{"id":55011,"date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-09T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/bd-messendzhera-ch-1-proektiruem-karkas-bazy"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:05","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:05","slug":"bd-messendzhera-ch-1-proektiruem-karkas-bazy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/administrirovanie\/bd-messendzhera-ch-1-proektiruem-karkas-bazy","title":{"rendered":"BD do mensageiro (parte 1): projetando a estrutura do banco","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Como converter requisitos de neg\u00f3cios em estruturas de dados concretas, usando como exemplo o design de um banco de dados \"do zero\" para um mensageiro.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Parte 1: projetando a estrutura do banco<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483170\/\">Parte 2: seccionando \u2018ao vivo\u2019<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"BD do mensageiro (parte 1): projetando a estrutura do banco\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/d4e85052405da3f6580e4e931c292079.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNosso banco de dados n\u00e3o ser\u00e1 t\u00e3o escal\u00e1vel e distribu\u00eddo como o do VKontakte, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vk\/blog\/342570\/\">mas com o intuito de ser funcional, r\u00e1pido e<\/a><\/noindex> ou <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/oleg-bunin\/blog\/340976\/\">Badoo<\/a><\/noindex>caber em um \u00fanico servidor. <b>PostgreSQL \u2014 para que seja poss\u00edvel implantar uma inst\u00e2ncia separada do servi\u00e7o em algum lugar, por exemplo.<\/b> Portanto, n\u00e3o vamos abordar quest\u00f5es de sharding, replica\u00e7\u00e3o e sistemas geodistribu\u00eddos, mas nos concentrar nas solu\u00e7\u00f5es esquem\u00e1ticas dentro do banco de dados.<\/p>\n<p>Passo 1: Um pouco de especificidade de neg\u00f3cios.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Nossa troca de mensagens n\u00e3o ser\u00e1 projetada de forma abstrata, mas sim integrada ao ambiente<\/h2>\n<p>\nde uma rede social corporativa. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/sbis.ru\/help\/work_in\/sms\/\">Ou seja, as pessoas n\u00e3o est\u00e3o apenas \"trocando mensagens\", mas se comunicando em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de certas tarefas de neg\u00f3cios.<\/a><\/noindex>E quais tarefas um neg\u00f3cio pode ter?... Vamos observar pelo exemplo de Vasily \u2014 gerente do departamento de desenvolvimento.<\/p>\n<p>\"Nikolai, este patch precisa ser feito hoje!\"<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Portanto, a troca de mensagens pode ocorrer no contexto de algo como<\/i><br \/>\n\"Kolya, vamos jogar Dota esta noite?\" <b>do documento.<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li><i>Ou seja, mesmo entre um par de interlocutores, a comunica\u00e7\u00e3o pode ocorrer simultaneamente<\/i><br \/>\nsobre diferentes temas. <b>\"Petr, Nikolai, olhem em anexo o pre\u00e7o do novo servidor.\"<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li><i>Assim, uma mensagem pode ter<\/i><br \/>\nv\u00e1rios destinat\u00e1rios. <b>Nesse caso, a mensagem pode conter<\/b>arquivos anexados. <b>\"Semen, voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m d\u00ea uma olhada.\"<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li><i>E deve haver a possibilidade de convidar um novo participante<\/i><br \/>\npara uma conversa j\u00e1 existente. <b>Vamos ficar por aqui com esta lista de necessidades \"\u00f3bvias\".<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSem compreens\u00e3o da especificidade aplicada da tarefa e das restri\u00e7\u00f5es impostas a ela, projetar<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>um esquema eficaz <b>de banco de dados para sua solu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 praticamente imposs\u00edvel.<\/b> Passo 2: Esquema l\u00f3gico m\u00ednimo.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>O esquema ainda se assemelha muito a um correio eletr\u00f4nico - uma ferramenta tradicional de condu\u00e7\u00e3o de neg\u00f3cios. De fato, \"algoritmicamente\" muitas tarefas de neg\u00f3cios se parecem entre si, portanto, as ferramentas para resolv\u00ea-las tamb\u00e9m ser\u00e3o estruturalmente semelhantes.