{"id":53040,"date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-21T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/yazykovye-sloi"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:54","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:54","slug":"yazykovye-sloi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi","title":{"rendered":"Camadas lingu\u00edsticas","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ol\u00e1, Habr!<\/p>\n<p>Apresento a voc\u00eas a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o do artigo \u00ab<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwFe2\">Camadas de Linguagem<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb de Robert C. Martin (Tio Bob).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Camadas lingu\u00edsticas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/7443f8be2481982b85afe6f8368a9e81.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nEstou passando o tempo jogando o antigo jogo \u00abLunar Lander\u00bb de 1969. Foi escrito por Jim Storer, um estudante do ensino m\u00e9dio. Ele a escreveu no PDP-8 em FOCAL. Aqui est\u00e1 como o programa se apresenta: <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Camadas lingu\u00edsticas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/44821c373bf1285cf7085306e194cc14.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAqui est\u00e1 o c\u00f3digo-fonte em FOCAL:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Camadas lingu\u00edsticas\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/bcde722861952deb2e7e8e3f7064c992.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJim Storer era um estudante do ensino m\u00e9dio bastante talentoso. D\u00ea uma olhada nesse c\u00f3digo. Tem express\u00f5es de Taylor bem interessantes. <\/p>\n<p>No geral, estou fazendo uma busca bin\u00e1ria para determinar o valor de K que, se usado sequencialmente, pousar\u00e1 o m\u00f3dulo perfeitamente. Assim, eu alterei o programa para aceitar apenas um valor e, em seguida, aplic\u00e1-lo v\u00e1rias vezes at\u00e9 que o m\u00f3dulo pousasse ou se despeda\u00e7asse. Enquanto escrevo isso, sei que a resposta est\u00e1 entre 76.40625 e 76.4453125, e eu vou testar 76.4257813. Come\u00e7o a pensar que vou ficar sem tempo antes de encontrar a resposta. <\/p>\n<p>Enquanto isso, percebi que executei este programa em um emulador <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGvr\">PDP-8<\/a><\/noindex>, que escrevi em Lua para iPad.<\/p>\n<p>Ent\u00e3o, bem, vamos refletir sobre isso.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>O iPad tem um chip <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGxH\">A8X<\/a><\/noindex>, com tr\u00eas n\u00facleos rodando a uma frequ\u00eancia de gigahertz ou algo assim.<\/li>\n<li>Lua \u00e9 escrita em C e compilada para A8X.<\/li>\n<li>Meu emulador PDP8 foi escrito em Lua, usando o pacote <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGy4\">CODEA<\/a><\/noindex> da se\u00e7\u00e3o Two Lives Left.<\/li>\n<li>FOCAL foi criado no final dos anos 1960 para o PDP8.<\/li>\n<li>Lunar Lander foi escrito em FOCAL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nEnt\u00e3o temos A8X, C, Lua, PDP8 e FOCAL. Cinco linguagens diferentes. Cinco mecanismos distintos, indicando \u00e0 m\u00e1quina o que fazer; todos empilhados uns sobre os outros! <\/p>\n<p>O que est\u00e1 acontecendo? Por que tantas linguagens? Na verdade, esque\u00e7a o iPad, PDP-8, C, Lua e tudo mais. Por que h\u00e1 tantas linguagens? <\/p>\n<p>##\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432? <\/p>\n<p>Pense sobre isso! Quantas linguagens de programa\u00e7\u00e3o voc\u00ea consegue nomear? Aqui, deixe-me te dar uma pequena lista:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> FORTRAN<\/li>\n<li> ALGOL<\/li>\n<li> COBOL<\/li>\n<li> SNOBOL<\/li>\n<li> LISP<\/li>\n<li> BCPL<\/li>\n<li> B<\/li>\n<li> C<\/li>\n<li> SIMULA<\/li>\n<li> SMALLTALK<\/li>\n<li> EIFFEL<\/li>\n<li> C++<\/li>\n<li> JAVA<\/li>\n<li> C#<\/li>\n<li> PYTHON<\/li>\n<li> RUBY<\/li>\n<li> LOGO<\/li>\n<li> LUA<\/li>\n<li> BASIC<\/li>\n<li> PL\/1<\/li>\n<li> JAVASCRIPT<\/li>\n<li> GO<\/li>\n<li> DART<\/li>\n<li> PROLOG<\/li>\n<li> FORTH<\/li>\n<li> SWIFT<\/li>\n<li> ML<\/li>\n<li> OCCAM<\/li>\n<li> OCAML<\/li>\n<li> ADA<\/li>\n<li> ERLANG<\/li>\n<li> ELIXIR<\/li>\n<li> FOCAL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCertamente, voc\u00ea