{"id":30858,"date":"2019-10-31T21:37:49","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/pervyj-kompyuternyj-genom-mozhet-privesti-k-sozdaniyu-sinteticheskih-form-zhizni\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:37:49","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:49","slug":"pervyj-kompyuternyj-genom-mozhet-privesti-k-sozdaniyu-sinteticheskih-form-zhizni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/pervyj-kompyuternyj-genom-mozhet-privesti-k-sozdaniyu-sinteticheskih-form-zhizni","title":{"rendered":"O primeiro genoma computacional pode levar \u00e0 cria\u00e7\u00e3o de formas de vida sint\u00e9ticas","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Todas as sequ\u00eancias de DNA das formas de vida estudadas s\u00e3o armazenadas em uma base de dados pertencente ao Centro Nacional de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o Biotecnol\u00f3gica dos EUA. E no dia 1\u00ba de abril, uma nova entrada apareceu na base de dados: «Caulobacter ethensis-2.0». Este \u00e9 o primeiro genoma sint\u00e9tico de um organismo vivo completamente modelado por computador e depois sintetizado, desenvolvido por cientistas do ETH Zurich (Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique). No entanto, \u00e9 importante ressaltar que, embora o genoma C. ethensis-2.0 tenha sido obtido com sucesso na forma de uma grande mol\u00e9cula de DNA, o respectivo organismo vivo ainda n\u00e3o existe.<\/p>\n

\"O<\/p>\n

O trabalho de pesquisa foi conduzido por Bit Christen, professor de biologia sist\u00eamica experimental, e seu irm\u00e3o Matthias Christen \u2014 qu\u00edmico. O novo genoma, chamado Caulobacter ethensis-2.0, foi criado por meio da purifica\u00e7\u00e3o e otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o do c\u00f3digo natural da bact\u00e9ria Caulobacter crescentus \u2014 uma bact\u00e9ria inofensiva que vive em \u00e1guas doces ao redor do mundo.  <\/p>\n

\"O
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Mais de dez anos atr\u00e1s, uma equipe liderada pelo geneticista Craig Venter criou a primeira bact\u00e9ria «sint\u00e9tica». Durante seu trabalho, os cientistas sintetizaram uma c\u00f3pia do genoma Mycoplasma mycoides, que foi ent\u00e3o implantada em uma c\u00e9lula-hospedeira, que ap\u00f3s isso se mostrou totalmente vi\u00e1vel e manteve a capacidade de se reproduzir.<\/p>\n

A nova pesquisa d\u00e1 continuidade ao trabalho de Craig. Enquanto anteriormente os cientistas criaram um modelo digital do DNA de um organismo real e sintetizaram uma mol\u00e9cula a partir dele, o novo projeto avan\u00e7a ainda mais, utilizando o c\u00f3digo original do DNA. Os pesquisadores reestruturaram significativamente o c\u00f3digo antes de sintetiz\u00e1-lo e verificar sua funcionalidade.<\/p>\n

Os pesquisadores come\u00e7aram com o genoma original de C. crescentus, que cont\u00e9m 4000 genes. Como em qualquer organismo vivo, a maior parte desses genes n\u00e3o carrega nenhuma informa\u00e7\u00e3o e \u00e9 considerada «DNA lixo». Ap\u00f3s a an\u00e1lise, os cientistas conclu\u00edram que apenas cerca de 680 desses genes s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios para manter a vida da bact\u00e9ria em laborat\u00f3rio.<\/p>\n

Ap\u00f3s remover o «DNA lixo» e obter o genoma m\u00ednimo de C. crescentus, a equipe continuou seu trabalho. O DNA de organismos vivos \u00e9 caracterizado por uma redund\u00e2ncia incorporada, onde a s\u00edntese da mesma prote\u00edna \u00e9 codificada por diferentes genes em v\u00e1rias partes da cadeia. Os pesquisadores substitu\u00edram mais de 1\/6 das 800.000 letras do DNA durante a otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o para remover c\u00f3digos duplicados.<\/p>\n

«Gra\u00e7as ao nosso algoritmo, reescrevemos completamente o genoma em uma nova sequ\u00eancia de letras de DNA, que n\u00e3o se parece mais com a original», diz Bit Kristen, coautor do estudo. «A fun\u00e7\u00e3o biol\u00f3gica ao n\u00edvel da s\u00edntese de prote\u00ednas permaneceu inalterada».<\/p>\n

Para verificar se a cadeia obtida funcionaria corretamente em uma c\u00e9lula viva, os pesquisadores cultivaram uma cepa de bact\u00e9rias que tinha em seu DNA tanto o genoma natural de Caulobacter quanto segmentos do genoma artificial. Os cientistas desativaram genes naturais individuais e testaram a capacidade de seus an\u00e1logos artificiais de desempenhar o mesmo papel biol\u00f3gico. O resultado foi bastante impressionante: cerca de 580 dos 680 genes artificiais se mostraram funcionais.<\/p>\n

«Gra\u00e7as ao conhecimento adquirido, poderemos aprimorar nosso algoritmo e desenvolver uma nova vers\u00e3o do genoma 3.0», diz Kristen. «Acreditamos que em um futuro pr\u00f3ximo criaremos c\u00e9lulas bacterianas vivas com genoma totalmente sint\u00e9tico».<\/p>\n

Na primeira fase, tais pesquisas ajudar\u00e3o os geneticistas a verificar a validade de seus conhecimentos sobre a compreens\u00e3o do DNA e o papel de genes individuais nele, uma vez que qualquer erro na s\u00edntese da cadeia resultar\u00e1 na morte ou na inadequa\u00e7\u00e3o do organismo com o novo genoma. No futuro, por\u00e9m, elas levar\u00e3o ao surgimento de micro-organismos sint\u00e9ticos que ser\u00e3o criados para tarefas espec\u00edficas. V\u00edrus artificiais poder\u00e3o combater seus parentes naturais, enquanto bact\u00e9rias especializadas produzir\u00e3o vitaminas ou medicamentos.<\/p>\n

O estudo foi publicado na revista PNAS.<\/p>\n

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Fonte: 3dnews.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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