{"id":141508,"date":"2025-08-25T11:11:55","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T09:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-34-goda"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:03:20","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:03:20","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-34-goda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-34-goda","title":{"rendered":"O kernel Linux completou 34 anos.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Em 25 de agosto de 1991, ap\u00f3s cinco meses de desenvolvimento, o estudante de 21 anos Linus Torvalds anunciou em um grupo de not\u00edcias comp.os.minix a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um prot\u00f3tipo funcional do novo sistema operacional Linux, para o qual foi marcado o t\u00e9rmino da porta\u00e7\u00e3o do bash 1.08 e do gcc 1.40. A primeira vers\u00e3o p\u00fablica do n\u00facleo Linux foi apresentada em 17 de setembro. O n\u00facleo 0.0.1 tinha um tamanho de 62 KB compactados e continha cerca de 10 mil linhas de c\u00f3digo fonte. O n\u00facleo Linux moderno conta com cerca de 41 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo.<\/p>\n<p>O n\u00facleo Linux foi criado sob a influ\u00eancia do sistema operacional MINIX, que n\u00e3o agradava Linus por conta de sua licen\u00e7a restritiva. Posteriormente, quando o Linux se tornou um projeto conhecido, detratores tentaram acusar Linus de copiar diretamente o c\u00f3digo de algumas subsistemas do MINIX. A resposta foi dada por Andrew Tanenbaum, autor do MINIX, que encarregou um de seus alunos de realizar uma compara\u00e7\u00e3o detalhada entre o c\u00f3digo do MINIX e as primeiras vers\u00f5es p\u00fablicas do Linux. Os resultados mostraram apenas quatro coincid\u00eancias n\u00e3o significativas em blocos de c\u00f3digo, devido \u00e0s exig\u00eancias do POSIX e do ANSI C.<\/p>\n<p>Inicialmente, Linus pensou em nomear o n\u00facleo de Freax, a partir das palavras \"free\", \"freak\" e X (Unix). Mas o nome \"Linux\" foi dado a ele pela m\u00e3o amig\u00e1vel de Ari Lemmke, que a pedido de Linus hospedou o n\u00facleo em um servidor FTP da universidade, nomeando o diret\u00f3rio do arquivo n\u00e3o como \"freax\", como pedido por Torvalds, mas sim como \"linux\". Curiosamente, o empres\u00e1rio William Della Croce conseguiu registrar a marca Linux e pretendia coletar royalties no futuro, mas posteriormente mudou de ideia e transferiu todos os direitos da marca a Linus. O mascote oficial do n\u00facleo Linux, o ping\u00fcim Tux, foi escolhido como resultado de um concurso realizado em 1996. O nome Tux \u00e9 uma abrevia\u00e7\u00e3o para Torvalds UniX.<\/p>\n<p>Din\u00e2mica de crescimento da base de c\u00f3digo (n\u00famero de linhas de c\u00f3digo-fonte) do n\u00facleo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0.0.1 \u2014 setembro de 1991, 10 mil linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>1.0.0 \u2014 mar\u00e7o de 1994, 176 mil linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>1.2.0 \u2014 mar\u00e7o de 1995, 311 mil linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>2.0.0 \u2014 junho de 1996, 778 mil linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>2.2.0 \u2014 janeiro de 1999, 1,8 milh\u00e3o de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>2.4.0 \u2014 janeiro de 2001, 3,4 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.0 \u2014 dezembro de 2003, 5,9 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.28 \u2014 dezembro de 2008, 10,2 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.35 \u2014 agosto de 2010, 13,4 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>3.0 \u2014 agosto de 2011, 14,6 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>3.5 \u2014 julho de 2012, 15,5 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>3.10 \u2014 julho de 2013, 15,8 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>3.16 \u2014 agosto de 2014, 17,5 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>4.1 \u2014 junho de 2015, 19,5 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>4.7 \u2014 julho de 2016, 21,7 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>4.12 \u2014 julho de 2017, 24,1 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>4.18 \u2014 agosto de 2018, 25,3 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>5.2 \u2014 julho de 2019, 26,55 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>5.8 \u2014 agosto de 2020, 28,4 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>5.13 \u2014 junho de 2021, 29,2 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>5.19 \u2014 agosto de 2022, 30,5 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo;<\/li>\n<li>6.4 \u2014 junho de 2023, 32,9 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo.<\/li>\n<li>6.10 \u2014 julho de 2024, 35,1 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo.<\/li>\n<li>6.16 \u2014 julho de 2025, 40,8 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Progresso no desenvolvimento do n\u00facleo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 setembro de 1991, o primeiro lan\u00e7amento p\u00fablico, suportando apenas CPU i386 e inicializando a partir de um disquete;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.12 \u2014 janeiro de 1992, o c\u00f3digo come\u00e7ou a ser distribu\u00eddo sob a licen\u00e7a GPLv2;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.95 \u2014 mar\u00e7o de 1992, foi implementado o suporte ao X Window System, suporte \u00e0 mem\u00f3ria virtual e ao swap.