{"id":76505,"date":"2020-04-02T19:42:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-02T17:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-4"},"modified":"2020-04-02T19:42:00","modified_gmt":"2020-04-02T17:42:00","slug":"vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/news\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-4","title":{"rendered":"Lan\u00e7amento do filtro de pacotes nftables 0.9.4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/marc.info\/?l=netfilter&#038;m=158575148505527&#038;w=2\">Publicado<\/a><\/noindex> lan\u00e7amento do filtro de pacotes <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/netfilter.org\/projects\/nftables\/\">nftables 0.9.4<\/a><\/noindex>, que est\u00e1 se desenvolvendo como uma substitui\u00e7\u00e3o para iptables, ip6tables, arptables e ebtables atrav\u00e9s da unifica\u00e7\u00e3o das interfaces de filtragem de pacotes para IPv4, IPv6, ARP e pontes de rede. O pacote nftables inclui componentes de filtragem de pacotes que operam no espa\u00e7o do usu\u00e1rio, enquanto a subsistema nf_tables no n\u00edvel do kernel, que faz parte do kernel Linux desde a vers\u00e3o 3.13, fornece a funcionalidade. As mudan\u00e7as necess\u00e1rias para o lan\u00e7amento do nftables 0.9.4 est\u00e3o inclu\u00eddas na futura ramifica\u00e7\u00e3o do kernel. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52632\">Linux 5.6<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>No n\u00edvel do kernel, \u00e9 fornecida apenas uma interface gen\u00e9rica, independente do protocolo espec\u00edfico e que oferece fun\u00e7\u00f5es b\u00e1sicas de extra\u00e7\u00e3o de dados de pacotes, execu\u00e7\u00e3o de opera\u00e7\u00f5es de dados e controle de fluxo. As regras de filtragem e os manipuladores espec\u00edficos de protocolo s\u00e3o compilados em bytecode no espa\u00e7o do usu\u00e1rio, ap\u00f3s o que esse bytecode \u00e9 carregado no kernel por meio da interface Netlink e executado no kernel em uma m\u00e1quina virtual especial, semelhante ao BPF (Berkeley Packet Filters). Essa abordagem permite reduzir significativamente o tamanho do c\u00f3digo de filtragem que opera no n\u00edvel do kernel e transferir todas as fun\u00e7\u00f5es de an\u00e1lise de regras e l\u00f3gica de manipula\u00e7\u00e3o de protocolos para o espa\u00e7o do usu\u00e1rio.<\/p>\n<p>Principais novidades:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Suporte a intervalos em concatena\u00e7\u00f5es (concatenation, conjuntos espec\u00edficos de endere\u00e7os e portas que simplificam a correspond\u00eancia). Por exemplo, para o conjunto 'whitelist', cujos elementos s\u00e3o uma concatena\u00e7\u00e3o, a defini\u00e7\u00e3o da flag 'interval' indicar\u00e1 que o conjunto pode incluir intervalos na concatena\u00e7\u00e3o (para a concatena\u00e7\u00e3o 'ipv4_addr . ipv4_addr . inet_service' anteriormente podiam ser listadas correspond\u00eancias exatas como '192.168.10.35 . 192.68.11.123 . 80', mas agora \u00e9 poss\u00edvel especificar grupos de endere\u00e7os '192.168.10.35-192.168.10.40 . 192.68.11.123-192.168.11.125 . 80'):\n<p>    table ip foo {<br \/>\n           set whitelist {<br \/>\n                   type ipv4_addr . ipv4_addr . inet_service<br \/>\n                   flags interval<br \/>\n                   elements = { 192.168.10.35-192.168.10.40 . 192.68.11.123-192.168.11.125 . 80 }<br \/>\n           }<\/p>\n<p>           chain bar {<br \/>\n                   type filter hook prerouting priority filter; policy drop;<br \/>\n                   ip saddr . ip daddr . tcp dport @whitelist accept<br \/>\n           }<br \/>\n    }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Em conjuntos e listas de mapas, foi possibilitado o uso da diretiva 'typeof', que define o formato do elemento durante a correspond\u00eancia.<br \/>\n Por exemplo:<\/p>\n<p>     table ip foo {<br \/>\n            set whitelist {<br \/>\n                    typeof ip saddr<br \/>\n                    elements = { 192.168.10.35, 192.168.10.101, 192.168.10.135 }<br \/>\n            }<\/p>\n<p>            chain bar {<br \/>\n                    type filter hook prerouting priority filter; policy drop;<br \/>\n                    ip daddr @whitelist accept<br \/>\n            }<br \/>\n     }<\/p>\n<p>     table ip foo {<br \/>\n            map addr2mark {<br \/>\n                typeof ip saddr : meta mark<br \/>\n                elements = { 192.168.10.35 : 0x00000001, 192.168.10.135 : 0x00000002 }<br \/>\n            }<br \/>\n     }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Adicionado suporte para associa\u00e7\u00f5es em liga\u00e7\u00f5es NAT, permitindo especificar endere\u00e7o e porta ao definir transforma\u00e7\u00f5es NAT com base em listas de map ou conjuntos nomeados:\n<p>      nft add rule ip nat pre dnat ip addr . port to ip saddr map { 1.1.1.1 : 2.2.2.2 . 