{"id":31229,"date":"2019-10-31T21:40:10","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:40:10","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:40:10","slug":"operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/administrirovanie\/operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod","title":{"rendered":"Sistemas Operacionais: Tr\u00eas Pe\u00e7as F\u00e1ceis. Parte 3: API de Processos (tradu\u00e7\u00e3o)","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o aos sistemas operacionais<\/h1>\n<p>\nOl\u00e1, Habr! Quero apresentar a voc\u00eas uma s\u00e9rie de artigos traduzidos de uma literatura que considero interessante \u2014 OSTEP. Este material explora a fundo o funcionamento dos sistemas operacionais semelhantes ao Unix, particularmente \u2014 o trabalho com processos, v\u00e1rios escalonadores, mem\u00f3ria e outros componentes que comp\u00f5em um sistema operacional moderno. Voc\u00ea pode olhar o original de todo o material aqui <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pages.cs.wisc.edu\/~remzi\/OSTEP\/\">aqui<\/a><\/noindex>. Pe\u00e7o que considerem que a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o foi feita de forma n\u00e3o profissional (de maneira bastante livre), mas espero ter mantido o sentido geral.<\/p>\n<p>Os trabalhos de laborat\u00f3rio sobre este assunto podem ser encontrados aqui:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pages.cs.wisc.edu\/~remzi\/OSTEP\/Homework\/homework.html\">original<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/remzi-arpacidusseau\/ostep-code\">original<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bykvaadm\/OS\/tree\/master\/ostep\">minha adapta\u00e7\u00e3o pessoal<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPartes adicionais:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/en\/post\/446340\/\">Parte 1: Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/en\/post\/446866\/\">Parte 2: Abstra\u00e7\u00e3o: processo<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/en\/post\/447182\/\">Parte 3: Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 API de processos<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nE voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m pode acessar meu canal em <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/bykvaadm\">telegram<\/a><\/noindex> =)<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b>Alerta!<\/b> h\u00e1 um laborat\u00f3rio para esta aula! veja <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bykvaadm\/OS\/tree\/master\/ostep\">github<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>API do Processo<\/h2>\n<p>Vamos analisar um exemplo de cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um processo no sistema UNIX. Isso ocorre por meio de duas chamadas de sistema <b>fork()<\/b> e <b>exec()<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h3>Chamando fork()<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sistemas Operacionais: Tr\u00eas Pe\u00e7as F\u00e1ceis. Parte 3: API de Processos (tradu\u00e7\u00e3o)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/c0c39726560e18a82ae05a31b43f92c0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nVamos considerar um programa que executa a chamada fork(). O resultado da sua execu\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 o seguinte.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sistemas Operacionais: Tr\u00eas Pe\u00e7as F\u00e1ceis. Parte 3: API de Processos (tradu\u00e7\u00e3o)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/3ddddbaf5bbb38e9882827da0513805a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nEm primeiro lugar, entramos na fun\u00e7\u00e3o main() e realizamos a exibi\u00e7\u00e3o de uma string na tela. A string cont\u00e9m o identificador do processo, que originalmente \u00e9 chamado <b>PID<\/b> ou identificador do processo. Este identificador \u00e9 utilizado no UNIX para referenciar o processo. A pr\u00f3xima instru\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 a chamada de fork(). Nesse momento, uma c\u00f3pia quase exata do processo \u00e9 criada. Para o sistema operacional, parece que duas c\u00f3pias do mesmo programa est\u00e3o em execu\u00e7\u00e3o, que, por sua vez, sair\u00e3o da execu\u00e7\u00e3o da fun\u00e7\u00e3o fork(). O processo-filho criado (em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao processo-pai que o criou) n\u00e3o ser\u00e1 mais executado a partir da fun\u00e7\u00e3o main(). \u00c9 importante lembrar que o processo-filho n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma c\u00f3pia exata do processo-pai, pois ele tem seu pr\u00f3prio espa\u00e7o de endere\u00e7o, seus pr\u00f3prios registradores, seu pr\u00f3prio ponteiro para instru\u00e7\u00f5es execut\u00e1veis e assim por diante. Assim, o valor retornado para o chamador da fun\u00e7\u00e3o fork() ser\u00e1 diferente. O processo-pai receber\u00e1 como retorno o valor PID do processo filho, enquanto o filho receber\u00e1 um valor igual a 0. Esses c\u00f3digos de retorno poder\u00e3o ser usados posteriormente para diferenciar os processos e fazer com que cada um execute seu trabalho. Vale lembrar que a execu\u00e7\u00e3o deste programa n\u00e3o \u00e9 estritamente definida. Ap\u00f3s a separa\u00e7\u00e3o em 2 processos, o sistema operacional come\u00e7a a monitor\u00e1-los e a planejar seu funcionamento. No caso de execu\u00e7\u00e3o em um processador de um \u00fanico n\u00facleo, um dos processos continuar\u00e1 a execu\u00e7\u00e3o, neste caso \u2014 o pai, e ent\u00e3o o controle ser\u00e1 passado para o processo-filho. Em uma nova execu\u00e7\u00e3o, a situa\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser diferente.