{"id":55884,"date":"2020-01-31T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-30T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/znakomstvo-s-wal-g-sistemoj-bekapirovaniya-postgresql"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:04:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:04:03","slug":"znakomstvo-s-wal-g-sistemoj-bekapirovaniya-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/administrirovanie\/znakomstvo-s-wal-g-sistemoj-bekapirovaniya-postgresql","title":{"rendered":"Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o ao sistema de backup WAL-G para PostgreSQL","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

WAL-G<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 uma ferramenta simples e eficaz para backup do PostgreSQL na nuvem. Em sua funcionalidade principal, \u00e9 o sucessor da popular ferramenta WAL-E<\/a><\/noindex>, mas reescrita em Go. No entanto, h\u00e1 uma nova caracter\u00edstica importante no WAL-G \u2014 c\u00f3pias delta. As c\u00f3pias delta WAL-G<\/a><\/noindex> guardam as p\u00e1ginas de arquivos que mudaram desde a vers\u00e3o anterior do backup. O WAL-G implementa muitas tecnologias para paraleliza\u00e7\u00e3o de backups. O WAL-G funciona muito mais r\u00e1pido que o WAL-E.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Os detalhes do funcionamento do wal-g podem ser lidos no artigo: Acelerando o backup. Palestra do Yandex<\/a><\/noindex> <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

O protocolo de armazenamento S3 tornou-se popular para armazenar dados. Uma das vantagens do S3 \u00e9 a possibilidade de acesso atrav\u00e9s da API, permitindo a organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de uma intera\u00e7\u00e3o flex\u00edvel com o armazenamento, incluindo o acesso p\u00fablico para leitura, enquanto a atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o das informa\u00e7\u00f5es no armazenamento \u00e9 feita apenas por pessoas autorizadas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Existem v\u00e1rias implementa\u00e7\u00f5es, tanto abertas quanto privadas, de armazenamentos que operam usando o protocolo S3. Hoje, vamos analisar uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o popular para a organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de pequenos armazenamentos \u2014 Minio.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Para testar o wal-g, um servidor PostgreSQL \u00e9 suficiente, enquanto o Minio \u00e9 usado como substituto do S3.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Servidor Minio<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Instala\u00e7\u00e3o do Minio<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

yum -y install yum-plugin-copr\nyum copr enable -y lkiesow\/minio\nyum install -y minio<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Alteramos AccessKey e SecretKey em \/etc\/minio\/minio.conf<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
vi \/etc\/minio\/minio.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Se voc\u00ea n\u00e3o for usar nginx na frente do Minio, precisar\u00e1 alterar<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
--address 127.0.0.1:9000<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
--address 0.0.0.0:9000<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Iniciamos o Minio<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
systemctl start minio<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Acessamos a interface web do Minio http:\/\/ip-endere\u00e7o-do-servidor-minio:9000<\/a><\/noindex> e criamos um bucket (por exemplo, pg-backups).<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Servidor de BD<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
Estou compilando o WAL-G em rpm (Anton Patsev). Github<\/a><\/noindex>, Fedora COPR<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Para quem n\u00e3o tem sistema baseado em RPM, utilize o oficial as instru\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a><\/noindex> da instala\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Junto com o bin\u00e1rio do wal-g em rpm, existem scripts que importam vari\u00e1veis do arquivo \/etc\/wal-g.d\/server-s3.conf.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
backup-fetch.sh\nbackup-list.sh\nbackup-push.sh\nwal-fetch.sh\nwal-g-run.sh\nwal-push.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Instalamos o wal-g.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
yum -y install yum-plugin-copr\nyum copr enable -y antonpatsev\/wal-g\nyum install -y wal-g<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Verificamos a vers\u00e3o do wal-g.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
wal-g --version\nwal-g version v0.2.14<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Editamos \/etc\/wal-g.d\/server-s3.conf conforme necess\u00e1rio.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Os arquivos de configura\u00e7\u00e3o e os arquivos de dados usados pelo cluster do banco de dados s\u00e3o tradicionalmente armazenados juntos no diret\u00f3rio de dados do cluster, que geralmente \u00e9 chamado PGDATA<\/code><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
