{"id":37958,"date":"2019-10-31T22:20:50","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:20:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/komu-doverit-proektirovanie-obektov-tehperevooruzheniya-i-rekonstruktsii\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:20:50","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:20:50","slug":"komu-doverit-proektirovanie-obektov-tehperevooruzheniya-i-rekonstruktsii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/komu-doverit-proektirovanie-obektov-tehperevooruzheniya-i-rekonstruktsii","title":{"rendered":"A quem confiar o projeto de objetos de rearmamento tecnol\u00f3gico e reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dos dez projetos no mercado industrial russo, hoje apenas dois s\u00e3o novas constru\u00e7\u00f5es, enquanto os demais est\u00e3o relacionados \u00e0 reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o ou moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o de instala\u00e7\u00f5es existentes.<\/p>\n<p>Para realizar qualquer trabalho de projeto, o cliente escolhe um executor entre as empresas, cuja compara\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 bastante dif\u00edcil devido \u00e0s diferen\u00e7as sutis, mas significativas, na estrutura e na organiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos processos internos. As duas principais for\u00e7as concorrentes no mercado de design russo s\u00e3o as tradicionais organiza\u00e7\u00f5es de projeto e as empresas de engenharia, que realizam o projeto como trabalho aut\u00f4nomo ou no \u00e2mbito de projetos complexos, que tamb\u00e9m incluem trabalhos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o e comissionamento. Vamos analisar como est\u00e3o estruturadas as empresas de ambos os tipos.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A quem confiar o projeto de objetos de rearmamento tecnol\u00f3gico e reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/2179527bc5b083d0810774ccc187c909.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wps.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Byvshie-promzony-stolitsy-vse-privlekatelnee-dlya-zhizni-i-biznesa.jpg\">Fonte<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Principais participantes do mercado<\/h2>\n<p>\nA nova constru\u00e7\u00e3o de objetos industriais sempre envolve grandes investimentos e longos prazos de retorno. Portanto, qualquer propriet\u00e1rio est\u00e1 sempre interessado em garantir que a vida \u00fatil de seu objeto seja o mais longa poss\u00edvel.<\/p>\n<p>No entanto, durante esse tempo, o desgaste f\u00edsico das estruturas \u00e9 inevit\u00e1vel, mudan\u00e7as nas normas em vigor devem ser consideradas, e \u00e9 bastante prov\u00e1vel que surja a necessidade de aumentar a capacidade produtiva e expandir as capacidades tecnol\u00f3gicas da empresa.<\/p>\n<p>Prorrogar a \u2018vida\u2019 da produ\u00e7\u00e3o e garantir que ela atenda \u00e0s atuais concep\u00e7\u00f5es de efici\u00eancia \u00e9 poss\u00edvel por meio de reconstru\u00e7\u00f5es, reengenharia t\u00e9cnica e moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o. O projeto de tais iniciativas est\u00e1 especialmente em alta demanda agora. As raz\u00f5es incluem o fato de que exigem investimentos significativamente menores do que novas constru\u00e7\u00f5es, e nossa pa\u00eds possui muitos objetos industriais com mais de 20-30 anos (muitos deles foram constru\u00eddos ainda no per\u00edodo sovi\u00e9tico).<\/p>\n<p>Devido \u00e0 diminui\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00famero de projetos em grande escala, a composi\u00e7\u00e3o dos participantes do mercado de servi\u00e7os de projeto mudou.<\/p>\n<p>Para institui\u00e7\u00f5es de projetos, economicamente n\u00e3o \u00e9 vi\u00e1vel se envolver em projetos de pequeno porte e, como consequ\u00eancia, de baixo custo. Portanto, o n\u00famero de \"gigantes\" de projeto caiu: a maioria das que restaram s\u00e3o institui\u00e7\u00f5es departamentais de grandes empresas (AK Transneft, Rosneft, Gazpromneft, RusHydro, etc.). O n\u00famero de empresas de projeto de pequeno e m\u00e9dio porte, com uma equipe de projetistas variando de 5 a 30 especialistas, aumentou.<\/p>\n<p>As empresas de engenharia s\u00e3o participantes relativamente novas no mercado. Geralmente, elas se ocupam de:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a justifica\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnico-econ\u00f4mica do projeto;<\/li>\n<li>o planejamento de fluxo financeiro, garantindo o financiamento;<\/li>\n<li>a gest\u00e3o completa do projeto ou de suas partes;<\/li>\n<li>projetos, modelagem, design;<\/li>\n<li>trabalho com fornecedores e contratados;<\/li>\n<li>garantindo a execu\u00e7\u00e3o das obras de comissionamento;<\/li>\n<li>garantindo o transporte;<\/li>\n<li>auditoria, licenciamento, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00c0 primeira vista, a escolha entre uma \"empresa-orquestra\" e uma organiza\u00e7\u00e3o com uma especializa\u00e7\u00e3o estreita \u00e9 \u00f3bvia. No entanto, a situa\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 t\u00e3o simples.