{"id":33870,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:08","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/corda-open-source-blokchejn-dlya-biznesa\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:08","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:08","slug":"corda-open-source-blokchejn-dlya-biznesa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/administrirovanie\/corda-open-source-blokchejn-dlya-biznesa","title":{"rendered":"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/corda\/corda\">Corda<\/a><\/noindex> \u00e9 um livro-raz\u00e3o distribu\u00eddo para armazenar, gerenciar e sincronizar obriga\u00e7\u00f5es financeiras entre diferentes organiza\u00e7\u00f5es financeiras.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/4dd7c4b5e177c7fdc59eef739a052bb3.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex>O Corda possui uma documenta\u00e7\u00e3o bastante boa com videoaulas, que podem ser encontradas <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.corda.net\/index.html\">aqui<\/a><\/noindex>. Vou tentar descrever brevemente como o Corda funciona internamente.<\/p>\n<p>Vamos considerar as principais caracter\u00edsticas do Corda e sua singularidade em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a outras blockchains:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>O Corda n\u00e3o possui uma criptomoeda pr\u00f3pria. <\/li>\n<li>O Corda n\u00e3o utiliza o conceito de minera\u00e7\u00e3o e o sistema Proof-of-Work.<\/li>\n<li>A transmiss\u00e3o de dados ocorre apenas entre os participantes da transa\u00e7\u00e3o\/contrato. N\u00e3o h\u00e1 broadcasting global para todos os n\u00f3s da rede. <\/li>\n<li>N\u00e3o h\u00e1 um controlador central que gerencia todas as transa\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/li>\n<li>O Corda suporta diferentes mecanismos de consenso.<\/li>\n<li>O consenso \u00e9 alcan\u00e7ado entre os participantes em n\u00edvel de um acordo\/contrato espec\u00edfico, e n\u00e3o em n\u00edvel de todo o sistema.<\/li>\n<li>A transa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 confirmada apenas pelos participantes envolvidos.<\/li>\n<li>O Corda oferece uma conex\u00e3o direta entre a linguagem jur\u00eddica humana formal e o c\u00f3digo dos contratos inteligentes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>O livro-raz\u00e3o<\/h3>\n<p>\nO conceito de livro-raz\u00e3o no Corda \u00e9 subjetivo. N\u00e3o existe um \u00fanico reposit\u00f3rio central de dados. Em vez disso, cada n\u00f3 mant\u00e9m um banco de dados separado dos fatos que conhece.<\/p>\n<p>Por exemplo, imagine uma rede de 5 n\u00f3s, onde um c\u00edrculo representa um fato conhecido pelo n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/538ca02bcd0488dbcf626d4e9bc704f2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nComo podemos ver, Ed, Carl e Demi conhecem o fato 3, enquanto Alice e Bob nem suspeitam dele. O Corda garante que os fatos comuns sejam mantidos na base de cada n\u00f3, e os dados ser\u00e3o id\u00eanticos. <\/p>\n<h3>Estados<\/h3>\n<p>\nUm estado \u00e9 <i>imut\u00e1vel<\/i> um objeto que representa um fato conhecido por um ou mais n\u00f3s da rede em um determinado momento.<\/p>\n<p>Os estados podem armazenar dados arbitr\u00e1rios, como a\u00e7\u00f5es, t\u00edtulos, cr\u00e9ditos e informa\u00e7\u00f5es de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Por exemplo, o seguinte estado representa um IOU \u2014 um acordo sobre que Alice deve a Bob a quantia X:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/19375664e05d42eb646dfbcab2c0638a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nO ciclo de vida de um fato ao longo do tempo \u00e9 representado por uma sequ\u00eancia de estados. Quando \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio atualizar o estado atual, criamos um novo, e o atual \u00e9 marcado como hist\u00f3rico.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f3ab2bd8a7c4cb6df40f003aa88cc0fd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Transa\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h3>\n<p>\nAs transa\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o propostas para atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o do livro-raz\u00e3o. Elas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o transmitidas a todos os participantes do livro-raz\u00e3o e s\u00e3o acess\u00edveis apenas \u00e0queles participantes da rede que t\u00eam o direito leg\u00edtimo de visualiz\u00e1-las e gerenci\u00e1-las.<\/p>\n<p>Uma transa\u00e7\u00e3o ser\u00e1 adicionada ao livro-raz\u00e3o se ela:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>contractualmente v\u00e1lida<\/li>\n<li>assinada por todos os participantes necess\u00e1rios<\/li>\n<li>n\u00e3o cont\u00e9m gastos duplos (double-spends)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCorda utiliza o modelo UTXO (unspent transaction output), onde cada estado do ledger \u00e9 imut\u00e1vel. <\/p>\n<p>Ao criar, a transa\u00e7\u00e3o recebe o estado de sa\u00edda da transa\u00e7\u00e3o anterior (por hash e \u00edndice).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f26706fc6ae514926ab7cc3d1e18aef7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nCiclo de vida da transa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cria\u00e7\u00e3o (Neste momento, a transa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas uma proposta de atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o do ledger) <\/li>\n<li>Coleta de assinaturas (Os participantes necess\u00e1rios da transa\u00e7\u00e3o aprovam a proposta de atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o adicionando suas assinaturas \u00e0 transa\u00e7\u00e3o)<\/li>\n<li>Commit da transa\u00e7\u00e3o no ledger<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAp\u00f3s a adi\u00e7\u00e3o da transa\u00e7\u00e3o no ledger, os estados de entrada s\u00e3o marcados como hist\u00f3ricos e n\u00e3o podem ser utilizados em transa\u00e7\u00f5es futuras.