{"id":100487,"date":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https"},"modified":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","slug":"alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","title":{"rendered":"ALPACA \u2014 nova t\u00e9cnica de ataques MITM em HTTPS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Um grupo de pesquisadores de v\u00e1rias universidades da Alemanha desenvolveu um novo m\u00e9todo de ataque MITM ao HTTPS, permitindo extrair cookies com identificadores de sess\u00e3o e outros dados confidenciais, al\u00e9m de executar c\u00f3digos JavaScript arbitr\u00e1rios no contexto de outro site. O ataque foi denominado ALPACA e pode ser aplicado a servidores TLS que implementam diferentes protocolos de n\u00edvel de aplicativo (HTTPS, SFTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3), mas que utilizam certificados TLS comuns.      <\/p>\n<p>A ess\u00eancia do ataque \u00e9 que, ao ter controle sobre um gateway de rede ou um ponto de acesso sem fio, o atacante pode redirecionar o tr\u00e1fego da web para outra porta de rede e estabelecer uma conex\u00e3o com um servidor FTP ou de correio que suporte criptografia TLS e utilize um certificado TLS compartilhado com o servidor HTTP, fazendo com que o navegador do usu\u00e1rio acredite que a conex\u00e3o foi estabelecida com o servidor HTTP solicitado. Como o protocolo TLS \u00e9 universal e n\u00e3o est\u00e1 vinculado a protocolos de n\u00edvel de aplicativo, a configura\u00e7\u00e3o de uma conex\u00e3o criptografada para todos os servi\u00e7os \u00e9 id\u00eantica, e o erro de enviar o pedido para o servi\u00e7o errado s\u00f3 pode ser identificado ap\u00f3s a configura\u00e7\u00e3o da sess\u00e3o criptografada durante o processamento dos comandos do pedido enviado.     <\/p>\n<p>Portanto, se, por exemplo, a conex\u00e3o do usu\u00e1rio inicialmente direcionada para HTTPS for redirecionada para um servidor de correio que utiliza o mesmo certificado que o servidor HTTPS, a conex\u00e3o TLS ser\u00e1 estabelecida com sucesso, mas o servidor de correio n\u00e3o conseguir\u00e1 processar os comandos HTTP enviados e retornar\u00e1 uma resposta com c\u00f3digo de erro. Essa resposta ser\u00e1 tratada pelo navegador como uma resposta do site solicitado, enviada dentro de um canal de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o criptografado corretamente estabelecido.        <\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00eas variantes de ataque foram propostas:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> &#171;Upload&#187; para extrair Cookies com par\u00e2metros de autentica\u00e7\u00e3o. O m\u00e9todo \u00e9 aplic\u00e1vel se o servidor FTP coberto pelo certificado TLS permitir o upload e a extra\u00e7\u00e3o de seus dados. Neste tipo de ataque, o atacante pode fazer com que partes da requisi\u00e7\u00e3o HTTP original do usu\u00e1rio sejam mantidas, como o conte\u00fado do cabe\u00e7alho Cookie, por exemplo, se o servidor FTP interpretar a requisi\u00e7\u00e3o como um arquivo para salvar ou registrar completamente as requisi\u00e7\u00f5es recebidas. Para um ataque bem-sucedido, o invasor precisa ent\u00e3o de alguma forma extrair o conte\u00fado salvo. O ataque \u00e9 aplic\u00e1vel ao Proftpd, Microsoft IIS, vsftpd, filezilla e serv-u.\n<li class=\"l\"> &#171;Download&#187; para organizar script entre sites (XSS). O m\u00e9todo implica que o atacante, a partir de algumas manipula\u00e7\u00f5es isoladas, pode inserir dados em um servi\u00e7o que utiliza um compartilhamento comum. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/ssl-sertifikat\/\"   title=\"Certificado TLS\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"943\">Certificado TLS<\/a>, que podem ser retornados em resposta a uma solicita\u00e7\u00e3o do usu\u00e1rio. O ataque \u00e9 aplic\u00e1vel aos servidores FTP mencionados acima, servidores IMAP e servidores POP3 (courier, cyrus, kerio-connect e zimbra).\n<li class=\"l\"> &#171;Reflection&#187; para executar JavaScript no contexto de outro site. O m\u00e9todo se baseia em retornar ao cliente parte da requisi\u00e7\u00e3o que cont\u00e9m o c\u00f3digo JavaScript enviado pelo atacante. O ataque \u00e9 aplic\u00e1vel aos servidores FTP mencionados anteriormente, aos servidores IMAP como cyrus, kerio-connect e zimbra, assim como ao servidor SMTP sendmail.    <\/ul>\n<p>      <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - nova t\u00e9cnica de ataques MITM em HTTPS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/95266e6e295fe69ffbcd79d55086425f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>      <\/p>\n<p>Por exemplo, ao abrir uma p\u00e1gina controlada pelo atacante, uma requisi\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser iniciada a partir dessa p\u00e1gina para um site no qual o usu\u00e1rio possui uma conta ativa (por exemplo, bank.com). Durante um ataque MITM, essa requisi\u00e7\u00e3o, endere\u00e7ada ao site bank.com, pode ser redirecionada para o servidor de correio que usa o mesmo certificado TLS do bank.com. Como o servidor de correio n\u00e3o encerra a sess\u00e3o ap\u00f3s o primeiro erro, cabe\u00e7alhos e comandos, como &#171;POST \\\/ HTTP\\\/1.1&#187; e &#171;Host:&#187;, ser\u00e3o processados como comandos desconhecidos (o servidor de correio retornar\u00e1 &#171;500 unrecognized command&#187; para cada cabe\u00e7alho).     <\/p>\n<p>O servidor de email n\u00e3o compreende as especificidades do protocolo HTTP, e para ele, cabe\u00e7alhos de servi\u00e7o e o bloco de dados da solicita\u00e7\u00e3o POST s\u00e3o tratados de forma id\u00eantica, portanto, no corpo da solicita\u00e7\u00e3o POST, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel incluir uma linha com um comando para o servidor de email. Por exemplo, pode-se passar: MAIL FROM:  ao que o servidor de email retornar\u00e1 uma mensagem de erro 501 : malformed address: alert(1); may not follow      <\/p>\n<p>Esta resposta ser\u00e1 recebida pelo navegador do usu\u00e1rio, que executar\u00e1 o c\u00f3digo JavaScript no contexto do site bank.com, ao qual a solicita\u00e7\u00e3o foi enviada, pois a resposta foi recebida dentro de uma sess\u00e3o TLS adequada, cujo certificado confirmou a autenticidade da resposta do bank.com.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - nova t\u00e9cnica de ataques MITM em HTTPS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/a4406c142f7592950a34b82cf608d07a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>A varredura da rede global mostrou que cerca de 1,4 milh\u00e3o de servidores web est\u00e3o suscet\u00edveis a essa quest\u00e3o de forma geral, e que um ataque misturando solicita\u00e7\u00f5es entre diferentes protocolos \u00e9 poss\u00edvel. A possibilidade real de ataque foi identificada para 119 mil servidores web, onde estavam presentes servidores TLS associados a outros protocolos de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o.        <\/p>\n<p>Exemplos de exploits foram preparados para servidores FTP pureftpd, proftpd, microsoft-ftp, vsftpd, filezilla e serv-u; servidores IMAP e POP3 dovecot, courier, exchange, cyrus, kerio-connect e zimbra; e servidores SMTP postfix, exim, sendmail, mailenable, mdaemon e opensmtpd. Pesquisadores analisaram a possibilidade de ataque somente em combina\u00e7\u00e3o com servidores FTP, SMTP, IMAP e POP3, n\u00e3o se descartando que o problema possa se manifestar em outros protocolos de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o que utilizam TLS.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - nova t\u00e9cnica de ataques MITM em HTTPS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/91a1a7bf6caf28311bf927be85adb4ef.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Para bloquear o ataque, foi sugerido o uso da extens\u00e3o ALPN (Application Layer Protocol Negotiation) para negociar a sess\u00e3o TLS considerando o protocolo de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o, e a extens\u00e3o SNI (Server Name Indication) para vincular ao nome do host em caso de uso de certificados TLS que abrangem v\u00e1rios. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/domain\/\"   title=\"dom\u00ednios\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"909\">dom\u00ednios<\/a>No lado das aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, recomenda-se limitar o n\u00famero de erros ao processar comandos, ap\u00f3s o qual a conex\u00e3o deve ser encerrada. O processo de elabora\u00e7\u00e3o de medidas para bloquear o ataque come\u00e7ou em outubro do ano passado. Medidas semelhantes de prote\u00e7\u00e3o j\u00e1 foram adotadas no Nginx 1.21.0 (mail proxy), Vsftpd 3.0.4, Courier 5.1.0, Sendmail, FileZill, crypto\/tls (Go) e Internet Explorer.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55307\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 MITM-\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 HTTPS, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c Cookie \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 JavaScript \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430. \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 ALPACA \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a TLS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f (HTTPS, SFTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3), \u043d\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":100488,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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