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A quem confiar o projeto de objetos de rearmamento tecnol\u00f3gico e reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/0cd090b2bf40cf774c3d84f83bcce93e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/dalregiongas.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87.jpg\">Fonte<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Avaliar a tarefa \u2014 escolher o executor<\/h2>\n<p>\nAs tarefas a serem resolvidas durante a reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o e moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica geralmente n\u00e3o requerem um grande coletivo de projetistas, mas s\u00e3o extremamente exigentes quanto ao executor, cujo n\u00edvel de compet\u00eancia deve ser \"acima da m\u00e9dia\".<\/p>\n<p>Cada especialista da equipe em um projeto desse tipo deve conhecer a metodologia e ter experi\u00eancia significativa em projeto, compreender as tecnologias de montagem e constru\u00e7\u00e3o, possuir um amplo conhecimento sobre equipamentos: saber sobre os fabricantes presentes no mercado e entender as particularidades de seus equipamentos em termos de adequa\u00e7\u00e3o operacional e funcional para um objeto espec\u00edfico, durabilidade, facilidade de reparo e, o que \u00e9 importante, custo.<\/p>\n<p>Se as decis\u00f5es tomadas para alcan\u00e7ar os indicadores t\u00e9cnicos e de seguran\u00e7a exigirem a mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de recursos que superem as expectativas or\u00e7ament\u00e1rias ou limita\u00e7\u00f5es do cliente, \u00e9 bastante prov\u00e1vel que o projeto n\u00e3o seja realizado. Assim, h\u00e1 uma grande probabilidade de que o trabalho pago pelo cliente em projeto acabe sendo descartado e a tarefa proposta n\u00e3o seja resolvida.<\/p>\n<p>Aqui entram em cena os chamados \"projetos turnkey\", onde um \u00fanico contratado realiza todo o trabalho, desde a fundamenta\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnico-econ\u00f4mica at\u00e9 a entrega do objeto completo. Neste caso, o custo final do trabalho \u00e9 acordado antes da elabora\u00e7\u00e3o da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o do projeto e de trabalho, uma vez que para objetos de reengenharia t\u00e9cnica e reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o, com a abordagem correta, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel calcular os custos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o e opera\u00e7\u00e3o sem o desenvolvimento da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalho.<\/p>\n<p>A metodologia cl\u00e1ssica de design\/implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de um objeto, onde existem v\u00e1rios contratados \u2014 para o design, fornecimento de equipamentos, montagem, em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de um mercado de equipamentos, materiais e m\u00e9todos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o em r\u00e1pida mudan\u00e7a, n\u00e3o permite avaliar com precis\u00e3o os custos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o sem o desenvolvimento da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalho.<\/p>\n<p>Quando se trata de projetos de reengenharia e moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o, o m\u00e9todo cl\u00e1ssico de projeto apresenta falhas: os projetos s\u00e3o realizados \"conceitualmente\" sem o n\u00edvel de detalhamento adequado, o que leva ao aumento dos custos CAPEX e dos prazos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Para projetos EPC, \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria uma equipe compacta de projetistas que, al\u00e9m das habilidades principais de design, seja capaz de realizar inspe\u00e7\u00f5es nos sistemas de engenharia existentes, colabore estreitamente com os servi\u00e7os do cliente na fase de coleta de dados, na aprova\u00e7\u00e3o da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalho e na supervis\u00e3o autoral da implementa\u00e7\u00e3o), bem como com fornecedores de equipamentos principais e auxiliares, unidades log\u00edsticas e departamentos de engenharia das unidades de montagem.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00f3s e meus colegas da empresa &#171;<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/1-engineer.ru\/\">Primeiro Engenheiro<\/a><\/noindex>&#187; tentamos comparar as abordagens de organiza\u00e7\u00f5es de projetos e empresas de engenharia. Os resultados est\u00e3o abaixo na tabela.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"350\">Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de Projetos<\/th>\n<th width=\"350\">Empresa de Engenharia<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Forma\u00e7\u00e3o do custo de desenvolvimento da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o do projeto e de trabalho<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014 M\u00e9todo de base e \u00edndice com a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de cole\u00e7\u00f5es de pre\u00e7os b\u00e1sicos (SB\u0426).