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/b2525d6861369163bedddcc4662d2f5b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nAl\u00e9m dos estados de entrada e sa\u00edda, a transa\u00e7\u00e3o pode conter:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Comandos (par\u00e2metro da transa\u00e7\u00e3o que indica o objetivo da transa\u00e7\u00e3o) <\/li>\n<li>Anexos (calend\u00e1rio de feriados, conversor de moeda) <\/li>\n<li>Janelas de tempo (prazo de validade)<\/li>\n<li>Not\u00e1rio (Notary, participantes especiais da rede que validam transa\u00e7\u00f5es) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/776d3d738f344acc65182e5dc67d9673.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Contratos<\/h3>\n<p>\nQuando falamos sobre a validade da transa\u00e7\u00e3o, nos referimos n\u00e3o apenas \u00e0 presen\u00e7a das assinaturas necess\u00e1rias, mas tamb\u00e9m \u00e0 validade do contrato. Cada transa\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 vinculada a um contrato que a aceita e valida os estados de entrada e sa\u00edda. A transa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 considerada v\u00e1lida apenas se todos os seus estados forem v\u00e1lidos.<\/p>\n<p>Os contratos em Corda s\u00e3o escritos em qualquer linguagem da JVM (por exemplo, Java, Kotlin).<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"kotlin\">class CommercialPaper : Contract {\n    override fun verify(tx: LedgerTransaction) {\n        TODO()\n    }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n\u00c9 necess\u00e1rio herdar da classe <i>Contract<\/i> e sobrescrever o m\u00e9todo <i>verify<\/i>. Em caso de transa\u00e7\u00e3o inv\u00e1lida, uma exce\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser lan\u00e7ada.<\/p>\n<p>A valida\u00e7\u00e3o de transa\u00e7\u00f5es deve ser determin\u00edstica, ou seja, o contrato deve sempre aceitar ou rejeitar a transa\u00e7\u00e3o. Por isso, a validade da transa\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o pode depender do tempo, n\u00fameros aleat\u00f3rios, arquivos de n\u00f3s da rede, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Em Corda, os contratos s\u00e3o executados em uma chamada sandbox \u2014 uma JVM levemente alterada que garante a execu\u00e7\u00e3o determin\u00edstica dos contratos. <\/p>\n<h3>Fluxos<\/h3>\n<p>\nPara automatizar a comunica\u00e7\u00e3o entre os n\u00f3s da rede, fluxos foram adicionados.<\/p>\n<p>Um fluxo \u00e9 uma sequ\u00eancia de etapas que informa ao n\u00f3 como executar uma atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica do ledger, em que momento \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio assinar e validar a transa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f23038fa73013d5cb2b3b980cd43a326.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00c0s vezes, leva horas ou dias at\u00e9 que a transa\u00e7\u00e3o seja assinada por todas as partes e apare\u00e7a no ledger. O que acontece se um n\u00f3 participante da transa\u00e7\u00e3o for desligado? Os fluxos t\u00eam pontos de verifica\u00e7\u00e3o, onde os estados do fluxo s\u00e3o registrados na base de dados do n\u00f3. Ao restaurar o n\u00f3 na rede, ele continuar\u00e1 de onde parou.<\/p>\n<h3>Consenso<\/h3>\n<p>\nPara que uma transa\u00e7\u00e3o chegue ao ledger, ela deve alcan\u00e7ar 2 consensos: sobre a validade e a exclusividade.<\/p>\n<p>A decis\u00e3o sobre a validade da transa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 tomada apenas pelas partes diretamente envolvidas.<\/p>\n<p>Os n\u00f3s notariais verificam a exclusividade da transa\u00e7\u00e3o, prevenindo gastos duplos.<\/p>\n<p>Vamos imaginar que Bob tem 100$ e quer transferir 80$ para Charlie e 70$ para Dan, usando o mesmo estado de entrada. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain de c\u00f3digo aberto para neg\u00f3cios\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/159a5b0f2a5c1e38f52d7739707efa8a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTal truque n\u00e3o poder\u00e1 ser realizado no Corda. Embora a transa\u00e7\u00e3o passe na verifica\u00e7\u00e3o de validade, a verifica\u00e7\u00e3o de exclusividade falhar\u00e1. <\/p>\n<h3>Conclus\u00e3o<\/h3>\n<p>\nA plataforma Corda, desenvolvida pelo cons\u00f3rcio de blockchain R3, n\u00e3o \u00e9 um exemplo puro do uso da tecnologia blockchain. Corda \u00e9 uma ferramenta bastante especializada para institui\u00e7\u00f5es financeiras.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452258\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Corda \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 Ledger \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0423 Corda \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e-\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c. \u042f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d Corda \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 Corda \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0432: \u0423 Corda \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b. Corda \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25536,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Corda \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 Ledger \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 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