{"id":103824,"date":"2022-04-20T09:36:51","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:36:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9"},"modified":"2022-04-20T09:36:51","modified_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:36:51","slug":"predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9","title":{"rendered":"Lansarea preliminar\u0103 AlmaLinux 9, bazat\u0103 pe ramura RHEL 9","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A fost lansat\u0103 versiunea beta a distribu\u021biei AlmaLinux 9, construit\u0103 folosind pachete din ramura Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 \u0219i con\u021bin\u00e2nd toate modific\u0103rile propuse \u00een aceast\u0103 versiune. Compil\u0103rile sunt preg\u0103tite pentru arhitecturile x86_64, ARM64, s390x \u0219i ppc64le sub form\u0103 de imagine de boot (780 MB), imagine minim\u0103 (1,7 GB) \u0219i imagine complet\u0103 (8 GB). Lans\u0103rile RHEL 9 \u0219i AlmaLinux 9 sunt a\u0219teptate la \u00eenceputul lunii mai.    <\/p>\n<p>Distribu\u021bia este identic\u0103 cu RHEL din punct de vedere func\u021bional, cu excep\u021bia modific\u0103rilor legate de rebranding \u0219i eliminarea pachetelor specifice RHEL, cum ar fi redhat-*, insights-client \u0219i subscription-manager-migration*. AlmaLinux este gratuit pentru toate categoriile de utilizatori, se dezvolt\u0103 cu ajutorul comunit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i folose\u0219te un model de gestionare similar cu cel al proiectului Fedora. Creatorii AlmaLinux au \u00eencercat s\u0103 ating\u0103 un echilibru optim \u00eentre suportul corporativ \u0219i interesele comunit\u0103\u021bii \u2014 de o parte, sunt implica\u021bi resurse \u0219i dezvoltatori de la CloudLinux, o companie cu mult\u0103 experien\u021b\u0103 \u00een \u00eentre\u021binerea fork-urilor RHEL, iar pe de alt\u0103 parte, proiectul este transparent \u0219i sub controlul comunit\u0103\u021bii.     <\/p>\n<p>Distribu\u021bia AlmaLinux este bazat\u0103 pe compania CloudLinux, care, \u00een ciuda implic\u0103rii resurselor \u0219i developerilor s\u0103i, a transferat proiectul unei organiza\u021bii non-profit separate, AlmaLinux OS Foundation, pentru dezvoltare pe o platform\u0103 neutr\u0103 cu implicarea comunit\u0103\u021bii. Un milion de dolari pe an sunt aloca\u021bi pentru dezvoltarea proiectului. Toate realiz\u0103rile AlmaLinux sunt publicate sub licen\u021be libere.     <\/p>\n<p>Principalele modific\u0103ri \u00een AlmaLinux 9 \u0219i RHEL 9 \u00een compara\u021bie cu ramura RHEL 8:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Medii de sistem \u0219i instrumentele de compilare au fost actualizate. GCC 11 a fost utilizat pentru compilarea pachetelor. Biblioteca standard C a fost actualizat\u0103 la glibc 2.34. Pachetul cu nucleul Linux a fost construit pe baza versiunii 5.14. Managerul de pachete RPM a fost actualizat la versiunea 4.16, cu suport pentru controlul integrit\u0103\u021bii prin fapolicyd.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Migrarea distribu\u021biei pe Python 3 a fost finalizat\u0103. Ramura Python 3.9 a fost propus\u0103 implicit. Livrarea Python 2 a fost suspendat\u0103.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">  Desktop-ul se bazeaz\u0103 pe GNOME 40 (\u00een RHEL 8 a fost livrat GNOME 3.28) \u0219i biblioteca GTK 4. \u00cen GNOME 40, desktop-urile virtuale \u00een modul de prezentare (Activities Overview) au fost mutate \u00een orientare orizontal\u0103 \u0219i sunt prezentate ca o secven\u021b\u0103 de derulare continu\u0103, de la st\u00e2nga la dreapta. Pe fiecare desktop, afi\u0219at \u00een modul de prezentare, sunt prezentate clar feroneriile existente, pentru care se aplic\u0103 panoramarea \u0219i scalarea dinamic\u0103 la interac\u021biunea utilizatorului. Se asigur\u0103 o tranzi\u021bie f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eentreruperi \u00eentre lista de programe \u0219i desktop-urile virtuale.