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, in\u00edcio do trabalho no stack de rede. Sistema de arquivos Ext2 apresentado, suporte ao formato de arquivo ELF adicionado, drivers para placas de som e controladores SCSI implementados, carregamento de m\u00f3dulos do n\u00facleo e do sistema de arquivos \/proc realizado.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Em 1992, surgiram as primeiras distribui\u00e7\u00f5es SLS e Yggdrasil. No ver\u00e3o de 1993, os projetos Slackware e Debian foram fundados.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.0 \u2014 mar\u00e7o de 1994, o primeiro lan\u00e7amento oficialmente est\u00e1vel;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.2 \u2014 mar\u00e7o de 1995, aumento significativo no n\u00famero de drivers, suporte a plataformas Alpha, MIPS e SPARC, amplia\u00e7\u00e3o das capacidades da pilha de rede, aparecimento de filtragem de pacotes, suporte ao NFS;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.0 \u2014 junho de 1996, suporte a sistemas multiprocessados;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Mar\u00e7o de 1997: fundado o LKML, lista de discuss\u00e3o dos desenvolvedores do n\u00facleo Linux;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">1998: lan\u00e7ado o primeiro cluster baseado em Linux, listado no Top500, composto por 68 n\u00f3s com CPU Alpha;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.2 \u2014 janeiro de 1999, aumentou a efici\u00eancia do sistema de gerenciamento de mem\u00f3ria, adicionou <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/lir\/ipv4\/\">suporte a IPv6<\/a>, firewall novo implementado, nova subsistema de som apresentado;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.4 \u2014 fevereiro de 2001, suporte a sistemas de 8 processadores e 64 GB de RAM, sistema de arquivos Ext3, suporte a USB, ACPI;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.6 \u2014 dezembro de 2003, suporte ao SELinux, ferramentas de ajuste autom\u00e1tico de par\u00e2metros do kernel, sysfs, sistema de gerenciamento de mem\u00f3ria reformulado;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Em 2005, foi lan\u00e7ado o hipervisor Xen, que iniciou a era da virtualiza\u00e7\u00e3o;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Em setembro de 2008, foi lan\u00e7ado o primeiro release da plataforma Android, baseada no n\u00facleo Linux;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Em julho de 2011, ap\u00f3s 10 anos de desenvolvimento da s\u00e9rie 2.6.x, houve a transi\u00e7\u00e3o para a numera\u00e7\u00e3o 3.x. O n\u00famero de objetos no reposit\u00f3rio Git atingiu 2 milh\u00f5es;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Em 2015, foi lan\u00e7ado o n\u00facleo Linux 4.0. O n\u00famero de objetos git no reposit\u00f3rio alcan\u00e7ou 4 milh\u00f5es;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Em abril de 2018, foi ultrapassada a marca de 6 milh\u00f5es de objetos git no reposit\u00f3rio do n\u00facleo.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Em janeiro de 2019, foi formado o ramo do n\u00facleo Linux 5.0. O reposit\u00f3rio atingiu 6,5 milh\u00f5es de objetos git.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Publicada em agosto de 2020, a vers\u00e3o 5.8 se tornou a maior em n\u00famero de altera\u00e7\u00f5es em toda a hist\u00f3ria do projeto.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">No n\u00facleo 5.13, foi estabelecido um recorde de 2150 desenvolvedores, cujas altera\u00e7\u00f5es foram incorporadas ao n\u00facleo.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Em agosto de 2022, foi formado o ramo do n\u00facleo Linux 6.0, uma vez que havia uma quantidade suficiente de lan\u00e7amentos na s\u00e9rie 5.x para mudar o primeiro d\u00edgito da vers\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">No n\u00facleo 6.1, lan\u00e7ado em dezembro de 2022, foi adicionada a possibilidade de usar a linguagem Rust como uma segunda linguagem para o desenvolvimento de drivers e m\u00f3dulos do n\u00facleo.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Em fevereiro de 2025, a marca de 40 milh\u00f5es de linhas de c\u00f3digo foi alcan\u00e7ada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cerca de 65% de todas as mudan\u00e7as no kernel foram feitas pelas 20 empresas mais ativas. Por exemplo, no desenvolvimento do kernel 6.16, das todas as mudan\u00e7as, 11.3% (um ano atr\u00e1s, no kernel 6.10, era 15.3%) foram preparadas pela Intel, 7.6% (6.9%) \u2014 Red Hat, 6.3% (7.4%) \u2014 Google, 5.6% (6.3%) \u2014 Linaro, 5.4% (4.6%) \u2014 AMD, 3.6% (1.9%) \u2014 Qualcomm, 3.0% (2.5%) \u2014 SUSE, 2.9% (3.2%) \u2014 Meta, 2.6% (3.3%) \u2014 Oracle, 2.4% (2.3%) \u2014 Huawei, 2.4% (1.5%) \u2014 NVIDIA, 2.3% (1.2%) \u2014 ARM, 1.4% (2.4%) \u2014 IBM. 15.3% (11.9%) das mudan\u00e7as foram preparadas por participantes independentes ou desenvolvedores que n\u00e3o declararam explicitamente estar trabalhando para certas empresas. Em termos de linhas de c\u00f3digo adicionadas ao kernel 6.16, dominam as empresas Intel, Red Hat e Google, com participa\u00e7\u00f5es de 9.2%, 7.2% e 6.9% (no kernel 6.10, as l\u00edderes eram Intel, Linaro e Red Hat com participa\u00e7\u00f5es de 13.6%, 13.3% e 7.2%).<\/p>\n<p>Fonte: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63771\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-141508","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 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