{"id":71069,"date":"2020-02-23T22:07:58","date_gmt":"2020-02-23T19:07:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chetvertushka-ethernet-a-staraya-skorost-novye-vozmozhnosti"},"modified":"2020-03-03T16:14:34","modified_gmt":"2020-03-03T13:14:34","slug":"chetvertushka-ethernet-a-staraya-skorost-novye-vozmozhnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chetvertushka-ethernet-a-staraya-skorost-novye-vozmozhnosti","title":{"rendered":"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/d10d96c9523f873599b9e858dfb50ce7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNo dia 5 de fevereiro deste ano, foi aprovado um novo padr\u00e3o para Ethernet de 10 megabits. Sim, voc\u00ea leu corretamente: dez megabits por segundo.<\/p>\n<p>Para que no s\u00e9culo XXI precisamos de uma velocidade t\u00e3o 'pequena'? Para substituir a variedade de protocolos que se esconde sob o nome abrangente de 'barramento de campo' \u2014 Profibus, Modbus, CC-Link, CAN, FlexRay, HART, etc. H\u00e1 muitos deles, eles n\u00e3o s\u00e3o compat\u00edveis entre si e s\u00e3o relativamente complexos de configurar. E a gente s\u00f3 quer plugar o cabo no switch e pronto. Como no Ethernet comum.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nE isso logo ser\u00e1 poss\u00edvel! Conhe\u00e7a: '802.3cg-2019 \u2014 Padr\u00e3o IEEE para Ethernet \u2014 Altera\u00e7\u00e3o 5: Especifica\u00e7\u00f5es da Camada F\u00edsica e Par\u00e2metros de Gest\u00e3o para Opera\u00e7\u00e3o de 10 Mb\/s e Entrega de Energia Associada por um \u00danico Par Balanceado de Condutores'. <\/p>\n<p>O que torna esse novo Ethernet interessante? Primeiro de tudo, ele funciona com um \u00fanico par tran\u00e7ado, em vez de quatro. Portanto, ele tem conectores menores e cabos mais finos. E \u00e9 poss\u00edvel usar o par tran\u00e7ado j\u00e1 instalado que vai para os sensores e atuadores.<\/p>\n<p>Voc\u00ea pode argumentar que o Ethernet opera a at\u00e9 100 metros, enquanto os sensores est\u00e3o muito mais distantes. De fato, isso era um problema. Mas o 802.3cg funciona a at\u00e9 1 km! Com um \u00fanico par! N\u00e3o \u00e9 bom? <\/p>\n<p>Na verdade, \u00e9 ainda melhor: por esse mesmo par pode ser fornecida energia. Vamos come\u00e7ar por a\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>IEEE 802.3bu Power over Data Lines (PoDL)<\/h3>\n<p>\nAcho que muitos de voc\u00eas j\u00e1 ouviram falar de PoE (Power over Ethernet) e sabem que para transmiss\u00e3o de energia, s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios 2 pares de fios. A entrada\/sa\u00edda de energia \u00e9 feita nos pontos m\u00e9dios dos transformadores de cada par. Com um \u00fanico par, isso n\u00e3o \u00e9 poss\u00edvel. Portanto, foi necess\u00e1rio fazer de forma diferente. Como exatamente, est\u00e1 mostrado na figura abaixo. Um exemplo cl\u00e1ssico de PoE tamb\u00e9m foi adicionado.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/bb89378da53efb0a9bbf0a9edf583155.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAqui:<br \/>\nPSE \u2013 equipamento de origem de energia<br \/>\nPD \u2013 dispositivo alimentado (dispositivo na extremidade remota que consome eletricidade)<\/p>\n<p>Originalmente, o 802.3bu tinha 10 classes de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/5d089748498a37f5ae75cc0b8629dc42.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAs tr\u00eas gradua\u00e7\u00f5es condicionais de tens\u00e3o da fonte s\u00e3o destacadas em cores: 12, 24 e 48V.<\/p>\n<p>Designa\u00e7\u00f5es:<br \/>\nVpse \u2014 tens\u00e3o da fonte de energia, V<br \/>\nVpd min \u2014 tens\u00e3o m\u00ednima na PD, V<br \/>\nI max \u2014 corrente m\u00e1xima na linha, A<br \/>\nPpd max \u2014 pot\u00eancia m\u00e1xima consumida pela PD, W<\/p>\n<p>Com a introdu\u00e7\u00e3o do protocolo 802.3cg, foram adicionadas mais 6 classes:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/cb2677254d132ad27c4daf06489795ea.