{"id":101123,"date":"2021-08-30T10:22:49","date_gmt":"2021-08-30T08:22:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-14"},"modified":"2021-08-30T10:22:49","modified_gmt":"2021-08-30T08:22:49","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-5-14","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-14","title":{"rendered":"Lansarea nucleului Linux 5.14","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dup\u0103 dou\u0103 luni de dezvoltare, Linus Torvalds a lansat versiunea core-ului Linux 5.14. Printre cele mai notabile schimb\u0103ri se num\u0103r\u0103: noi apeluri de sistem quotactl_fd() \u0219i memfd_secret(), eliminarea driverelor ide \u0219i raw, un nou controler de priorit\u0103\u021bi pentru I\/O pentru cgroup, modul de planificare a sarcinilor SCHED_CORE, infrastructura pentru crearea de boot-loadere verificate cu programe BPF.      <\/p>\n<p>Noua versiune include 15883 de corecturi de la 2002 de dezvoltatori, dimensiunea patch-ului fiind de 69 MB (modific\u0103rile au vizat 12580 de fi\u0219iere, iar 861501 linii de cod au fost ad\u0103ugate \u0219i 321654 linii au fost \u0219terse). Aproximativ 47% din toate modific\u0103rile prezentate \u00een 5.14 sunt legate de driverele de dispozitive, aproximativ 14% se refer\u0103 la actualizarea codului specific arhitecturilor hardware, 13% sunt legate de stiva de re\u021bea, 3% de sistemele de fi\u0219iere \u0219i 3% de subsistemele interne ale nucleului.           <\/p>\n<p>Nout\u0103\u021bi principale:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Subsistemul de disc, I\/O \u0219i sistemele de fi\u0219iere<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru cgroup a fost implementat un nou controler de prioritizare a inputului\/outputului - rq-qos, care poate gestiona prioritatea de procesare a cererilor c\u0103tre dispozitivele de bloc, generate de participan\u021bii fiec\u0103rei cgroup. Suportul pentru noul controler de priorit\u0103\u021bi a fost ad\u0103ugat \u00een planificatorul de input\/output mq-deadline.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen sistemul de fi\u0219iere ext4 a fost implementat\u0103 o nou\u0103 comand\u0103 ioctl EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT, care for\u021beaz\u0103 scrierea pe disc a tuturor tranzac\u021biilor a\u0219teptate din jurnal \u0219i a bufferelor aferente, precum \u0219i rescrierea zonei utilizate de jurnal \u00een stocare. Modificarea a fost preg\u0103tit\u0103 ca parte a ini\u021biativei de prevenire a scurgerilor de informa\u021bii din sistemele de fi\u0219iere.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen Btrfs au fost realizate optimiz\u0103ri de performan\u021b\u0103: prin excluderea jurnaliz\u0103rii inutile a atributelor extinse \u00een timpul execu\u021biei fsync, performan\u021ba opera\u021biunilor intensive cu atribute extinse a crescut cu p\u00e2n\u0103 la 17%. \u00cen plus, \u00een timpul opera\u021biunilor de trunchiere care nu afecteaz\u0103 extentiile, execu\u021bia unei sincroniz\u0103ri complete a fost dezactivat\u0103, reduc\u00e2nd timpul de execu\u021bie al opera\u021biei cu 12%. \u00cen sysfs a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 o setare pentru limitarea l\u0103\u021bimii de band\u0103 a I\/O-ului \u00een timpul verific\u0103rii FS. Au fost ad\u0103ugate apeluri ioctl pentru anularea opera\u021biunilor de redimensionare \u0219i eliminare a dispozitivului.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen XFS a fost revizuit\u0103 implementarea cache-ului tampon, care a fost transferat\u0103 la alocarea paginilor de memorie \u00een mod lot. Eficien\u021ba func\u021bion\u0103rii cache-ului a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen F2FS a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 o op\u021biune pentru func\u021bionarea \u00een modul doar citire \u0219i implementat un mod de \u043a\u0435\u0448are a blocurilor comprimate (compress_cache) pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi performan\u021ba citirii aleatorii. A fost implementat suport pentru comprimarea fi\u0219ierelor reflectate \u00een memorie prin opera\u021bia mmap(). Pentru dezactivarea selectiv\u0103 a comprim\u0103rii fi\u0219ierelor pe baz\u0103 de masc\u0103, a fost propus\u0103 o nou\u0103 op\u021biune de montare nocompress.