{"id":37728,"date":"2019-10-31T22:19:22","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:19:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/konfidentsialnoe-oblako-ishhem-alternativu-otkrytym-resheniyam\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:19:22","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:19:22","slug":"konfidentsialnoe-oblako-ishhem-alternativu-otkrytym-resheniyam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/konfidentsialnoe-oblako-ishhem-alternativu-otkrytym-resheniyam","title":{"rendered":"Nuvem privada. Buscando alternativas para solu\u00e7\u00f5es abertas","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sou engenheiro de forma\u00e7\u00e3o, mas comunico-me mais com empres\u00e1rios e diretores de f\u00e1bricas. H\u00e1 algum tempo, o propriet\u00e1rio de uma empresa industrial me procurou em busca de conselho. Apesar de a empresa ser grande, e ter sido criada nos anos 90, a gest\u00e3o e a contabilidade ainda operam de forma antiga, em uma rede local.<\/p>\n<p>Isso \u00e9 um reflexo do medo pela sua empresa e do aumento do controle por parte do governo. As leis e normas podem ser interpretadas de forma bastante ampla pelos \u00f3rg\u00e3os de fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o. Um exemplo pode ser as emendas no C\u00f3digo Tribut\u00e1rio, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vedomosti.ru\/politics\/articles\/2019\/06\/05\/803495-verhovnii-sud\">que eliminam o prazo de prescri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/noindex> para infra\u00e7\u00f5es fiscais, causando uma real destrui\u00e7\u00e3o <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.finanz.ru\/novosti\/aktsii\/sledkom-predlozhil-uprazdnit-bankovskuyu-taynu-v-rossii-1028355298\">do sigilo banc\u00e1rio e cont\u00e1bil.<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n<p>Como resultado, o propriet\u00e1rio da empresa come\u00e7ou a procurar solu\u00e7\u00f5es para um armazenamento seguro de informa\u00e7\u00f5es e transmiss\u00e3o segura de documentos. Um \"cofre\" virtual.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nTrabalhei na tarefa com o administrador de sistemas da empresa: precisamos de uma an\u00e1lise profunda das plataformas existentes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>o servi\u00e7o n\u00e3o deve ser na nuvem, no sentido cl\u00e1ssico dessa palavra, ou seja, sem armazenamento nos servidores de terceiros. Somente o nosso servidor;<\/li>\n<li>\u00e9 necess\u00e1rio um criptografamento robusto dos dados transmitidos e armazenados;<\/li>\n<li>\u00e9 obrigat\u00f3ria a possibilidade de remo\u00e7\u00e3o imediata de conte\u00fado de qualquer dispositivo com o pressionar de um bot\u00e3o;<\/li>\n<li>a solu\u00e7\u00e3o foi desenvolvida no exterior.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sugeri eliminar o quarto ponto, pois aplicativos russos t\u00eam certifica\u00e7\u00f5es oficiais. O diretor afirmou diretamente o que deve ser feito com essas certifica\u00e7\u00f5es. <\/p>\n<h3>Estamos escolhendo op\u00e7\u00f5es<\/h3>\n<p>\nSelecionei tr\u00eas solu\u00e7\u00f5es (quanto mais op\u00e7\u00f5es de escolha, mais d\u00favidas surgem):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Open Source \u2014 projeto <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/syncthing.net\/\">Syncthing.net <\/a><\/noindex>, mantido pelo entusiasta desenvolvedor Jacob Borg.<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.resilio.com\/\">Resilio.com<\/a><\/noindex>, supervisionado pela Resilio Inc. americana (anteriormente esse servi\u00e7o era conhecido como BitTorrent Sync).\n<\/li>\n<li>Projeto <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/e-safe.pro\/\">Pvtbox Cofre eletr\u00f4nico<\/a><\/noindex> de <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/pvtbox.net\">pvtbox.net<\/a><\/noindex> , aplicativo para sincroniza\u00e7\u00e3o. Registro no Chipre.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>O propriet\u00e1rio da empresa tem pouco conhecimento em detalhes t\u00e9cnicos, ent\u00e3o eu organizei o relat\u00f3rio em forma de listas de pr\u00f3s e contras de cada op\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<h3>Resultados da an\u00e1lise<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Syncthing <\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Pr\u00f3s<\/b>: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Open source;<\/li>\n<li>Atividade do desenvolvedor principal; <\/li>\n<li>O projeto existe h\u00e1 muito tempo; <\/li>\n<li>Gratuito.