30 }<\/p>\n<p>      nft add map ip nat destinations { type ipv4_addr . inet_service : ipv4_addr . inet_service \\; }<br \/>\n      nft add rule ip nat pre dnat ip addr . port to ip saddr . tcp dport map @destinations<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Suporte a acelera\u00e7\u00e3o de hardware com deslocamento de algumas opera\u00e7\u00f5es de filtragem para o adaptador de rede. A acelera\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 ativada atrav\u00e9s da ferramenta ethtool ('ethtool -K eth0 hw-tc-offload on'), ap\u00f3s o que \u00e9 ativada no nftables para a cadeia principal com a flag 'offload'. Com o kernel Linux 5.6, a acelera\u00e7\u00e3o de hardware \u00e9 suportada para correspond\u00eancia de campos de cabe\u00e7alho e verifica\u00e7\u00e3o da interface de entrada em conjunto com o recebimento, descarte, duplica\u00e7\u00e3o (dup) e redirecionamento (fwd) de pacotes. No exemplo abaixo, as opera\u00e7\u00f5es de descarte de pacotes vindos do endere\u00e7o 192.168.30.20 s\u00e3o realizadas no n\u00edvel do adaptador de rede, sem passar os pacotes para o n\u00facleo:\n<p>     # cat file.nft<br \/>\n     table netdev x {<br \/>\n            chain y {<br \/>\n                filtro de tipo hook do dispositivo de entrada eth0 prioridade 10; flags offload;<br \/>\n                ip saddr 192.168.30.20 cair<br \/>\n            }<br \/>\n     }<br \/>\n     # nft -f file.nft<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Melhorias na notifica\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o local do erro nas regras.\n<p>     # nft delete rule ip y z handle 7<br \/>\n     Erro: N\u00e3o foi poss\u00edvel processar a regra: N\u00e3o existe tal arquivo ou diret\u00f3rio<br \/>\n     deletar regra ip y z handle 7<br \/>\n                    ^<\/p>\n<p>     # nft delete rule ip x x handle 7<br \/>\n     Erro: N\u00e3o foi poss\u00edvel processar a regra: N\u00e3o existe tal arquivo ou diret\u00f3rio<br \/>\n     deletar regra ip x x handle 7<br \/>\n                               ^<\/p>\n<p>     # nft delete table twst<br \/>\n     Erro: Arquivo ou diret\u00f3rio inexistente; voc\u00ea quis dizer tabela 'test' na fam\u00edlia ip?<br \/>\n     deletar tabela twst<br \/>\n                  ^^^^<\/p>\n<p>No primeiro exemplo, \u00e9 mostrado que a tabela 'y' n\u00e3o est\u00e1 presente no sistema, no segundo, que o manipulador '7' est\u00e1 faltando, e no terceiro, que uma dica de erro de digita\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 exibida ao digitar o nome da tabela.<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Adicionada a verifica\u00e7\u00e3o do slave-interface atrav\u00e9s da especifica\u00e7\u00e3o 'meta sdif' ou 'meta sdifname':\n<p>        \u2026 meta sdifname vrf1 \u2026<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Suporte adicionado para opera\u00e7\u00e3o de deslocamento para a direita ou para a esquerda. Por exemplo, para deslocar uma etiqueta de pacote existente para a esquerda em 1 bit e definir o bit menos significativo como 1:\n<p>        \u2026 meta mark set meta mark lshift 1 or 0x1 \u2026<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Implementada a op\u00e7\u00e3o '-V' para exibir informa\u00e7\u00f5es detalhadas sobre a vers\u00e3o.\n<p>     # nft -V<br \/>\n       nftables v0.9.4 (Jive at Five)<br \/>\n          cli:          readline<br \/>\n          json:         sim<br \/>\n          minigmp:      n\u00e3o<br \/>\n          libxtables:   sim<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> As op\u00e7\u00f5es de linha de comando agora devem ser especificadas antes dos comandos. Por exemplo, deve-se indicar 'nft -a list ruleset', enquanto executar 'nft list ruleset -a' resultar\u00e1 em um erro.\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Fonte: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52656\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 0.9.4, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b iptables, ip6table, arptables \u0438 ebtables \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 nftables \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 nf_tables, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\" \/>\n\t<meta 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