#!\/bin\/bash\n\nexport PG_VER="9.6"\n\nexport WALE_S3_PREFIX="s3:\/\/pg-backups" # \u0431\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 S3\nexport AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="xxxx" # AccessKey \u0438\u0437 \/etc\/minio\/minio.conf \nexport AWS_ENDPOINT="http:\/\/ip-\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430-minio:9000"\nexport AWS_S3_FORCE_PATH_STYLE="true"\nexport AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="yyyy" # SecretKey \u0438\u0437 \/etc\/minio\/minio.conf\n\nexport PGDATA=\/var\/lib\/pgsql\/$PG_VER\/data\/\nexport PGHOST=\/var\/run\/postgresql\/.s.PGSQL.5432 # \u0421\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a PostgreSQL\n\nexport WALG_UPLOAD_CONCURRENCY=2 # \u041a\u043e\u043b-\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \nexport WALG_DOWNLOAD_CONCURRENCY=2 # \u041a\u043e\u043b-\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\nexport WALG_UPLOAD_DISK_CONCURRENCY=2 # \u041a\u043e\u043b-\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438\nexport WALG_DELTA_MAX_STEPS=7\nexport WALG_COMPRESSION_METHOD=brotli # \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Ao configurar o WAL-G, voc\u00ea define o WALG_DELTA_MAX_STEPS \u2014 a quantidade m\u00e1xima de passos que um backup delta pode estar distante do backup base, e especifica a pol\u00edtica de c\u00f3pia delta. Voc\u00ea pode fazer uma c\u00f3pia da \u00faltima delta existente ou fazer um delta a partir do backup completo inicial. Isso \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio quando uma mesma parte do banco de dados muda continuamente, com os mesmos dados sendo alterados constantemente.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Instalando o banco de dados.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
yum install -y https:\/\/download.postgresql.org\/pub\/repos\/yum\/reporpms\/EL-7-x86_64\/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm\nyum install -y postgresql96 postgresql96-server mc<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Inicializando o banco de dados.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\/usr\/pgsql-9.6\/bin\/postgresql96-setup initdb\nInitializing database ... OK<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Se voc\u00ea estiver testando em um servidor, precisar\u00e1 reconfigurar o par\u00e2metro wal_level para archive para PostgreSQL abaixo da vers\u00e3o 10, e replica para PostgreSQL da vers\u00e3o 10 ou superior.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
wal_level = archive<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Vamos fazer o backup dos arquivos WAL a cada 60 segundos usando o pr\u00f3prio PostgreSQL. Em produ\u00e7\u00e3o, voc\u00ea ter\u00e1 um valor diferente para archive_timeout.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
archive_mode = on\narchive_command = '\/usr\/local\/bin\/wal-push.sh %p'\narchive_timeout = 60 # O comando archive_command ser\u00e1 executado a cada 60 segundos.<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Iniciando o PostgreSQL<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
systemctl start postgresql-9.6<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Em um console separado, veja os logs do PostgreSQL em busca de erros: (substitua postgresql-Wed.log pelo atual).<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
tail -fn100 \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/9.6\/data\/pg_log\/postgresql-Wed.log<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Entrando no psql.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
su - postgres\npsql<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
No psql, criamos o banco de dados.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Criando uma tabela no banco de dados test1.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
create database test1;<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Mudando para o banco de dados test.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
postgres=# c test1;<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Criando a tabela indexing_table.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
test1=# CREATE TABLE indexing_table(created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW());<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Adicionando dados.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Iniciando a inser\u00e7\u00e3o de dados. Aguarde de 10 a 20 minutos.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
#!\/bin\/bash\n# postgres\nwhile true; do\npsql -U postgres -d test1 -c "INSERT INTO indexing_table(created_at) VALUES (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);"\nsleep 60;\ndone<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Certifique-se de fazer um backup completo.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
su - postgres\n\/usr\/local\/bin\/backup-push.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Verificando as entradas na tabela do banco de dados test1<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
select * from indexing_table;\n2020-01-29 09:41:25.226198+\n2020-01-29 09:42:25.336989+\n2020-01-29 09:43:25.356069+\n2020-01-29 09:44:25.37381+\n2020-01-29 09:45:25.392944+\n2020-01-29 09:46:25.412327+\n2020-01-29 09:47:25.432564+\n2020-01-29 09:48:25.451985+\n2020-01-29 09:49:25.472653+\n2020-01-29 09:50:25.491974+\n2020-01-29 09:51:25.510178+<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
A linha \u00e9 o tempo atual.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Verificando a lista de backups completos<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
\/usr\/local\/bin\/backup-list.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Testando a recupera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o completa aplicando todos os WAL dispon\u00edveis.<\/h4>\n
<\/p>\n
Parando o PostgreSQL.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Removendo tudo da pasta \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/9.6\/data.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Executando o script \/usr\/local\/bin\/backup-fetch.sh como o usu\u00e1rio postgres.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