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Pontos negativos: <\/b><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Falta de cliente para a interface iOS; <\/li>\n<li>Servidores Turn lentos (s\u00e3o gratuitos, por isso est\u00e3o lentos). Para quem<br \/>\nn\u00e3o est\u00e1 a par, o Turn \u00e9 usado quando n\u00e3o \u00e9 poss\u00edvel conectar diretamente;<\/li>\n<li>Configura\u00e7\u00e3o complicada da interface (\u00e9 necess\u00e1ria uma longa experi\u00eancia em programa\u00e7\u00e3o);<\/li>\n<li>Falta de suporte comercial \u00e1gil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Resilio <\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Acesso direto aos sistemas de cabos transpac\u00edficos. Ping m\u00ednimo para a China, Jap\u00e3o, Austr\u00e1lia e costa oeste dos EUA. <\/b>suporte para todos os dispositivos e servidores Turn r\u00e1pidos.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Pontos negativos: <\/b>Um ponto muito significativo \u2013 total desinteresse da equipe de suporte em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a quaisquer solicita\u00e7\u00f5es. Nenhuma rea\u00e7\u00e3o, mesmo quando se escreve de endere\u00e7os diferentes. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Pvtbox<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Acesso direto aos sistemas de cabos transpac\u00edficos. Ping m\u00ednimo para a China, Jap\u00e3o, Austr\u00e1lia e costa oeste dos EUA. <\/b><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Suporte para todos os dispositivos; <\/li>\n<li>Servidores Turn r\u00e1pidos; <\/li>\n<li>Possibilidade de baixar arquivos sem a necessidade de instalar o aplicativo; <\/li>\n<li>Servi\u00e7o de suporte adequado, inclusive por telefone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Desvantagens<\/b>: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Projeto jovem (poucos coment\u00e1rios e boas avalia\u00e7\u00f5es);<\/li>\n<li>Interface do site muito \u2018t\u00e9cnica\u2019, nem sempre clara;<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e3o h\u00e1 documenta\u00e7\u00e3o detalhada, em muitas quest\u00f5es \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio contatar o suporte.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>O que o cliente escolheu<\/h3>\n<p>\nSua primeira pergunta: qual \u00e9 o sentido de desenvolver algo gratuitamente? Rejeitaram o Syncthing imediatamente. Os argumentos n\u00e3o funcionaram. <\/p>\n<p>Ap\u00f3s alguns dias, o cliente descartou categoricamente o Resilio Sync devido \u00e0 falta de suporte, pois n\u00e3o estava claro a quem recorrer em situa\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o padronizadas. Al\u00e9m disso, havia desconfian\u00e7a em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 sede da empresa nos Estados Unidos.<\/p>\n<p>Para uma an\u00e1lise adicional, sobrou o Pvtbox Cofre Eletr\u00f4nico. Realizamos uma auditoria t\u00e9cnica completa dessa plataforma com foco em intercepta\u00e7\u00e3o, descriptografia de dados e acesso n\u00e3o autorizado ao armazenamento de informa\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<h3>Processo de auditoria<\/h3>\n<p>\nRealizamos uma an\u00e1lise das conex\u00f5es ao iniciar o programa, em funcionamento e em estado ocioso. O tr\u00e1fego, de acordo com o padr\u00e3o moderno, inicialmente \u00e9 criptografado. Tentaremos realizar um ataque MITM e substituir o certificado 'em tempo real' usando <i>Linux (Xubuntu Linux 18.04), Wireshark<\/i>, <i>Mitmproxy<\/i>. Para isso, implementaremos um intermedi\u00e1rio entre o aplicativo Pvtbox e o servidor pvtbox.net (h\u00e1 troca de dados com o servidor pvtbox.net via conex\u00e3o https).<\/p>\n<p>Iniciamos o aplicativo para garantir que o programa e a sincroniza\u00e7\u00e3o de arquivos funcionem. Em Linux, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel observar o registro imediatamente se iniciar o programa a partir do terminal.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nuvem privada. Buscando alternativas para solu\u00e7\u00f5es abertas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/8e19ec533544a6f138c3f16308e02888.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDesligamos o aplicativo e trocamos o endere\u00e7o do host pvtbox.net no arquivo <i>\/etc\/hosts <\/i>com privil\u00e9gios de superusu\u00e1rio. Substitu\u00edmos o endere\u00e7o pelo nosso servidor proxy.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nuvem privada. Buscando alternativas para solu\u00e7\u00f5es abertas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/f6befbf010686270c48656e15213f521.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAgora, vamos preparar nosso servidor proxy para o ataque MITM no computador com o endere\u00e7o 192.168.1.64 em nossa rede local. Para isso, instalaremos o pacote mitmproxy vers\u00e3o 4.0.4.<\/p>\n<p>Iniciamos o servidor proxy na porta 443:<br \/>\n<i>$ sudo mitmproxy -p 443<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Iniciamos o programa Pvtbox no primeiro computador, observamos a sa\u00edda do mitmproxy e os logs do aplicativo.