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nClaro, com essa diversidade, o PSE e o PD devem concordar com a classe de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o antes de aplicar a tens\u00e3o total. Isso \u00e9 feito atrav\u00e9s do SCCP (Protocolo de Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o de Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es Seriais). \u00c9 um protocolo de baixa velocidade (333 bits\/s), baseado em 1-Wire. Ele funciona apenas quando a linha n\u00e3o est\u00e1 alimentada (incluindo em modo de suspens\u00e3o).<\/p>\n<p>O diagrama de blocos mostra como a alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 fornecida:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>uma corrente de 10mA \u00e9 fornecida e a presen\u00e7a de um regulador de tens\u00e3o de 4V \u00e9 verificada no outro extremo<\/li>\n<li>a classe de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 negociada<\/li>\n<li>a alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o principal \u00e9 fornecida<\/li>\n<li>se o consumo cair abaixo de 10mA \u2013 entra em modo de suspens\u00e3o (fornecendo alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o de espera de 3,3V)<\/li>\n<li>se o consumo exceder 1mA \u2013 ocorre a sa\u00edda do modo de suspens\u00e3o<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/ac282970ea69804211da01c9c6a384b8.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nA negocia\u00e7\u00e3o da classe de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser desnecess\u00e1ria se ela j\u00e1 for conhecida previamente. Essa op\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 chamada de Modo de Inicializa\u00e7\u00e3o R\u00e1pida. \u00c9 aplicada, por exemplo, em autom\u00f3veis, pois n\u00e3o h\u00e1 necessidade de alterar a configura\u00e7\u00e3o do equipamento conectado.<\/p>\n<p>A transi\u00e7\u00e3o para o modo de suspens\u00e3o pode ser iniciada tanto pelo PSE quanto pelo PD.<\/p>\n<p>Agora vamos \u00e0 descri\u00e7\u00e3o da transmiss\u00e3o de dados. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 interessante: o padr\u00e3o define dois modos de opera\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 longo alcance e para dist\u00e2ncias curtas. <\/p>\n<h3>10BASE-T1L<\/h3>\n<p>\nEsta \u00e9 uma op\u00e7\u00e3o para longas dist\u00e2ncias (long reach). As principais caracter\u00edsticas s\u00e3o as seguintes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dist\u00e2ncia de opera\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 at\u00e9 1km<\/li>\n<li>condutores 18AWG (0.8mm\u00b2)<\/li>\n<li>at\u00e9 10 conectores intermedi\u00e1rios (e dois terminais)<\/li>\n<li>modo de opera\u00e7\u00e3o ponto-a-ponto<\/li>\n<li>full duplex<\/li>\n<li>taxa de s\u00edmbolo 7.5MBd<\/li>\n<li>modula\u00e7\u00e3o PAM-3, codifica\u00e7\u00e3o 4B3T<\/li>\n<li>sinal com amplitude de 1V (1Vpp) ou 2.4V<\/li>\n<li>suporte ao Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE \u2018quiet\/refresh\u2019)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00c9 evidente que esta op\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 destinada a aplica\u00e7\u00f5es industriais, sistemas de controle de acesso, automa\u00e7\u00e3o predial, elevadores. Para gerenciar chillers, condicionadores de ar, ventiladores localizados nos telhados. Ou caldeiras e bombas em salas t\u00e9cnicas. Ou seja, uma infinidade de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es al\u00e9m da ind\u00fastria. Sem mencionar a Internet das Coisas (IoT).<\/p>\n<p>Vale mencionar que o 10BASE-T1 \u00e9 apenas um dos padr\u00f5es de Single Pair Ethernet (SPE). Existem tamb\u00e9m 100BASE-T1 (802.3bw) e 1000BASE-T1 (802.3bp). No entanto, eles foram desenvolvidos para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es automotivas, portanto, a dist\u00e2ncia \u00e9 de apenas 15 (UTP) ou 40 metros (STP). No entanto, j\u00e1 h\u00e1 planos para um 100BASE-T1L de longo alcance. Portanto, no futuro, a auto-negocia\u00e7\u00e3o de velocidade ser\u00e1 adicionada. <\/p>\n<p>At the moment, no agreement is used \u2013 there is a declared 'quick start' interface: less than 100ms from power on to the start of data exchange.<\/p>\n<p>Another option (optional) is increasing the transmission amplitude from 1 to 2.4V to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, reduce the number of errors, and counteract industrial interference.