su - postgres\n\/usr\/local\/bin\/backup-fetch.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Extra\u00e7\u00e3o do backup completa.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Adicionando recovery.conf na pasta \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/9.6\/data com o seguinte conte\u00fado.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
restore_command = '\/usr\/local\/bin\/wal-fetch.sh \"%f\" \"%p\"'<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Iniciando o PostgreSQL. O PostgreSQL iniciar\u00e1 o processo de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o a partir dos arquivos WAL arquivados, e s\u00f3 ent\u00e3o o banco ser\u00e1 aberto. <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
systemctl start postgresql-9.6\ntail -fn100 \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/9.6\/data\/pg_log\/postgresql-Wed.log<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o para um tempo espec\u00edfico.<\/h4>\n
<\/p>\n
Se quisermos restaurar o banco at\u00e9 um determinado minuto, adicionamos o par\u00e2metro recovery_target_time em recovery.conf \u2014 indicando para que momento restaurar o banco.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
restore_command = '\/usr\/local\/bin\/wal-fetch.sh \"%f\" \"%p\"'\nrecovery_target_time = '2020-01-29 09:46:25'<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Ap\u00f3s a restaura\u00e7\u00e3o, olhamos para a tabela indexing_table<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
 2020-01-29 09:41:25.226198+00\n 2020-01-29 09:42:25.336989+00\n 2020-01-29 09:43:25.356069+00\n 2020-01-29 09:44:25.37381+00\n 2020-01-29 09:45:25.392944+00<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Iniciando o PostgreSQL. O PostgreSQL iniciar\u00e1 o processo de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o a partir dos arquivos WAL arquivados, e s\u00f3 ent\u00e3o o banco ser\u00e1 aberto. <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
systemctl start postgresql-9.6\ntail -fn100 \/var\/lib\/pgsql\/9.6\/data\/pg_log\/postgresql-Wed.log<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Testes<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
Geramos um banco de dados de 1GB conforme descrito aqui https:\/\/gist.github.com\/ololobus\/5b25c432f208d7eb31051a5f238dffff<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Solicitamos o tamanho do bucket ap\u00f3s gerar 1GB de dados.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
postgres=# SELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size('test1'));\npg_size_pretty\n----------------\n1003 MB<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
s4cmd \u2014 uma ferramenta de linha de comando gratuita para trabalhar com dados armazenados no Amazon S3. O utilit\u00e1rio \u00e9 escrito na linguagem de programa\u00e7\u00e3o Python e, por isso, pode ser usado tanto em sistemas operacionais Windows quanto Linux.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Instalamos o s4cmd<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
pip install s4cmd<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
LZ4<\/h4>\n
<\/p>\n
s4cmd --endpoint-url=http:\/\/ip-endereco-servidor-minio:9000 --access-key=xxxx --secret-key=yyyy du -r s3:\/\/pg-backups\n840540822       s3:\/\/pg-backups\/wal_005\/\n840 MB em formato lz4 apenas logs WAL\n\nBackup completo com lz4 - 1GB de dados\ntime backup_push.sh\nreal 0m18.582s\n\nTamanho do bucket S3 ap\u00f3s o backup completo\n\n581480085       s3:\/\/pg-backups\/basebackups_005\/\n842374424   s3:\/\/pg-backups\/wal_005\n581 MB ocupa o backup completo<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
LZMA<\/h4>\n
<\/p>\n
Ap\u00f3s a gera\u00e7\u00e3o de 1GB de dados\n338413694       s3:\/\/pg-backups\/wal_005\/\n338 MB de logs em formato lzma\n\nTempo de gera\u00e7\u00e3o do backup completo\ntime backup_push.sh\nreal    5m25.054s\n\nTamanho do bucket no S3\n270310495       s3:\/\/pg-backups\/basebackups_005\/\n433485092   s3:\/\/pg-backups\/wal_005\/\n\n270 MB ocupa o backup completo em formato lzma<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Brotli<\/h4>\n
<\/p>\n
Ap\u00f3s a gera\u00e7\u00e3o de 1GB de dados\n459229886       s3:\/\/pg-backups\/wal_005\/\n459 MB de logs em formato brotli\n\nTempo de gera\u00e7\u00e3o do backup completo\nreal    0m23.408s\n\nTamanho do bucket no S3\n312960942       s3:\/\/pg-backups\/basebackups_005\/\n459309262   s3:\/\/pg-backups\/wal_005\/\n\n312 MB ocupa o backup completo em formato brotli\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
<\/p>\n
Compara\u00e7\u00e3o dos resultados em gr\u00e1fico.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\"Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Como podemos ver, o Brotli \u00e9 compar\u00e1vel em tamanho ao LZMA, mas o backup \u00e9 realizado no tempo do LZ4.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Chat da comunidade de l\u00edngua russa do PostgreSQL: https:\/\/t.me\/pgsql<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Por favor, d\u00ea uma estrela no Github se voc\u00ea utilizar wal-g<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n
Fonte: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
WAL-G \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f PostgreSQL \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 WAL-E, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430 Go. \u041d\u043e \u0432 WAL-G \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430-\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430-\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 WAL-G \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438. \u0412 WAL-G \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e 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