusiveLock|    2019-09-17 10:00:00.302936|  389015618226997618|             {11092}|            00:03:34<\/pre>\n<p>\n<b>Wykorzystanie historii blokad do analizy incydent\u00f3w wydajno\u015bci.<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Proces o queryid=389015618226997618 dzia\u0142aj\u0105cy z pid=11288 oczekiwa\u0142 na blokad\u0119 od 2019-09-17 10:00:00 przez 3 minuty.<\/li>\n<li>Blokad\u0119 utrzymywa\u0142 proces z pid=11092.<\/li>\n<li>Proces z pid=11092 wykonuj\u0105c zapytanie o queryid=389015618226997618 od 2019-09-17 10:00:00 utrzymywa\u0142 blokad\u0119 przez 3 minuty.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Podsumowanie<\/h2>\n<p>\nTeraz mam nadziej\u0119, \u017ce zaczyna si\u0119 to, co najciekawsze i najprzydatniejsze - zbieranie statystyk i analiza przypadk\u00f3w z historii oczekiwa\u0144 i blokad. <\/p>\n<p>W przysz\u0142o\u015bci, mam nadziej\u0119, uda si\u0119 stworzy\u0107 zbi\u00f3r pewnych notatek (na wz\u00f3r metalinku Oracle).<\/p>\n<p>W\u0142a\u015bciwie z tego powodu stosujemy metod\u0119, kt\u00f3ra jest jak najszybciej przedstawiana do og\u00f3lnego zapoznania si\u0119.<\/p>\n<p>W najbli\u017cszym czasie postaram si\u0119 opublikowa\u0107 projekt na githubie.<br \/>\n<br \/>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/467719\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 &#171;\u041f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 ASH \u0434\u043b\u044f PostgreSQL &#171;. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u2014 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f pg_locks. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0412\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 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