{"id":80122,"date":"2020-05-03T13:42:34","date_gmt":"2020-05-03T11:42:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ya-proektiroval-bloki-i-tranzakczii-v-svoem-blokchejne-na-go"},"modified":"2020-05-03T13:42:34","modified_gmt":"2020-05-03T11:42:34","slug":"kak-ya-proektiroval-bloki-i-tranzakczii-v-svoem-blokchejne-na-go","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/pt\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ya-proektiroval-bloki-i-tranzakczii-v-svoem-blokchejne-na-go","title":{"rendered":"Como projetei blocos e transa\u00e7\u00f5es em meu blockchain usando Go","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Para que, no final das contas, consigamos ter um blockchain e n\u00e3o apenas um banco de dados, precisamos adicionar ao nosso projeto 3 elementos importantes: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Descri\u00e7\u00e3o da estrutura de dados e m\u00e9todos do bloco<\/li>\n<li> Descri\u00e7\u00e3o da estrutura de dados e m\u00e9todos da transa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/li>\n<li> Fun\u00e7\u00f5es do blockchain que salvam blocos no banco de dados e os encontram l\u00e1 pelo seu hash ou altura (ou de outra forma).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Como projetei blocos e transa\u00e7\u00f5es em meu blockchain usando Go\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/75099a735419b5c2bfbffa82865d1d4a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nEste \u00e9 o segundo artigo sobre blockchain para a ind\u00fastria, o primeiro <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/499732\/\">aqui<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Relembrando as perguntas que recebi dos leitores sobre o artigo anterior desta s\u00e9rie, vale destacar: para armazenar os dados do blockchain, neste caso, \u00e9 utilizado o banco de dados LevelDB, mas nada impede o uso de qualquer outro, digamos o mesmo MySQL. Agora vamos analisar a estrutura desses dados.<\/p>\n<p>Come\u00e7aremos pelas transa\u00e7\u00f5es: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/blob\/master\/transaction\/builder.go\">github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/blob\/master\/transaction\/builder.go<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Aqui est\u00e1 sua estrutura de dados:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">type TX struct {\n\tDataType byte\t\t\n\tTxHash string \n\tTxType byte\t\n\tTimestamp int64\t\t\n\tINs []TxIn\n\tOUTs []TxOut\n}\n\ntype TxIn struct {\n\tThatTxHash string\n\tTxOutN int\n\tByteCode string\n}\n\ntype TxOut struct {\n\tValue int\n\tByteCode string\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNo TX est\u00e3o armazenados o tipo de dados (para a transa\u00e7\u00e3o 2), o hash desta transa\u00e7\u00e3o, o tipo da pr\u00f3pria transa\u00e7\u00e3o, o timestamp, bem como as entradas e sa\u00eddas. As entradas TxIn armazenam o hash da transa\u00e7\u00e3o da qual se referem, o n\u00famero dessa sa\u00edda e o bytecode, enquanto as sa\u00eddas TxOut armazenam um valor e tamb\u00e9m bytecode.<\/p>\n<p>Agora vamos ver quais a\u00e7\u00f5es uma transa\u00e7\u00e3o pode realizar sobre seus dados, ou seja, vamos analisar os m\u00e9todos.<\/p>\n<p>Para criar uma transa\u00e7\u00e3o, existe a fun\u00e7\u00e3o transaction.NewTransaction(txtype byte) *TX.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo AddTxIn(thattxhash []byte, txoutn int, code []byte) (*TxIn, error) adiciona uma entrada \u00e0 transa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo AddTxOut(value int, data []byte) (*TxOut, error) adiciona uma sa\u00edda \u00e0 transa\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo ToBytes() []byte transforma a transa\u00e7\u00e3o em um slice de bytes.<\/p>\n<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o interna preByteHash(bytes []byte) string \u00e9 usada em Build() e Check() para garantir a compatibilidade do hash das transa\u00e7\u00f5es geradas com os hashes das transa\u00e7\u00f5es gerados por aplicativos em JavaScript.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo Build() define o hash da transa\u00e7\u00e3o da seguinte forma: tx.TxHash = preByteHash(tx.ToBytes()).<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo ToJSON() string converte a transa\u00e7\u00e3o em uma string JSON.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo FromJSON(data []byte) error carrega a transa\u00e7\u00e3o no formato JSON fornecido como um slice de bytes.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo Check() bool compara o hash obtido do campo hash da transa\u00e7\u00e3o com o hash gerado como resultado da hashiza\u00e7\u00e3o desta transa\u00e7\u00e3o (sem considerar o campo hash).<\/p>\n<p>As transa\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o adicionadas ao bloco: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/blob\/master\/block\/builder.go\">github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/blob\/master\/block\/builder.go<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>A estrutura de dados do bloco \u00e9 mais volumosa:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">tipo Block struct {\n\tDataType byte\t\t\t\t\n\tBlockHeight int\t\t\t\t\t\n        Timestamp int64\t\t\t\t \n        HeaderSize int\t\t\t\t\t\n        PrevBlockHash string\t\t\t\t \n        SelfBlockHash string\t\t\t\n\tTxsHash string\t\t\t\n\tMerkleRoot string\n\tCreatorPublicKey string\t\t\t\n\tCreatorSig string\n\tVersion int\n\tTxsN int\n\tTxs []transaction.TX\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDataType armazena o tipo de dados, com base no qual o n\u00f3 distingue o bloco de uma transa\u00e7\u00e3o ou outros dados. Para um bloco, esse valor \u00e9 igual a 1.<\/p>\n<p>BlockHeight armazena a altura do bloco.<br \/>\nTimestamp \u00e9 o carimbo de data\/hora.<br \/>\nHeaderSize \u00e9 o tamanho do bloco em bytes.<br \/>\nPrevBlockHash \u00e9 o hash do bloco anterior, enquanto SelfBlockHash \u00e9 o hash do bloco atual.<br \/>\nTxsHash \u00e9 o hash total das transa\u00e7\u00f5es.<br \/>\nMerkleRoot \u00e9 a raiz da \u00e1rvore de Merkle.