{"id":100221,"date":"2021-05-21T10:23:03","date_gmt":"2021-05-21T08:23:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/optimizacziya-linux-dlya-obrabotki-1-2-mln-json-zaprosov-v-sekundu"},"modified":"2021-05-21T10:23:03","modified_gmt":"2021-05-21T08:23:03","slug":"optimizacziya-linux-dlya-obrabotki-1-2-mln-json-zaprosov-v-sekundu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/optimizacziya-linux-dlya-obrabotki-1-2-mln-json-zaprosov-v-sekundu","title":{"rendered":"Optimizarea Linux pentru procesarea a 1,2 milioane de cereri JSON pe secund\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A fost publicat un ghid detaliat pentru optimizarea mediului Linux pentru a atinge o performan\u021b\u0103 maxim\u0103 \u00een procesarea cererilor HTTP. Metodele propuse au permis cre\u0219terea performan\u021bei handler-ului JSON bazat pe biblioteca libreactor \u00een mediul Amazon EC2 (4 vCPU) de la 224.000 de cereri API pe secund\u0103, utiliz\u00e2nd set\u0103rile standard ale Amazon Linux 2 cu kernel 4.14, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1,2 milioane de cereri pe secund\u0103 dup\u0103 optimizare (o cre\u0219tere de 436%), precum \u0219i o reducere a \u00eent\u00e2rzierilor \u00een procesarea cererilor cu 79%. Metodele propuse nu sunt specifice libreactor \u0219i func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu alte servere http, inclusiv nginx, Actix, Netty \u0219i Node.js (libreactor a fost folosit \u00een teste deoarece solu\u021bia bazat\u0103 pe acesta a ar\u0103tat cea mai bun\u0103 performan\u021b\u0103).      <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Optimizarea Linux pentru procesarea a 1,2 milioane de cereri JSON pe secund\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/908fb8d92e84a3e7557af7f6c622298e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Optimiz\u0103rile principale:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimizarea codului libreactor. Variantele R18 din setul Techempower au fost folosite ca baz\u0103, \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bite prin eliminarea codului care limita num\u0103rul de nuclee CPU utilizate (optimizarea a permis o cre\u0219tere a performan\u021bei cu 25-27%), compilate \u00een GCC cu op\u021biunile '-O3' (\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire de 5-10%) \u0219i '-march-native' (5-10%), \u00eenlocuirea apelurilor read\/write cu recv\/send (5-10%) \u0219i reducerea cheltuielilor indirecte prin utilizarea pthreads (2-3%). Cre\u0219terea total\u0103 a performan\u021bei dup\u0103 optimizarea codului a fost de 55%, iar capacitatea de procesare a crescut de la 224k req\/s la 347k req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dezactivarea protec\u021biei \u00eempotriva vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bilor cauzate de execu\u021bia speculativ\u0103 a instruc\u021biunilor. Utilizarea parametrilor la \u00eenc\u0103rcarea kernel-ului 'nospectre_v1 nospectre_v2 pti=off mds=off tsx_async_abort=off' a permis cre\u0219terea performan\u021bei cu 28%, iar capacitatea de procesare a crescut de la 347k req\/s la 446k req\/s. Separat, cre\u0219terea din parameterul 'nospectre_v1' (protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva Spectre v1 + SWAPGS) a fost de 1-2%, 'nospectre_v2' (protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva Spectre v2) \u2014 15-20%, 'pti=off' (Spectre v3\/Meltdown) \u2014 6%, 'mds=off tsx_async_abort=off' (MDS\/Zombieload \u0219i TSX Asynchronous Abort) \u2014 6%. Set\u0103rile pentru protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva atacurilor L1TF\/Foreshadow (l1tf=flush), iTLB multihit, Speculative Store Bypass \u0219i SRBDS au fost l\u0103sate neschimbate, deoarece nu au afectat performan\u021ba, neintersect\u00e2ndu-se cu configura\u021bia testat\u0103 (de exemplu, sunt specifice pentru <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"KVM\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4395\">KVM<\/a>, virtualizarea \u00eencorporat\u0103 \u0219i alte modele de CPU).\n<li class=\"l\"> Dezactivarea mecanismelor de audit \u0219i blocarea apelurilor sistemului prin comanda 'auditctl -a never,task' \u0219i specificarea op\u021biunii '--security-opt seccomp=unconfined' la rularea containerului docker. Cre\u0219terea total\u0103 a performan\u021bei a fost de 11%, iar capacitatea de procesare a crescut de la 446k req\/s la 495k req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dezactivarea iptables\/netfilter prin desc\u0103rcarea modulelor nucleului asociate. Ideea de a dezactiva firewall-ul, care nu era folosit \u00een solu\u021bia specific\u0103 a serverului, a fost impulsionat\u0103 de rezultatele profil\u0103rii, conform c\u0103rora func\u021bia nf_hook_slow consuma 18% din timp. Se men\u021bioneaz\u0103 c\u0103 nftables func\u021bioneaz\u0103 mai eficient dec\u00e2t iptables, dar \u00een Amazon Linux continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie utilizat iptables. Dup\u0103 dezactivarea iptables, cre\u0219terea performan\u021bei a fost de 22%, iar l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 a crescut de la 495k req\/s la 603k req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Reducerea migra\u021biei handler-elor \u00eentre diferitele nuclee CPU pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi eficien\u021ba utiliz\u0103rii cache-ului procesor. Optimizarea a fost realizat\u0103 at\u00e2t la nivelul leg\u0103rii proceselor libreactor la nuclee CPU (CPU Pinning), c\u00e2t \u0219i prin fixarea handler-elor de re\u021bea ale nucleului (Receive Side Scaling). De