<br \/>\n\u2014 M\u00e9todo de recursos.<br \/>\nA possibilidade de aplicar o m\u00e9todo de base e \u00edndice \u00e9 limitada<br \/>\npara resolver tarefas n\u00e3o triviais, que n\u00e3o t\u00eam an\u00e1logos realizados anteriormente.<\/td>\n<td>\u2014 M\u00e9todo de recursos.<br \/>\nNeste caso, a empresa de engenharia em projetos EPC tem a capacidade de determinar o custo da fase de projeto com base no custo real por meio de uma abordagem abrangente.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Escolha de equipamentos a serem utilizados no projeto<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014 \u00c9 feita com base nas especifica\u00e7\u00f5es do projeto, conforme declarado pelos fabricantes.<br \/>\n\u2014 Realizada por especialistas que conhecem as caracter\u00edsticas dos equipamentos, mas que n\u00e3o t\u00eam experi\u00eancia em montagem ou opera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td>\n<td>\u2014 Executada com base nas especifica\u00e7\u00f5es do projeto, conforme declarado pelos fabricantes.<br \/>\nAl\u00e9m disso:<br \/>\n\u2014 A sele\u00e7\u00e3o de equipamentos \u00e9 realizada com base na verifica\u00e7\u00e3o do fabricante; nesse processo, a empresa de engenharia avalia as capacidades de produ\u00e7\u00e3o e a experi\u00eancia do fornecedor, e com alguns fabricantes, possui acordos de colabora\u00e7\u00e3o que garantem \"benef\u00edcios\" adicionais;<br \/>\n\u2014 Os membros da equipe do projeto t\u00eam experi\u00eancia pr\u00e1tica em montagem\/operar equipamentos que permite uma avalia\u00e7\u00e3o especializada dos mesmos;<br \/>\n\u2014 A escolha do equipamento \u00e9 feita considerando os prazos e condi\u00e7\u00f5es reais de entrega;<br \/>\n\u2014 S\u00e3o considerados os requisitos e limita\u00e7\u00f5es relacionadas \u00e0 execu\u00e7\u00e3o das obras.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Forma\u00e7\u00e3o do cronograma de constru\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Baseia-se em:<br \/>\n\u2014 Sequ\u00eancia tecnol\u00f3gica da realiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos trabalhos;<br \/>\n\u2014 Normativa de esfor\u00e7o dos tipos de trabalho definida pelo Colet\u00e2nea de Pre\u00e7os B\u00e1sicos (CPB).<\/td>\n<td>\u2014 Baseia-se na sequ\u00eancia tecnol\u00f3gica da realiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos trabalhos.<br \/>\n\u2014 Os prazos das etapas s\u00e3o determinados com base no desenvolvimento do projeto de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalhos pelo departamento t\u00e9cnico de produ\u00e7\u00e3o.<br \/>\n\u2014 Leva em considera\u00e7\u00e3o os prazos poss\u00edveis\/planejados de \"parada\" da instala\u00e7\u00e3o ou produ\u00e7\u00e3o.<br \/>\n\u2014 Leva em considera\u00e7\u00e3o os prazos de entrega dos materiais necess\u00e1rios ao local de constru\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Poss\u00edveis tarefas a serem resolvidas na implementa\u00e7\u00e3o do objeto<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014 Elabora\u00e7\u00e3o da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de projeto e execu\u00e7\u00e3o.<br \/>\n\u2014 Acompanhamento na realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de avalia\u00e7\u00f5es da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de projeto e execu\u00e7\u00e3o.<br \/>\n\u2014 Supervis\u00e3o autoral na fase de constru\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td>\n<td>\u2014 Justificativa t\u00e9cnica e econ\u00f4mica do projeto.<br \/>\n\u2014 Realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de inspe\u00e7\u00f5es tecnol\u00f3gicas das atuais sistemas de engenharia.<br \/>\n\u2014 Elabora\u00e7\u00e3o da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de projeto e execu\u00e7\u00e3o.<br \/>\n\u2014 Obten\u00e7\u00e3o das condi\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00e9cnicas necess\u00e1rias de organiza\u00e7\u00f5es de redes externas.<br \/>\n\u2014 Trabalho com fornecedores de equipamentos.<br \/>\n\u2014 Acompanhamento na realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de avalia\u00e7\u00f5es da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de projeto e execu\u00e7\u00e3o.<br \/>\n\u2014 Supervis\u00e3o autoral na fase de constru\u00e7\u00e3o.<br \/>\n\u2014 Trabalhos de comissionamento.<br \/>\n\u2014 Garantia de transporte.<br \/>\nUma ampla gama de empresas de engenharia permite ao cliente<br \/>\nminimizar os custos de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de sua pr\u00f3pria equipe de projeto, que coordena contratados especializados em diferentes etapas de implementa\u00e7\u00e3o e supervis\u00e3o.