{"id":121294,"date":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0"},"modified":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","slug":"reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","title":{"rendered":"Lan\u00e7amento do sistema de pacotes autossuficientes Flatpak 1.16.0","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ap\u00f3s dois anos e meio de desenvolvimento, foi publicada uma nova vers\u00e3o est\u00e1vel da ferramenta Flatpak 1.16, que fornece um sistema para compilar pacotes autossuficientes que n\u00e3o est\u00e3o vinculados a distribui\u00e7\u00f5es espec\u00edficas do Linux e s\u00e3o executados em um cont\u00eainer especial que isola o aplicativo do restante do sistema. O suporte para executar pacotes Flatpak \u00e9 garantido para Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux e Ubuntu. Pacotes Flatpak est\u00e3o inclu\u00eddos no reposit\u00f3rio do Fedora e s\u00e3o suportados nos gerenciadores de aplicativos nativos GNOME e KDE.    <\/p>\n<p>Principais novidades na vers\u00e3o Flatpak 1.16:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Foi realizada a transi\u00e7\u00e3o para o uso do sistema de constru\u00e7\u00e3o Meson. O suporte \u00e0 constru\u00e7\u00e3o utilizando a ferramenta Autotools foi encerrado. Agora, para compilar o Flatpak, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio ter Python instalado no sistema, com vers\u00e3o m\u00ednima de 3.5.\n<li class=\"l\"> Implementado acesso compartilhado ao socket gssproxy, permitindo a autentica\u00e7\u00e3o via Kerberos em aplicativos executados em modo de isolamento sandbox.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ao criar um socket para Wayland, foi utilizado a extens\u00e3o security-context, atrav\u00e9s da qual o compositor <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/server\/\"   title=\"servidor\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">servidor<\/a> pode identificar e restringir aplicativos executados em modo de isolamento sandbox. Adicionada a op\u00e7\u00e3o &#171;&#8212;socket=inherit-wayland-socket&#187; para herdar o socket existente para Wayland.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ap\u00f3s a instala\u00e7\u00e3o ou atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o de aplicativos, \u00e9 garantida a reinicializa\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica da configura\u00e7\u00e3o do barramento de sess\u00e3o D-Bus para capturar os novos servi\u00e7os D-Bus exportados pelos aplicativos.\n<li class=\"l\"> Os distribui\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00eam a capacidade de definir reposit\u00f3rios com pacotes Flatpak, usando o diret\u00f3rio &#171;\\\/usr\\\/share\\\/flatpak\\\/remotes.d&#187;, al\u00e9m de &#171;\\\/etc\\\/flatpak\\\/remotes.d&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> Trabalhou-se na divis\u00e3o de grandes arquivos de c\u00f3digo-fonte em pequenos m\u00f3dulos.\n<li class=\"l\"> Adicionada a op\u00e7\u00e3o &#171;&#8212;device=input&#187; para acessar dispositivos de entrada atrav\u00e9s de \\\/dev\\\/input.\n<li class=\"l\"> Para o isolamento de aplicativos, foi utilizada a nova vers\u00e3o da ferramenta bubblewrap 0.11. Nas distribui\u00e7\u00f5es que compilam o Flatpak utilizando o execut\u00e1vel bwrap do sistema, \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria a vers\u00e3o m\u00ednima bubblewrap 0.11. A prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de espa\u00e7os de nomes de usu\u00e1rios (user namespace) aninhados em ambientes de sandbox foi fortalecida.\n<li class=\"l\"> Simplificada a configura\u00e7\u00e3o de idiomas adicionais. A defini\u00e7\u00e3o de idiomas \u00e9 baseada nas informa\u00e7\u00f5es dos usu\u00e1rios fornecidas pelo servi\u00e7o D-Bus AccountsService.