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul exFAT s-au efectuat lucr\u0103ri pentru \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea compatibilit\u0103\u021bii cu stoc\u0103toarele unor camere digitale.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat apelul de sistem quotactl_fd(), care permite gestionarea cotelor nu printr-un fi\u0219ier de dispozitiv special, ci prin specificarea descriptorului de fi\u0219ier asociat cu sistemul de fi\u0219iere pentru care se aplic\u0103 cota.\n<li class=\"l\"> Din kernel au fost eliminate driverele vechi pentru dispozitivele de bloc cu interfa\u021ba IDE, fiind \u00eenlocuite demult de subsistemul libata.\n<li class=\"l\"> Din nucleu a fost eliminat driverul \u201eraw\u201d, care ofer\u0103 acces nebufferizat la dispozitivele de bloc prin intermediul interfe\u021bei \/dev\/raw. Func\u021bionalitatea men\u021bionat\u0103 a fost disponibil\u0103 de mult \u00een aplica\u021bii prin utilizarea flag-ului O_DIRECT.                  <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Memorie \u0219i servicii de sistem<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen planificatorul de sarcini a fost implementat un nou mod de planificare SCHED_CORE, care permite gestionarea proceselor ce pot fi executate \u00eempreun\u0103 pe un singur nucleu CPU. Fiec\u0103rui proces i se poate atribui un identificator cookie, care determin\u0103 domeniul de \u00eencredere \u00eentre procese (de exemplu, apartenen\u021ba unui singur utilizator sau container). La organizarea execu\u021biei codului, planificatorul poate asigura partajarea unui nucleu CPU doar pentru procesele asociate cu un singur proprietar, ceea ce poate fi utilizat pentru a bloca anumite atacuri din clasa Spectre prin prevenirea execut\u0103rii \u00een acela\u0219i fir SMT (Hyper Threading) a sarcinilor de \u00eencredere \u0219i a celor care nu sunt \u00eencredere.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru cgroup a fost implementat suportul pentru opera\u021bia kill, care permite \u00eenchiderea simultan\u0103 a tuturor proceselor legate de grup (trimiterea SIGKILL), prin scrierea \u201e1\u201d \u00een fi\u0219ierul virtual cgroup.kill.\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost extinse capacit\u0103\u021bile referitoare la reac\u021bia la detectarea blocajelor compartimentate (\u201esplit lock\u201d), care apar la accesarea datelor nealiniate \u00een memorie din cauza faptului c\u0103, \u00een timpul execu\u021biei unei instruc\u021biuni atomice, datele traverseaz\u0103 dou\u0103 linii de cache CPU. Astfel de blocaje duc la o sc\u0103dere semnificativ\u0103 a performan\u021bei, de aceea anterior era posibil\u0103 oprirea for\u021bat\u0103 a aplica\u021biei care provoca blocajul. \u00cen noua versiune, a fost ad\u0103ugat parametrul de linie de comand\u0103 a nucleului \u201esplit_lock_detect=ratelimit:N\u201d, care permite stabilirea unui limit de sistem a intensit\u0103\u021bii opera\u021biunilor de blocare pe secund\u0103, dup\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219irea c\u0103ruia orice proces care a devenit sursa unui blocaj \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit, \u00een loc s\u0103 fie oprit, va fi for\u021bat s\u0103 se opreasc\u0103 timp de 20 ms.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen controlerul de grupuri cgroup CFS (CFS bandwidth controller), care determin\u0103 c\u00e2t de mult timp de procesor poate fi alocat fiec\u0103rei cgroup, a fost implementat\u0103 capacitatea de a stabili limitele restric\u021bionate de un timp de valabilitate dat, ceea ce permite o mai bun\u0103 reglementare a sarcinilor sensibile la \u00eent\u00e2rzieri. De exemplu, setarea valorii cpu.cfs_quota_us la 50000 \u0219i cpu.cfs_period_us la 100000 va permite grupului de procese s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i foloseasc\u0103 timpul CPU timp de 50 ms la fiecare 100 ms.