<\/p>\n<h3>Chamando wait()<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sistemas Operacionais: Tr\u00eas Pe\u00e7as F\u00e1ceis. Parte 3: API de Processos (tradu\u00e7\u00e3o)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/abb10671424f1889fbbb3facae739029.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nVamos considerar o seguinte programa. Neste programa, devido \u00e0 presen\u00e7a da chamada <b>wait()<\/b> o processo-pai sempre esperar\u00e1 a conclus\u00e3o do trabalho do processo-filho. Nesse caso, teremos uma sa\u00edda de texto estritamente definida na tela.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sistemas Operacionais: Tr\u00eas Pe\u00e7as F\u00e1ceis. Parte 3: API de Processos (tradu\u00e7\u00e3o)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/7e8ea54531b7717b7b42802550afd27b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Chamando exec()<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sistemas Operacionais: Tr\u00eas Pe\u00e7as F\u00e1ceis. Parte 3: API de Processos (tradu\u00e7\u00e3o)\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dfe3a41c03bc35fd716a1b4c3af68c2f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nVamos analisar a chamada <b>exec()<\/b>. Esta chamada de sistema \u00e9 \u00fatil quando queremos iniciar um programa completamente diferente. Aqui chamaremos <b>execvp()<\/b> para iniciar o programa wc, que \u00e9 um programa de contagem de palavras. O que acontece durante a chamada de exec()? Este chamado recebe como argumentos o nome do arquivo execut\u00e1vel e alguns par\u00e2metros. Em seguida, o c\u00f3digo e os dados est\u00e1ticos desse arquivo execut\u00e1vel s\u00e3o carregados e seu segmento de c\u00f3digo \u00e9 sobrescrito. As outras \u00e1reas de mem\u00f3ria, como a pilha e o heap, s\u00e3o reinicializadas. Depois, o SO simplesmente executa o programa, passando a ele um conjunto de argumentos. Assim, n\u00e3o criamos um novo processo; simplesmente transformamos o programa atualmente em execu\u00e7\u00e3o em outro programa em execu\u00e7\u00e3o. Ap\u00f3s a execu\u00e7\u00e3o da chamada de exec(), o filho tem a impress\u00e3o de que o programa original, na verdade, nunca foi iniciado.<\/p>\n<p>Essa complexidade no in\u00edcio \u00e9 absolutamente normal para o shell do Unix, e permite que esse shell execute c\u00f3digo ap\u00f3s a chamada <b>fork()<\/b>, mas antes da chamada <b>exec()<\/b>. Um exemplo desse c\u00f3digo pode ser a adapta\u00e7\u00e3o do ambiente do shell para atender \u00e0s necessidades do programa a ser iniciado, antes de seu lan\u00e7amento imediato.<\/p>\n<p><b>Shell<\/b> \u2014 \u00e9 apenas um programa de usu\u00e1rio. Ele exibe um prompt e aguarda at\u00e9 que voc\u00ea digite algo nele. Na maioria dos casos, se voc\u00ea digitar o nome de um programa, o shell encontrar\u00e1 sua localiza\u00e7\u00e3o, chamar\u00e1 o m\u00e9todo fork(), e depois, para criar um novo processo, chamar\u00e1 algum dos tipos de exec() e aguardar\u00e1 sua execu\u00e7\u00e3o com a chamada wait(). Quando o processo filho terminar, o shell retornar\u00e1 da chamada wait() e exibir\u00e1 novamente o prompt, aguardando a entrada do pr\u00f3ximo comando.<\/p>\n<p>A separa\u00e7\u00e3o entre fork() &amp; exec() permite que o shell fa\u00e7a as seguintes coisas, por exemplo:<br \/>\n<b>wc file &gt; new_file.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Neste exemplo, a sa\u00edda do programa wc \u00e9 redirecionada para um arquivo. O m\u00e9todo pelo qual o shell atinge isso \u00e9 bastante simples \u2014 ao criar o processo filho antes da chamada <b>exec()<\/b>, o shell fecha o fluxo padr\u00e3o de sa\u00edda e abre o arquivo <b>new_file<\/b>, assim, toda a sa\u00edda do programa que ser\u00e1 iniciado a seguir <b>wc<\/b> ser\u00e1 redirecionada para o arquivo em vez da tela.<\/p>\n<p><b>O pipe do Unix<\/b> \u00e9 implementado de maneira semelhante, com a diferen\u00e7a de que eles usam a chamada pipe(). Nesse caso, o fluxo de sa\u00edda do processo ser\u00e1 conectado a uma fila pipe, situada no n\u00facleo, que tamb\u00e9m ser\u00e1 unida ao fluxo de entrada de outro processo.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447182\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u0425\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2014 OSTEP. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 unix-\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u041e\u0421. \u041e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0443\u0442. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23195,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u0425\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2014 OSTEP.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/administrirovanie\/operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces. 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Parte 3: API de Processos (tradu\u00e7\u00e3o) | ProHoster","description":"Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o aos sistemas operacionais Ol\u00e1, Habr! Gostaria de apresentar a voc\u00eas uma s\u00e9rie de artigos-tradu\u00e7\u00f5es de uma literatura que considero interessante \u2014 OSTEP.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/administrirovanie\/operating-systems-three-easy-pieces-part-3-process-api-perevod","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"pt_PT","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces. 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