\n<li class=\"l\"> Aplicativos que utilizam isolamento sandbox aninhado, como os baseados no mecanismo WebKit, t\u00eam permiss\u00e3o para usar o protocolo AT-SPI para interagir com leitores de tela. Adicionada a op\u00e7\u00e3o &#171;flatpak run &#8212;a11y-own-name&#187; para escolher o barramento pelo qual o acesso a recursos para pessoas com defici\u00eancias \u00e9 realizado.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ao executar o comando &#171;flatpak run -vv &lt;app_id&gt;&#187;, \u00e9 garantido que todos os par\u00e2metros aplic\u00e1veis de isolamento sandbox sejam exibidos.\n<li class=\"l\"> Adicionada a op\u00e7\u00e3o &#171;&#8212;device=usb&#187;, bem como os par\u00e2metros &#171;&#8212;usb&#187; e &#171;&#8212;no-usb&#187; para gerenciar o acesso do aplicativo a dispositivos USB.\n<li class=\"l\"> Adicionada a compatibilidade com o framework KCompletion, utilizado para autocompletar chaves de pesquisa no KDE.\n<li class=\"l\"> Adicionadas vari\u00e1veis de ambiente &#171;FLATPAK_DATA_DIR&#187; e &#171;FLATPAK_DOWNLOAD_TMPDIR&#187; para sobrescrever diret\u00f3rios de dados (\\\/usr\\\/share\\\/flatpak) e arquivos tempor\u00e1rios baixados (\\\/var\\\/tmp).\n<li class=\"l\"> Foi adicionada a sa\u00edda de sequ\u00eancias de escape para mostrar o progresso da execu\u00e7\u00e3o de opera\u00e7\u00f5es em emuladores de terminal.        <\/ul>\n<p>Lembramos que o Flatpak facilita a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de programas que n\u00e3o est\u00e3o nos reposit\u00f3rios padr\u00e3o das distribui\u00e7\u00f5es, atrav\u00e9s da prepara\u00e7\u00e3o de um \u00fanico cont\u00eainer universal, que livra os desenvolvedores da necessidade de criar vers\u00f5es separadas para cada distribui\u00e7\u00e3o. Para os usu\u00e1rios preocupados com a seguran\u00e7a, o Flatpak permite executar um aplicativo question\u00e1vel em um cont\u00eainer, fornecendo acesso seletivo apenas \u00e0s fun\u00e7\u00f5es de rede necess\u00e1rias e arquivos do usu\u00e1rio. Para os usu\u00e1rios interessados em novidades, o Flatpak permite instalar as vers\u00f5es de teste e est\u00e1veis mais recentes de aplicativos sem necessidade de fazer altera\u00e7\u00f5es no sistema. Por exemplo, pacotes Flatpak s\u00e3o disponibilizados para LibreOffice, GIMP, Inkscape, Kdenlive, Steam, 0 A.D., Visual Studio Code, VLC, Slack, Telegram Desktop, Android Studio, entre outros.      <\/p>\n<p>Para reduzir o tamanho, o pacote inclui apenas as depend\u00eancias espec\u00edficas do aplicativo. As bibliotecas b\u00e1sicas do sistema e gr\u00e1ficas (GTK, Qt, bibliotecas GNOME e KDE, etc.) s\u00e3o fornecidas na forma de ambientes de runtime gen\u00e9ricos plug\u00e1veis. A principal diferen\u00e7a entre Flatpak e Snap \u00e9 que Snap utiliza componentes do ambiente do sistema principal e isolamento baseado na filtragem de chamadas do sistema, enquanto Flatpak cria um cont\u00eainer separado do sistema e opera com conjuntos grandes de runtime, fornecendo como depend\u00eancias n\u00e3o pacotes, mas ambientes de sistema gen\u00e9ricos (por exemplo, todas as bibliotecas necess\u00e1rias para executar programas GNOME ou KDE).    <\/p>\n<p>Al\u00e9m do ambiente de sistema t\u00edpico (runtime), instalado atrav\u00e9s de um reposit\u00f3rio especial, s\u00e3o fornecidas depend\u00eancias adicionais (bundle) necess\u00e1rias para a opera\u00e7\u00e3o do aplicativo. No total, &#171;runtime&#187; e &#171;bundle&#187; formam o conte\u00fado do container, sendo que &#171;runtime&#187; \u00e9 instalado separadamente e vinculado a v\u00e1rios containers, permitindo evitar a duplica\u00e7\u00e3o de arquivos de sistema que s\u00e3o comuns entre os containers.     <\/p>\n<p>V\u00e1rios &#171;runtime&#187; diferentes (GNOME, KDE) ou v\u00e1rias vers\u00f5es de um &#171;runtime&#187; \u00fanico (GNOME 46, GNOME 47) podem ser instalados em um \u00fanico sistema. O container com o aplicativo como depend\u00eancia utiliza v\u00ednculo apenas ao &#171;runtime&#187; espec\u00edfico, sem considerar pacotes separados que comp\u00f5em o &#171;runtime&#187; escolhido. Todos os elementos ausentes s\u00e3o empacotados diretamente junto com o aplicativo. Ao criar o container, o conte\u00fado do &#171;runtime&#187; \u00e9 montado como a parti\u00e7\u00e3o \\\/usr, enquanto o &#171;bundle&#187; \u00e9 montado no diret\u00f3rio \\\/app.     <\/p>\n<p>O conte\u00fado do runtime e dos cont\u00eaineres de aplicativos \u00e9 formado usando a tecnologia OSTree, onde a imagem \u00e9 atualizada de forma at\u00f4mica a partir de um reposit\u00f3rio semelhante ao Git, permitindo aplicar m\u00e9todos de controle de vers\u00e3o aos componentes da distribui\u00e7\u00e3o (por exemplo, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel reverter rapidamente o sistema para um estado anterior). Os pacotes RPM s\u00e3o tradados no reposit\u00f3rio OSTree por meio de uma camada rpm-ostree.     <\/p>\n<p>A instala\u00e7\u00e3o e atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o seletiva de pacotes dentro do ambiente de trabalho n\u00e3o \u00e9 suportada \u2014 o sistema \u00e9 atualizado n\u00e3o a n\u00edvel de componentes individuais, mas como um todo, mudando seu estado de forma at\u00f4mica. Ferramentas s\u00e3o fornecidas para aplicar atualiza\u00e7\u00f5es de forma incremental, eliminando a necessidade de substitui\u00e7\u00e3o total da imagem a cada atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o.      <\/p>\n<p>O ambiente isolado \u00e9 totalmente independente da distribui\u00e7\u00e3o utilizada e, com as configura\u00e7\u00f5es adequadas do pacote, n\u00e3o tem acesso aos arquivos e processos do usu\u00e1rio ou do sistema principal, al\u00e9m de n\u00e3o poder acessar diretamente o hardware, exceto atrav\u00e9s da sa\u00edda via DRI. A sa\u00edda gr\u00e1fica e a organiza\u00e7\u00e3o da entrada s\u00e3o realizadas utilizando o protocolo Wayland ou atrav\u00e9s do redirecionamento de socket X11. A intera\u00e7\u00e3o com o ambiente externo \u00e9 baseada em um sistema de mensagens DBus e uma API especial chamada Portals.     <\/p>\n<p>Para isolamento, \u00e9 utilizada a camada Bubblewrap e tecnologias tradicionais de virtualiza\u00e7\u00e3o de container para Linux, baseadas no uso de cgroups, namespaces, Seccomp e SELinux. Para a sa\u00edda de \u00e1udio, s\u00e3o utilizados PulseAudio ou PipeWire. Ao criar um pacote, o isolamento pode ser desativado, algo que desenvolvedores de muitos pacotes populares aproveitam para obter acesso total ao sistema de arquivos e a todos os dispositivos no sistema.     <\/p>\n<p>Por exemplo, com o modo de isolamento restrito, que oferece acesso total ao diret\u00f3rio home, s\u00e3o fornecidos pacotes como GIMP, VSCodium, PyCharm, Octave, Inkscape, Audacity e VLC. Em caso de comprometimento dos pacotes com acesso ao diret\u00f3rio home, apesar da presen\u00e7a da etiqueta 'sandboxed' na descri\u00e7\u00e3o do pacote, para o atacando executar seu c\u00f3digo, basta modificar o arquivo ~\/ .bashrc. Uma quest\u00e3o separada \u00e9 o controle sobre as modifica\u00e7\u00f5es feitas nos pacotes e a confian\u00e7a nos construtores de pacotes, que muitas vezes n\u00e3o est\u00e3o associados ao projeto principal ou \u00e0s distribui\u00e7\u00f5es.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=62537\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f Flatpak 1.16, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c Linux \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Flatpak-\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux \u0438 Ubuntu. \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441 Flatpak [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-121294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441 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