\n<li class=\"l\">  A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 infrastructura ini\u021bial\u0103 pentru crearea \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103toarelor de programe BPF, care va permite \u00een continuare s\u0103 se permit\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcarea numai a programelor BPF semnate cu o cheie digital\u0103 de \u00eencredere.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 o nou\u0103 opera\u021bie futex FUTEX_LOCK_PI2, care utilizeaz\u0103 un temporizator monoton pentru a calcula timeout-ul, care \u021bine cont de timpul petrecut de sistem \u00een stare de inactivitate.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru arhitectura RISC-V a fost implementat suportul pentru pagini mari de memorie (Transparent Huge-Pages) \u0219i posibilitatea aplic\u0103rii mecanismului KFENCE pentru detectarea erorilor \u00een gestionarea memoriei.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen apelul de sistem madvise(), au fost ad\u0103ugate indicatorii MADV_POPULATE_READ \u0219i MADV_POPULATE_WRITE pentru generarea \u00abpage fault\u00bb \u00een toate paginile de memorie, reflectate pentru opera\u021biuni de citire sau scriere, f\u0103r\u0103 a efectua efectiv citirea sau scrierea (prefault). Utilizarea acestor indicatori poate fi util\u0103 pentru reducerea \u00eent\u00e2rzierilor \u00een procesul de execu\u021bie al programului, datorit\u0103 execut\u0103rii anticipatoare a handler-ului \u00abpage fault\u00bb simultan pentru toate paginile nealocate, f\u0103r\u0103 a a\u0219tepta accesul efectiv la acestea.\n<li class=\"l\"> Sistemul de testare unitate kunit a ad\u0103ugat suport pentru rularea testelor \u00een mediul QEMU.\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost ad\u0103ugate noi trasatoare: \u00abosnoise\u00bb pentru urm\u0103rirea \u00eent\u00e2rzierilor \u00een aplica\u021bii, cauzate de gestionarea \u00eentreruperilor, \u0219i \u00abtimerlat\u00bb pentru a oferi informa\u021bii detaliate despre \u00eent\u00e2rzierile la trezirea prin semnalul unui temporizator.              <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualizare \u0219i securitate<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat apelul de sistem memfd_secret(), care permite crearea unei zone de memorie private \u00een spa\u021biul de adrese izolat, vizibil\u0103 doar procesului de\u021bin\u0103tor, care nu este reflectat\u0103 \u00een alte procese \u0219i accesibil\u0103 direct nucleului.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen sistemul de filtrare a apelurilor de sistem seccomp, la mutarea handler-elor de blocare \u00een spa\u021biul utilizatorului, a fost oferit\u0103 posibilitatea de a utiliza o singur\u0103 opera\u021bie atomic\u0103 pentru a crea un descriptor de fi\u0219ier pentru sarcina izolat\u0103 \u0219i a-l returna atunci c\u00e2nd se proceseaz\u0103 apelul de sistem. Opera\u021bia propus\u0103 rezolv\u0103 problema \u00eentreruperii handler-ului \u00een spa\u021biul utilizatorului la primirea unui semnal.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat un nou mecanism pentru gestionarea restric\u021biilor de resurse \u00een spa\u021biul numelui identificatorilor de utilizator, care leag\u0103 contoare rlimit separate de utilizator \u00een \u00abuser namespace\u00bb. Modificarea rezolv\u0103 problema aplic\u0103rii contoarelor comune de resurse atunci c\u00e2nd un utilizator porne\u0219te procese \u00een diferite containere.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen hypervisor <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"KVM\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4400\">KVM<\/a> pentru sistemele ARM64 a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 capacitatea de a utiliza \u00een sistemele gazd\u0103 extensia MTE (MemTag, Memory Tagging Extension), care permite asocierea de etichete cu fiecare opera\u021biune de alocare a memoriei \u0219i organizeaz\u0103 verificarea corectitudinii utiliz\u0103rii pointerilor pentru a bloca exploatarea vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bilor cauzate de accesarea blocurilor de memorie deja eliberate, suprascrierilor de buffer, acces\u0103rilor \u00eenainte de ini\u021bializare \u0219i utiliz\u0103rii \u00een afara contextului curent.