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nuvem privada. Buscando alternativas para solu\u00e7\u00f5es abertas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/cd7f53fc76349fdf18f65c75c555bc52.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<i>Mitmproxy <\/i>informa que o cliente n\u00e3o confia no certificado falsificado do servidor proxy. Nos logs do aplicativo, tamb\u00e9m observamos que o certificado do servidor proxy n\u00e3o passa na verifica\u00e7\u00e3o e o programa se recusa a funcionar.<\/p>\n<p>Instalamos o certificado do servidor proxy <i>mitmproxy <\/i>no computador com o aplicativo Pvtbox, para tornar o certificado 'confi\u00e1vel'. No computador, instalaremos o pacote ca-certificates. Em seguida, copiaremos o certificado mitmproxy-ca-cert.pem do diret\u00f3rio .mitmproxy do servidor proxy para o computador com o aplicativo Pvtbox no diret\u00f3rio \/usr\/local\/share\/ca-certificates. <\/p>\n<p>Executamos os comandos:<br \/>\n<i>$ sudo openssl x509 -in mitmproxy-ca-cert.pem -inform PEM -out mitmproxy-ca-cert.crt<\/i><br \/>\n<i>$ sudo update-ca-certificates<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nuvem privada. Buscando alternativas para solu\u00e7\u00f5es abertas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/8f30b4cebb483ad54869993e225d7c90.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nIniciamos o aplicativo Pvtbox. O certificado novamente n\u00e3o passou na verifica\u00e7\u00e3o, e o programa se recusa a funcionar. Provavelmente, o aplicativo usa um mecanismo de prote\u00e7\u00e3o <i>Certificate pinning<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Um ataque semelhante foi realizado no host <i>signalserver.pvtbox.net, <\/i>bem como na pr\u00f3pria conex\u00e3o peer-to-peer entre os n\u00f3s. O desenvolvedor observa que o aplicativo para estabelecer conex\u00f5es peer-to-peer utiliza o protocolo aberto webrtc, que utiliza criptografia de ponta a ponta pelo protocolo <i>DTLSv1.2.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>As chaves s\u00e3o geradas em cada estabelecimento de conex\u00e3o e transmitidas por canal criptografado atrav\u00e9s de <i>signalserver.pvtbox.net.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Teoricamente, seria poss\u00edvel interceptar as mensagens de oferta e resposta webrtc, substituir as chaves de criptografia e ter a capacidade de descriptografar todas as mensagens que chegam via webrtc. Mas a execu\u00e7\u00e3o de um ataque mitm em signalserver.pvtbox.net n\u00e3o foi bem-sucedida, portanto, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 possibilidade de interceptar e substituir mensagens enviadas atrav\u00e9s de signalserver.pvtbox.net.<\/p>\n<p>Consequentemente, n\u00e3o \u00e9 vi\u00e1vel realizar este ataque nas conex\u00f5es peer-to-peer.<\/p>\n<p>Tamb\u00e9m foi encontrado um arquivo com certificados, fornecido com o programa. O arquivo est\u00e1 localizado no caminho \/opt\/pvtbox\/certifi\/cacert.pem. Este arquivo foi substitu\u00eddo por um arquivo que cont\u00e9m o certificado confi\u00e1vel do nosso servidor proxy mitmproxy. O resultado n\u00e3o mudou \u2014 o programa continuou a se recusar a conectar-se ao sistema, e o log mostrava o mesmo erro,<br \/>\nde que o certificado n\u00e3o passava na verifica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<h3>Resultados da auditoria<\/h3>\n<p>\nN\u00e3o consegui interceptar ou substituir o tr\u00e1fego. Os nomes dos arquivos, e muito menos seu conte\u00fado, s\u00e3o transmitidos de forma criptografada, utilizando criptografia de ponta a ponta. O aplicativo implementou uma s\u00e9rie de mecanismos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o que impedem a escuta e a inje\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/p>\n<p>A empresa adquiriu dois servidores dedicados (fisicamente em locais diferentes) para acesso permanente \u00e0 informa\u00e7\u00e3o. O primeiro servidor \u00e9 utilizado para receber, processar e armazenar informa\u00e7\u00f5es, enquanto o segundo \u00e9 destinado ao backup. <\/p>\n<p>O terminal de trabalho do diretor e o celular iOS foram conectados \u00e0 nuvem individual rec\u00e9m-criada. Outros funcion\u00e1rios foram conectados pelo administrador de sistemas e pelo suporte t\u00e9cnico da Pvtbox. <\/p>\n<p>At\u00e9 o momento, n\u00e3o houve reclama\u00e7\u00f5es do conhecido. Espero que minha avalia\u00e7\u00e3o ajude os leitores do Habr em uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o semelhante.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/465861\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u042f \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 90-\u0445, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0445\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":28319,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37728","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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