<\/h2>\n<p>\nVamos registrar o esquema l\u00f3gico de rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre entidades que j\u00e1 obtivemos. Para simplificar a compreens\u00e3o do nosso modelo, usaremos a vers\u00e3o mais primitiva de representa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n<p>de um modelo ER <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ER-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C\">sem complica\u00e7\u00f5es de anota\u00e7\u00f5es UML ou IDEF:<\/a><\/noindex> sem complica\u00e7\u00f5es de UML ou nota\u00e7\u00f5es IDEF:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"BD do mensageiro (parte 1): projetando a estrutura do banco\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/75d0b3cf9e5a44ae3e243449fa406fbc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nEm nosso exemplo, a entidade, o documento e o 'corpo' bin\u00e1rio do arquivo s\u00e3o entidades 'externas' que existem independentemente do nosso servi\u00e7o. Portanto, vamos trat\u00e1-las como alguns links 'para algum lugar' via UUID.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Desenhe <b>esquemas o mais simples poss\u00edvel<\/b> \u2014 a maioria das pessoas para quem voc\u00ea os mostrar\u00e1 n\u00e3o s\u00e3o especialistas em ler UML\/IDEF. Mas \u2014 definitivamente desenhe.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Passo 3: Esbo\u00e7ando a estrutura das tabelas<\/h2>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Sobre os nomes das tabelas e campos<\/b>Os nomes 'russos' dos campos e tabelas podem ser encarados de diferentes maneiras, mas isso \u00e9 uma quest\u00e3o de gosto. Como <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tensor.ru\/about\/career\/vacancies\">n\u00e3o temos desenvolvedores estrangeiros na 'Tensor', e o PostgreSQL nos permite dar nomes at\u00e9 em hier\u00f3glifos, se eles<\/a><\/noindex> estiverem entre aspas <u>, preferimos nomear os objetos de forma clara e inequ\u00edvoca, para evitar mal-entendidos.<\/u>, preferimos nomear os objetos de forma clara e inequ\u00edvoca, para evitar ambiguidades.<br \/>\nComo muitas pessoas escrevem mensagens ao mesmo tempo, algumas podem faz\u00ea-lo <u>offline<\/u>, a op\u00e7\u00e3o mais simples \u00e9 <b>usar UUID como identificadores<\/b> n\u00e3o apenas para entidades externas, mas para todos os objetos dentro do nosso servi\u00e7o. E \u00e9 poss\u00edvel ger\u00e1-los at\u00e9 no lado do cliente \u2014 isso nos ajudar\u00e1 a manter o envio de mensagens em caso de indisponibilidade tempor\u00e1ria do BD, e a probabilidade de colis\u00e3o \u00e9 extremamente baixa.<\/p>\n<p>A estrutura preliminar das tabelas em nosso banco de dados ser\u00e1 assim:<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Tabelas : RU<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">CREATE TABLE \"Tema\"(\n  \"Tema\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Documento\"\n    uuid\n, \"T\u00edtulo\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Mensagem\"(\n  \"Mensagem\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Tema\"\n    uuid\n, \"Autor\"\n    uuid\n, \"DataHora\"\n    timestamp\n, \"Texto\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Destinat\u00e1rio\"(\n  \"Mensagem\"\n    uuid\n, \"Entidade\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Mensagem\", \"Entidade\")\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Arquivo\"(\n  \"Arquivo\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Mensagem\"\n    uuid\n, \"BLOB\"\n    uuid\n, \"Nome\"\n    text\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Tabelas : EN<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">CREATE TABLE theme(\n  theme\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, document\n    uuid\n, title\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE message(\n  message\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, theme\n    uuid\n, author\n    uuid\n, dt\n    timestamp\n, body\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE message_addressee(\n  message\n    uuid\n, person\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(message, person)\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE message_file(\n  file\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, message\n    uuid\n, content\n    uuid\n, filename\n    text\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>A maneira mais simples de descrever o formato \u00e9 come\u00e7ar a 'desenrolar' o gr\u00e1fico de rela\u00e7\u00f5es <b>a partir de tabelas que n\u00e3o referenciam<\/b> nenhuma outra.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Passo 4: Descobrindo necessidades n\u00e3o \u00f3bvias<\/h2>\n<p>\nPronto, projetamos um banco de dados no qual \u00e9 poss\u00edvel escrever bem e <i><b>de alguma forma<\/b><\/i> ler.<\/p>\n<p>Vamos nos colocar no lugar do usu\u00e1rio do nosso servi\u00e7o \u2014 o que queremos fazer com a ajuda dele?