<\/p>\n<p>Nos campos a seguir est\u00e3o a chave p\u00fablica do criador do bloco, a assinatura do criador, a vers\u00e3o do bloco, o n\u00famero de transa\u00e7\u00f5es no bloco e as pr\u00f3prias transa\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<p>Vamos considerar seus m\u00e9todos:<br \/>\nPara criar um bloco, utiliza-se a fun\u00e7\u00e3o block.NewBlock(): NewBlock(prevBlockHash string, height int) *Block, que recebe o hash do bloco anterior e a altura definida para o bloco criado na blockchain. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 definido o tipo de bloco a partir da constante do pacote types: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">b.DataType = types.BLOCK_TYPE.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo AddTx(tx *transaction.TX) adiciona uma transa\u00e7\u00e3o ao bloco.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo Build() carrega valores nos campos do bloco e gera e estabelece seu hash atual.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo ToBytesHeader() []byte converte o cabe\u00e7alho do bloco (sem transa\u00e7\u00f5es) em um slice de bytes.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo ToJSON() string converte o bloco para o formato JSON em representa\u00e7\u00e3o de string.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo FromJSON(data []byte) error carrega dados do JSON para a estrutura do bloco.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo Check() bool gera o hash do bloco e o compara com o que est\u00e1 no campo do hash do bloco.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo GetTxsHash() string retorna o hash total de todas as transa\u00e7\u00f5es no bloco.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo GetMerkleRoot() define a raiz da \u00e1rvore de Merkle para as transa\u00e7\u00f5es no bloco.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo Sign(privk string) assina o bloco com a chave privada do criador do bloco.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo SetHeight(height int) registra a altura do bloco no campo da estrutura do bloco.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo GetHeight() int retorna a altura do bloco conforme indicado no campo correspondente da estrutura do bloco.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo ToGOBBytes() []byte codifica o bloco no formato GOB e o retorna como um slice de bytes.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo FromGOBBytes(data []byte) error grava os dados do bloco na estrutura do bloco a partir do slice de bytes passado no formato GOB.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo GetHash() string retorna o hash deste bloco.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo GetPrevHash() string retorna o hash do bloco anterior.<\/p>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo SetPublicKey(pubk string) grava a chave p\u00fablica do criador do bloco no bloco.<\/p>\n<p>Assim, usando os m\u00e9todos do objeto Block, podemos facilmente converter para um formato adequado para transmiss\u00e3o pela rede e armazenamento no banco de dados LevelDB.<\/p>\n<p>As fun\u00e7\u00f5es do pacote blockchain s\u00e3o respons\u00e1veis pela grava\u00e7\u00e3o no blockchain: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/tree\/master\/blockchain\">github.com\/Rusldv\/bcstartup\/tree\/master\/blockchain<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Para isso, o bloco deve implementar a interface IBlock:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">type IGOBBytes interface {\n\tToGOBBytes() []byte\n\tFromGOBBytes(data []byte) error\n}\n\ntype IBlock interface {\n\tIGOBBytes\n\tGetHash() string\n\tGetPrevHash() string\n\tGetHeight() int\n\tCheck() bool\n\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nA conex\u00e3o com o banco de dados \u00e9 criada uma vez durante a inicializa\u00e7\u00e3o do pacote na fun\u00e7\u00e3o init(): <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"go\">db, err = leveldb.OpenFile(BLOCKCHAIN_DB_DEBUG, nil).<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nCloseDB() \u00e9 um wrapper para db.Close() \u2014 chamado ap\u00f3s o uso das fun\u00e7\u00f5es do pacote para fechar a conex\u00e3o com o banco de dados.<\/p>\n<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o SetTargetBlockHash(hash string) error grava no banco de dados o hash do bloco atual com a chave definida pela constante BLOCK_HASH.<\/p>\n<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o GetTargetBlockHash() (string, error) retorna o hash do bloco atual armazenado no banco de dados.<\/p>\n<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o SetTargetBlockHeight(height int) error grava no banco de dados o valor da altura do blockchain para o n\u00f3 com a chave definida pela constante BLOCK_HEIGHT.<\/p>\n<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o GetTargetBlockHeight() (int, error) retorna a altura do blockchain para este n\u00f3, armazenada no banco de dados.<\/p>\n<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o CheckBlock(block IBlock) bool realiza uma verifica\u00e7\u00e3o do bloco quanto \u00e0 validade antes de adicionar o bloco ao blockchain.<\/p>\n<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o AddBlock(block IBlock) error adiciona um bloco ao blockchain.<\/p>\n<p>As fun\u00e7\u00f5es para obter e visualizar blocos est\u00e3o no arquivo explore.go do pacote blockchain:<\/p>\n<p>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o GetBlockByHash(hash string) (*block.Block, error) cria um objeto de bloco vazio, carrega o bloco do banco de dados cujo hash foi passado e retorna um ponteiro para ele.<\/p>\n<p>A cria\u00e7\u00e3o do bloco g\u00eanesis \u00e9 realizada pela fun\u00e7\u00e3o Genesis() error do arquivo genesis.go do pacote blockchain.<\/p>\n<p>No pr\u00f3ximo artigo, abordaremos a conex\u00e3o dos n\u00f3s dos clientes usando o mecanismo WebSocket.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/499930\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 3 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430: \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u0414 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0435\u0448\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435 (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c). \u042d\u0442\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":80123,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80122","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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