\n<li class=\"l\"> Instrumentele de autentificare a pointer-ilor (Pointer Authentication) oferite de platforma ARM64 pot fi acum configurate separat pentru nucleu \u0219i spa\u021biul utilizatorului. Tehnologia permite utilizarea unor instruc\u021biuni speciale ARM64 pentru a verifica adresele de returnare cu ajutorul semn\u0103turilor digitale, care sunt stocate \u00een bi\u021bii superiori neutiliza\u021bi ai pointer-ului.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen User-mode Linux a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suport pentru utilizarea driverelor cu dispozitive PCI pe un autobuz virtual PCI, realizat de driverul PCI-over-virtio.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru sistemele x86 a fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru dispozitivul para-virtualizat virtio-iommu, care permite trimiterea cererilor IOMMU, precum ATTACH, DETACH, MAP \u0219i UNMAP, peste transportul virtio f\u0103r\u0103 a emula tabelele de pagin\u0103 a memoriei.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru CPU-urile Intel, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu familia Skylake \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la Coffee Lake, utilizarea extensiilor Intel TSX (Transactional Synchronization Extensions) este dezactivat\u0103 implicit, aceste extensii oferind mijloace pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi performan\u021ba aplica\u021biilor multi-threaded prin excluderea dinamic\u0103 a opera\u021biunilor de sincronizare inutile. Extensiile sunt dezactivate din cauza posibilit\u0103\u021bii de atacuri Zombieload, care manipuleaz\u0103 scurgerile de informa\u021bii prin canale laterale, ap\u0103rute \u00een timpul func\u021bion\u0103rii mecanismului de \u00eentrerupere asincron al opera\u021biunilor (TAA, TSX Asynchronous Abort).           <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Subsystema de re\u021bea<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Continua integrarea \u00een nucleu a MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), extensia protocolului TCP pentru organizarea func\u021bion\u0103rii conexiunii TCP cu livrarea pachetelor simultan pe mai multe rute prin diferite interfete de re\u021bea, legate de diferite. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"adrese IP.\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4456\">adrese IP.<\/a>\u00cen noua versiune a fost ad\u0103ugat un mecanism pentru definirea propriilor politici de hash pentru traficul IPv4 \u0219i IPv6 (multipath hash policy), permi\u021b\u00e2nd din spa\u021biul utilizatorului s\u0103 defineasc\u0103 care dintre c\u00e2mpurile din pachete, inclusiv cele \u00eencapsulate, vor fi utilizate pentru calcularea hash-ului, determin\u00e2nd astfel calea de selec\u021bie pentru pachet.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen transportul virtual virtio a fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru socket-uri SOCK_SEQPACKET (transmitere ordonat\u0103 \u0219i fiabil\u0103 a datagramelor).\n<li class=\"l\"> Func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bile mecanismului de socket-uri SO_REUSEPORT au fost extinse, permi\u021b\u00e2nd mai multor socket-uri \u00een ascultare s\u0103 se conecteze la un singur port pentru a primi conexiuni, distribuind cererile primite simultan \u00eentre toate socket-urile conectate prin SO_REUSEPORT, ceea ce simplific\u0103 crearea aplica\u021biilor server multi-threaded. \u00cen noua versiune au fost ad\u0103ugate instrumente pentru transferul controlului c\u0103tre un alt socket \u00een caz de e\u0219ec al proces\u0103rii cererii de c\u0103tre socket-ul ales ini\u021bial (rezolv\u0103 problema pierderii unor conexiuni la repornirea serviciilor).                              <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Echipament<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul amdgpu a fost implementat\u0103 suportul pentru noile serii de GPU AMD Radeon RX 6000, dezvoltate sub denumirile de cod \u00abBeige Goby\u00bb (Navi 24) \u0219i \u00abYellow Carp\u00bb, precum \u0219i a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit suportul pentru GPU Aldebaran (gfx90a) \u0219i APU Van Gogh. A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 capacitatea de a lucra simultan cu mai multe panouri eDP. Pentru APU Renoir a fost implementat suportul pentru func\u021bionarea cu bufferi criptati \u00een memoria video (TMZ, Trusted Memory Zone). A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru deconectarea la cald a pl\u0103cilor grafice (hot-unplug). Pentru GPU Radeon RX 6000 (Navi 2x) \u0219i GPU-uri AMD mai vechi a fost activat\u0103 prin default suportul pentru mecanismul de economisire a energiei ASPM (Active State Power Management), care anterior fusese activat doar pentru GPU Navi 1x, Vega \u0219i Polaris.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru cipurile AMD, a fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru memoria virtual\u0103 partajat\u0103 (SVM, shared virtual memory) bazat\u0103 pe subsistemul HMM (Heterogeneous memory management), care permite utilizarea dispozitivelor cu propriile unit\u0103\u021bi de gestionare a memoriei (MMU, memory management unit), care pot accesa memoria principal\u0103. De asemenea, prin intermediul HMM, se poate organiza un spa\u021biu de adresare comun \u00eentre GPU \u0219i CPU, \u00een care GPU poate accesa memoria principal\u0103 a procesului.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat suport ini\u021bial pentru tehnologia AMD Smart Shift, care modific\u0103 dinamic parametrii de consum de energie ai CPU \u0219i GPU \u00een laptopurile cu chipset \u0219i plac\u0103 grafic\u0103 AMD, pentru a for\u021ba performan\u021ba \u00een timpul jocurilor, edit\u0103rii video \u0219i 3D-renderingului.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul i915 pentru pl\u0103cile grafice Intel, a fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru cipurile Intel Alderlake P.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat driverul drm\/hyperv pentru adaptorul grafic virtual Hyper-V.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru computerul all-in-one Raspberry Pi 400.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat driverul dell-wmi-privacy pentru a sprijini comutatoarele hardware ale camerelor \u0219i microfoanelor furnizate \u00een laptopurile Dell.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru laptopurile Lenovo, a fost ad\u0103ugat un interfa\u021b\u0103 WMI pentru a modifica parametrii BIOS prin sysfs \/sys\/class\/firmware-attributes\/.\n<li class=\"l\"> Suportul pentru dispozitive cu interfa\u021b\u0103 USB4 a fost extins.\n<li class=\"l\">  A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru pl\u0103cile de sunet \u0219i codec-uri AmLogic SM1 TOACODEC, Intel AlderLake-M, NXP i.MX8, NXP TFA1, TDF9897, Rockchip RK817, Qualcomm Quinary MI2 \u0219i Texas Instruments TAS2505. Suportul pentru sunet pe laptopurile HP \u0219i ASUS a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit. Au fost ad\u0103ugate patch-uri pentru reducerea \u00eent\u00e2rzierilor \u00eenainte de a \u00eencepe redarea sunetului pe dispozitive cu interfa\u021b\u0103 USB.        <\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55702\">opennet.ro<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.14. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b quotactl_fd() \u0438 memfd_secret(), \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 ide \u0438 raw, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\/\u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f cgroup, \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447 SCHED_CORE, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 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