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Convido os leitores do blog a compartilhar nos coment\u00e1rios sua experi\u00eancia de trabalho com organiza\u00e7\u00f5es de projetos e empresas de engenharia em instala\u00e7\u00f5es industriais e participar de uma pequena pesquisa.<\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Apenas usu\u00e1rios registrados podem participar da pesquisa. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">Entre<\/a><\/noindex>, por favor.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">1. Avalie a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de instala\u00e7\u00f5es de moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica e reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o nas quais voc\u00ea participou, em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao n\u00famero total nos \u00faltimos 5 anos:<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    at\u00e9 30%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    de 30 a 60%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    mais de 60%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Votaram 3 usu\u00e1rios. 1 usu\u00e1rio se absteve.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">2. De sua pr\u00e1tica, qual \u00e9 o tempo m\u00e9dio dedicado ao desenvolvimento da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalho em instala\u00e7\u00f5es de moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    menos de 3 meses<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    de 3 a 6 meses<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    mais de 6 meses<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Votaram 3 usu\u00e1rios. 1 usu\u00e1rio se absteve.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">3. Em que fase do projeto de moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica foi tomada a decis\u00e3o final sobre sua implementa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    ao final da fase de desenvolvimento da justificativa t\u00e9cnico-econ\u00f4mica<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    na fase de assinatura do termo de refer\u00eancia para a elabora\u00e7\u00e3o da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalho<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    ap\u00f3s a elabora\u00e7\u00e3o da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalho e or\u00e7amentos<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    ap\u00f3s a defini\u00e7\u00e3o dos fornecedores do equipamento principal, elabora\u00e7\u00e3o da RD e documenta\u00e7\u00e3o or\u00e7ament\u00e1ria<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Votaram 2 usu\u00e1rios. 1 usu\u00e1rio se absteve.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">4. Qual \u00e9 a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de instala\u00e7\u00f5es de moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica realizadas sob o esquema de contratos EPC, em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao n\u00famero total:<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    at\u00e9 30%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    30-60%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    mais de 60%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Votaram 2 usu\u00e1rios. 1 usu\u00e1rio se absteve.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">5. Houve necessidade de envolver um executor da documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalho na fase de aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o de equipamentos, obras de constru\u00e7\u00e3o e montagem, ou comissionamento, para fazer altera\u00e7\u00f5es na mesma, aprovar desvios e conduzir supervis\u00e3o autoral?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    sim, durante a aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o de equipamentos<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    sim, durante a execu\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalhos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o e montagem e de comissionamento<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    sim, durante a aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o de equipamentos, durante a execu\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalhos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o e montagem e de comissionamento<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    n\u00e3o, n\u00e3o foi necess\u00e1rio<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Votaram 2 usu\u00e1rios. 2 usu\u00e1rios se abstiveram.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/lanit\/blog\/464661\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0418\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u2014 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2014 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":28486,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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