pode pensar em outros que eu n\u00e3o mencionei. A quest\u00e3o \u00e9: por que h\u00e1 tantos? Para essa pergunta, realmente pode haver apenas uma resposta. A raz\u00e3o pela qual existem tantas linguagens de computa\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9: <\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>N\u00f3s n\u00e3o gostamos delas.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nBem, talvez isso seja uma afirma\u00e7\u00e3o excessiva. Talvez eu devesse dizer: <\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>N\u00f3s estivemos em Hollywood.<br \/>\n N\u00f3s estivemos em Redwood.<br \/>\n N\u00f3s atravessamos o oceano em busca do c\u00f3digo dourado.<br \/>\n N\u00f3s estivemos em nossa raz\u00e3o,<br \/>\n \u00c9 uma linha muito t\u00eanue.<br \/>\n Isso nos faz buscar o c\u00f3digo dourado.<\/p>\n<p> Estamos envelhecendo.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Bem, talvez eu deva falar por mim\u2026 Voc\u00ea n\u00e3o queria apenas gritar com Neil Young para que ele parasse de reclamar, encontrasse uma garota legal e vivesse com ela? Voc\u00ea n\u00e3o queria dizer a ele que a busca por um cora\u00e7\u00e3o de ouro foi em v\u00e3o? Diga-me, o que ele faria com isso se o encontrasse? <\/p>\n<p>E o que far\u00edamos com a linguagem perfeita se a encontr\u00e1ssemos?<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Criamos emuladores PDP-8 e FOCAL para jogar &#187; Lunar Lander&#187;, escrita por um aluno do ensino m\u00e9dio em 1969!<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <b>Isso \u00e9 o que eu penso.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Aceite isso. Pare de procurar. N\u00e3o existe linguagem perfeita. N\u00f3s procuramos em todo lugar. Olhamos para cima e para baixo. Olhamos para dentro e para fora.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Observamos os idiomas de ambos os lados.<br \/>\n Por dentro e por fora<br \/>\n e ainda assim de alguma forma.<br \/>\n Lembramos que estas s\u00e3o ilus\u00f5es lingu\u00edsticas.<\/p>\n<p>Na verdade, n\u00e3o entendemos nada sobre idiomas\u2026<br \/>\n\u2026 absolutamente nada.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Sim, hoje \u00e9 um dia incomum.<\/p>\n<p>Mas, no final das contas, a quest\u00e3o \u00e9:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>N\u00e3o precisamos de outra l\u00edngua.<br \/>\n N\u00e3o precisamos saber o caminho para casa.<br \/>\n Tudo que queremos \u00e9 ir al\u00e9m da vida.<br \/>\n S.Q.L.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Sim, dia estranho.<\/p>\n<p>Ent\u00e3o, h\u00e1 um pensamento. Talvez precisemos parar de criar novas l\u00ednguas e simplesmente relaxar e escolher uma ou duas que sejam realmente boas. Isso tornaria a vida muito mais f\u00e1cil, n\u00e3o \u00e9?<\/p>\n<p>E, se voc\u00ea est\u00e1 curioso, 76.43844461 lhe d\u00e1 um pouso bastante bom a 2.23 MPH.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/476644\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob). \u042f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0443 \u00abLunar Lander\u00bb 1969 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b. \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 PDP-8 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 FOCAL. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430: \u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 FOCAL: \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u043b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0438 | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-11-21T21:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-02-18T11:00:54+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Camadas Lingu\u00edsticas | ProHoster","description":"Ol\u00e1, Habr! 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