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Mensagens recentes<\/i><br \/>\nIsso \u00e9 <b>classificadas cronologicamente<\/b> de acordo com v\u00e1rios crit\u00e9rios, o registro das \"minhas\" mensagens. Onde sou um dos destinat\u00e1rios, onde sou o autor, onde me escreveram, mas eu n\u00e3o respondi, onde n\u00e3o me responderam, &#8230;<\/li>\n<li><i>Participantes da conversa<\/i><br \/>\nQuem est\u00e1 realmente participando deste chat longo e extenso?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNossa estrutura permite resolver ambas as tarefas \"em geral\", mas rapidamente \u2014 n\u00e3o. O problema \u00e9 que, para a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o na primeira tarefa <b>\u00e9 imposs\u00edvel criar um \u00edndice<\/b>, adequado para cada um dos participantes (tendo que extrair todos os registros), e para resolver o segundo \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio <b>extrair todas as mensagens<\/b> sobre o assunto.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Tarefas do usu\u00e1rio n\u00e3o previstas podem colocar um forte <b>fator contra a performance<\/b>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Passo 5: Desnormaliza\u00e7\u00e3o razo\u00e1vel<\/h2>\n<p>\nAmbos os nossos problemas podem ser resolvidos com tabelas adicionais, nas quais vamos <b>duplicar parte dos dados<\/b>, necess\u00e1rios para formar \u00edndices adequados \u00e0s nossas necessidades.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"BD do mensageiro (parte 1): projetando a estrutura do banco\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/f136a9904518b05bca74cc2b9c2f01b2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Tabelas : RU<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">CREATE TABLE \"RegistroMensagens\"(\n  \"Propriet\u00e1rio\"\n    uuid\n, \"TipoRegistro\"\n    smallint\n, \"DataHora\"\n    timestamp\n, \"Mensagem\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Propriet\u00e1rio\", \"TipoRegistro\", \"Mensagem\")\n);\nCREATE INDEX ON \"RegistroMensagens\"(\"Propriet\u00e1rio\", \"TipoRegistro\", \"DataHora\" DESC);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"ParticipanteTema\"(\n  \"Tema\"\n    uuid\n, \"Pessoa\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Tema\", \"Pessoa\")\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Tabelas : EN<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">CREATE TABLE message_registry(\n  owner\n    uuid\n, registry\n    smallint\n, dt\n    timestamp\n, message\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(owner, registry, message)\n);\nCREATE INDEX ON message_registry(owner, registry, dt DESC);\n\nCREATE TABLE theme_participant(\n  theme\n    uuid\n, person\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(theme, person)\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAqui aplicamos duas abordagens t\u00edpicas usadas na cria\u00e7\u00e3o de tabelas auxiliares:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Multiplica\u00e7\u00e3o de registros<\/b><br \/>\nGeramos v\u00e1rias grava\u00e7\u00f5es resultantes a partir de uma \u00fanica grava\u00e7\u00e3o original de mensagem em diferentes tipos de registros para diferentes propriet\u00e1rios \u2014 tanto para o remetente quanto para o destinat\u00e1rio. Assim, cada registro agora se encaixa em um \u00edndice \u2014 pois, em geral, queremos ver apenas a primeira p\u00e1gina.<\/li>\n<li><b>Uniqueness of records<\/b><br \/>\nAo enviar uma mensagem dentro de um tema espec\u00edfico, \u00e9 suficiente verificar se esse registro j\u00e1 existe. Se n\u00e3o existir \u2014 adicionamos ao nosso \"dicion\u00e1rio\".<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNa pr\u00f3xima parte do artigo, falaremos sobre <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483170\/\">a implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de particionamento<\/a><\/noindex> na estrutura do nosso banco de dados.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483176\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0441 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f\u00bb \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e\u00bb \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443 \u0412\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 Badoo, \u0430 \u00ab\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e\u00bb, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u2014 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 PostgreSQL \u2014 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55011","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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