<\/p>\n<p>And, of course, EEE. This is a way to save electricity by turning off the transmitter when there is no data to send at that moment. The diagram shows how it looks:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/888029d8582e22cb5c5bb39d5f485aa9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNo data \u2013 we send the message 'I am going to sleep' and turn off. Occasionally, we wake up and send the message 'I am still here.' When data appears, a warning is sent to the other party: 'I am waking up' and the transmission begins. Thus, only the receivers are constantly working.<\/p>\n<p>Now let's look at what has been developed with the second option of the standard.<\/p>\n<h3>10BASE-T1S<\/h3>\n<p>\nFrom the last letter, it is already clear that this is a protocol for short distances (short reach). But why is it needed if T1L also works at short distances? Let's read the specifications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>effective range up to 15m in point-to-point mode<\/li>\n<li>duplex or half-duplex<\/li>\n<li>conductors 24-26AWG (0.2-0.13mm\u00b2)<\/li>\n<li>symbol rate 12.5Mbaud<\/li>\n<li>DME, 4B5B encoding<\/li>\n<li>signal with an amplitude of 1V (1Vpp)<\/li>\n<li>up to 4 intermediate connectors (and two terminal ones)<\/li>\n<li>no EEE support<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nIt seems nothing special. So why is it needed? Here\u2019s why:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>effective range up to 25m in multipoint mode (up to 8 nodes)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAnd this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>operation mode with collision avoidance PLCA RS (PHY-Level Collision Avoidance Reconciliation Sublayer)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAnd this is already much more interesting, isn\u2019t it? Since it significantly helps reduce the number of wires in control cabinets, machines, robots, cars. There are already proposals to use it as a replacement for I2C in <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/server\/dts-gdansk\/\"   title=\"servidores\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4502\">servidores<\/a>, switches, and other electronics.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/98614d57cc671efc36bee4d3251f8e60.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nBut the multipoint mode has disadvantages. The main one is the shared data transmission medium. Of course, collisions are resolved using CSMA\/CD. But it is unknown what the delay will be in this case. And for some applications, this is critical. Therefore, the new standard supplemented the multipoint with a special mode PLCA RS (see the next section).<\/p>\n<p>The second disadvantage is that PoDL does not work in multipoint mode. This means power will have to be supplied through a separate cable or sourced locally. <\/p>\n<p>No entanto, no modo ponto-a-ponto, o PoDL funciona tamb\u00e9m em T1S.<\/p>\n<h3>PLCA RS<\/h3>\n<p>\nEste modo funciona da seguinte forma:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>os n\u00f3s distribuem entre si os identificadores, o n\u00f3 com ID=0 se torna o coordenador<\/li>\n<li>o coordenador emite um sinal BEACON na rede, que indica o in\u00edcio de um novo ciclo de transmiss\u00e3o e envia seu pacote de dados<\/li>\n<li>ap\u00f3s a transmiss\u00e3o do pacote de dados, a fila de transmiss\u00e3o passa para o pr\u00f3ximo n\u00f3<\/li>\n<li>se dentro do tempo necess\u00e1rio para transmitir 20 bits o n\u00f3 n\u00e3o iniciar a transmiss\u00e3o, a fila passa para o pr\u00f3ximo n\u00f3<\/li>\n<li>quando todos os n\u00f3s enviaram dados (ou pularam sua vez), o coordenador inicia um novo ciclo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nEm geral, isso \u00e9 semelhante ao TDMA. Mas com a peculiaridade de que o n\u00f3 n\u00e3o utiliza seu intervalo de tempo se n\u00e3o tiver nada a transmitir. E o tamanho do quadro n\u00e3o \u00e9 rigidamente definido, pois depende do tamanho do pacote de dados transmitido pelo n\u00f3. E tudo isso funciona sobre quadros Ethernet 802.3 padr\u00e3o (PLCA RS n\u00e3o \u00e9 obrigat\u00f3rio, portanto, deve haver compatibilidade).