exemplu, a fost dezactivat irqbalance \u0219i legarea explicit\u0103 a cozii la CPU a fost setat\u0103 \u00een \/proc\/irq\/$IRQ\/smp_affinity_list. Pentru a folosi acela\u0219i nucleu CPU pentru procesarea procesului libreactor \u0219i a cozii de re\u021bea pentru pachetele care sosesc, a fost utilizat un handler BPF propriu, conectat prin setarea flag-ului SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_CBPF la crearea socket-ului. Pentru a lega cozii de pachete care ies la CPU, au fost modificate set\u0103rile \/sys\/class\/net\/eth0\/queues\/tx-&lt;n&gt;\/xps_cpus. Cre\u0219terea total\u0103 a performan\u021bei a fost de 38%, iar l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 a crescut de la 603k req\/s la 834k req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimizarea gestion\u0103rii \u00eentreruperilor \u0219i utilizarea polling-ului. Activarea modului adaptive-rx \u00een driver-ul ENA \u0219i manipularea cu sysctl net.core.busy_read au permis cre\u0219terea performan\u021bei cu 28% (capacitatea de procesare a crescut de la 834k req\/s la 1.06M req\/s, iar \u00eent\u00e2rzierile au sc\u0103zut de la 361\u03bcs la 292\u03bcs).\n<li class=\"l\"> Dezactivarea serviciilor sistemice care cauzeaz\u0103 blocaje inutile \u00een stiva de re\u021bea. Dezactivarea dhclient \u0219i instalarea <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"adrese IP\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"683\">adrese IP<\/a> manually a dus la o cre\u0219tere a performan\u021bei de 6%, iar l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 a crescut de la 1.06M req\/s la 1.12M req\/s. Motivul influen\u021bei dhclient asupra performan\u021bei este \u00een analiza traficului utiliz\u00e2nd socket-uri raw.\n<li class=\"l\"> Combaterea Spin Lock. Transferarea stivei de re\u021bea \u00een modul 'noqueue' prin sysctl 'net.core.default_qdisc=noqueue' \u0219i 'tc qdisc replace dev eth0 root mq' a dus la o cre\u0219tere a performan\u021bei de 2%, iar capacitatea de procesare a crescut de la 1.12M req\/s la 1.15M req\/s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimiz\u0103rile finale mici, cum ar fi dezactivarea GRO (Generic Receive Offload) cu comanda &#171;ethtool -K eth0 gro off&#187; \u0219i \u00eenlocuirea algoritmului de control al congestion\u0103rii cubic cu reno prin sysctl &#171;net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=reno&#187;. Cre\u0219terea total\u0103 a performan\u021bei a fost de 4%. L\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 a crescut de la 1.15M req\/s la 1.2M req\/s.          <\/ul>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 optimiz\u0103rile implementate, articolul discut\u0103 \u0219i metode care nu au dus la cre\u0219terea a\u0219teptat\u0103 a performan\u021bei. De exemplu, s-au dovedit a fi ineficiente:    <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Executarea separat\u0103 a libreactor nu a avut o performan\u021b\u0103 diferit\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de rularea \u00een container. Nu a avut efect schimbarea writev cu send, cre\u0219terea maxevents \u00een epoll_wait, experimentele cu versiunile \u0219i flagurile GCC (efectul a fost vizibil doar pentru flagurile &#171;-O3&#187; \u0219i &#171;-march-native&#187;).\n<li class=\"l\"> Actualizarea nucleului Linux la versiunile 4.19 \u0219i 5.4, folosirea planificatorilor SCHED_FIFO \u0219i SCHED_RR, manipul\u0103rile cu sysctl kernel.sched_min_granularity_ns, kernel.sched_wakeup_granularity_ns, transparent_hugepages=never, skew_tick=1 \u0219i clocksource=tsc nu au influen\u021bat performan\u021ba.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul ENA, activarea modurilor Offload (segmentation, scatter-gather, rx\/tx checksum), compilarea cu flagul &#171;-O3&#187; \u0219i aplicarea parametrilor ena.rx_queue_size \u0219i ena.force_large_llq_header nu au avut un impact.\n<li class=\"l\"> Modific\u0103rile \u00een stiva de re\u021bea nu au dus la cre\u0219terea performan\u021bei:\n<ul>\n<li>Dezactivarea IPv6: ipv6.disable=1<\/li>\n<li>Dezactivarea VLAN: modprobe -rv 8021q<\/li>\n<li>Dezactivarea verific\u0103rii sursei pachetului\n<ul>\n<li>net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_local=1 (efect negativ)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_sack=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_dsack=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_mem\/tcp_wmem\/tcp_rmem <\/li>\n<li>net.core.netdev_budget<\/li>\n<li>net.core.dev_weight<\/li>\n<li>net.core.netdev_max_backlog<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle=0 <\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_moderate_rcvbuf=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps=0<\/li>\n<li>net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency=1<\/li>\n<li>SO_PRIORITY<\/li>\n<li>A fost publicat un ghid detaliat pentru optimizarea mediului Linux pentru a ob\u021bine performan\u021be maxime \u00een procesarea cererilor HTTP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55186\">opennet.ro<\/a> 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 JSON \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 libreactor \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 Amazon EC2 (4 vCPU) c 224 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 API \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0445 Amazon Linux 2 \u0441 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c 4.14 \u0434\u043e 1.2 \u043c\u043b\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 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