<\/p>\n<p>O resultado do uso do PLCA est\u00e1 abaixo nos gr\u00e1ficos. O primeiro \u2013 lat\u00eancia em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da carga, o segundo \u2013 largura de banda em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00famero de n\u00f3s transmissores. \u00c9 bem vis\u00edvel que a lat\u00eancia se tornou muito mais previs\u00edvel. E ela, no pior dos casos, \u00e9 2 ordens de magnitude menor do que no pior caso de CSMA\/CD:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/62bd8e271e7d882095281b37f63d8426.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nE a largura de banda do canal no caso do PLCA \u00e9 maior, pois n\u00e3o \u00e9 consumida na resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de colis\u00f5es:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/b66a9bb8836a6d8d9aa0b21d1136f186.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Conectores<\/h3>\n<p>\nInicialmente, foram escolhidos entre 6 op\u00e7\u00f5es de conectores, oferecidas por diferentes empresas. O resultado foi a escolha dessas duas op\u00e7\u00f5es: <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/0edb52b01e5d082069a10d46a57cd540.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPara condi\u00e7\u00f5es de opera\u00e7\u00e3o normais, foi escolhido o conector LC IEC 63171-1 da CommScope. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/a4b8c60e1ffbb0008973a0c5fe1d8dca.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPara condi\u00e7\u00f5es de opera\u00e7\u00e3o severas \u2013 a fam\u00edlia de conectores IEC 63171-6 (anteriormente 61076-3-125) da HARTING. Esses conectores s\u00e3o projetados para graus de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de IP20 a IP67.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ethernet quarter: old speed, new possibilities\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/88150dd0f844444ab76d6c3f394658f0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNaturalmente, os conectores e cabos podem ser tanto UTP quanto STP. <\/p>\n<h3>Outros<\/h3>\n<p>\nPode-se usar um cabo Ethernet de quatro pares comum, utilizando cada par para um canal SPE separado. Para n\u00e3o ter que estender quatro cabos separados para algum lugar distante. Ou usar um cabo de par \u00fanico, e na outra extremidade colocar um switch de Ethernet de par \u00fanico. <\/p>\n<p>\u00c9 poss\u00edvel conectar este switch diretamente na rede local da empresa, se a rede j\u00e1 estiver estendida por fibra \u00f3tica. Basta conectar os sensores a ele e visualizar as leituras aqui mesmo. Direto pela rede. Sem conversores de interface e gateways. <\/p>\n<p>E n\u00e3o precisam ser necessariamente sensores. Podem ser c\u00e2meras de v\u00eddeo, interfones ou l\u00e2mpadas 'inteligentes'. Atuadores de v\u00e1lvulas ou catracas em entradas tamb\u00e9m servem.<\/p>\n<p>Portanto, as perspectivas s\u00e3o interessantes. \u00c9 pouco prov\u00e1vel que o SPE substitua todos os barramentos de campo. Mas certamente vai abocanhar uma parte significativa. Especialmente nos autom\u00f3veis.<\/p>\n<p><i>PS N\u00e3o consegui encontrar o texto do padr\u00e3o de forma p\u00fablica. As informa\u00e7\u00f5es acima foram coletadas fragmentariamente de diferentes apresenta\u00e7\u00f5es e materiais dispon\u00edveis na internet. Assim, pode haver imprecis\u00f5es.<\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/489314\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>5 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u0430 10-\u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 Ethernet. \u0414\u0430, \u0432\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 21-\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c? \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0451\u043c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u2014 Profibus, Modbus, CC-Link, CAN, FlexRay, HART \u0438 \u0442.\u0434. \u0418\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":71070,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"5 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chetvertushka-ethernet-a-staraya-skorost-novye-vozmozhnosti\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO 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