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen GNOME este utilizat managerul power-profiles-daemon, care ofer\u0103 posibilitatea de a comuta rapid \u00eentre modul de economisire a energiei, modul de consum echilibrat \u0219i modul de performan\u021b\u0103 maxim\u0103.     <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Toate fluxurile audio au fost migrate la serverul multimedia PipeWire, care este acum utilizat \u00een mod implicit \u00een loc de PulseAudio \u0219i JACK. Utilizarea PipeWire permite, \u00een edi\u021bia desktop obi\u0219nuit\u0103, s\u0103 ofere capabilit\u0103\u021bi profesionale de prelucrare a sunetului, s\u0103 elimine fragmentarea \u0219i s\u0103 unifice infrastructura audio pentru diferite aplica\u021bii.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen mod implicit, meniul de boot GRUB este ascuns, dac\u0103 RHEL este singurul distribuitor instalat \u00een sistem \u0219i dac\u0103 ultima pornire a avut loc f\u0103r\u0103 erori. Pentru a afi\u0219a meniul \u00een timpul boot-ului, este suficient s\u0103 men\u021bine\u021bi ap\u0103sat\u0103 tasta Shift sau s\u0103 ap\u0103sa\u021bi de mai multe ori tasta Esc sau F8. Printre modific\u0103rile aduse \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103torului de boot se remarc\u0103 plasarea fi\u0219ierelor de configurare GRUB pentru toate arhitecturile \u00eentr-un singur director \/boot\/grub2\/ (fi\u0219ierul \/boot\/efi\/EFI\/redhat\/grub.cfg este acum un link simbolic c\u0103tre \/boot\/grub2\/grub.cfg), adic\u0103 aceea\u0219i sistem instalat poate fi pornit at\u00e2t utiliz\u00e2nd EFI, c\u00e2t \u0219i BIOS.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Componentele pentru suportul diverselor limbi sunt incluse \u00een pachetele langpacks, care permit ajustarea nivelului de suport lingvistic instalat. De exemplu, pachetul langpacks-core-font ofer\u0103 doar fonturi, langpacks-core con\u021bine localizarea pentru glibc, fontul de baz\u0103 \u0219i metoda de introducere, iar langpacks include traduceri, fonturi suplimentare \u0219i dic\u021bionare pentru verificarea ortografic\u0103.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Componentele au fost actualizate pentru a asigura securitatea. Distribu\u021bia a implementat o nou\u0103 ramur\u0103 a bibliotecii criptografice OpenSSL 3.0. Au fost activate prin intermediul configura\u021biei algoritmi criptografici mai moderni \u0219i mai siguri (de exemplu, utilizarea SHA-1 \u00een TLS, DTLS, SSH, IKEv2 \u0219i Kerberos este interzis\u0103, iar TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, DTLS 1.0, RC4, Camellia, DSA, 3DES \u0219i FFDHE-1024 sunt dezactivate). Pachetul OpenSSH a fost actualizat la versiunea 8.6p1. Cyrus SASL a fost mutat pe backend GDBM \u00een loc de Berkeley DB. \u00cen bibliotecile NSS (Network Security Services) suportul formatului DBM (Berkeley DB) a fost \u00eencheiat. GnuTLS a fost actualizat la versiunea 3.7.2.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Performan\u021ba SELinux a fost semnificativ \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103 \u0219i consumul de memorie a fost redus. \u00cen \/etc\/selinux\/config a fost eliminat\u0103 suportul pentru setarea \u201eSELINUX=disabled\u201d pentru a dezactiva SELinux (aceast\u0103 setare acum doar dezactiveaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcarea politicilor, iar pentru dezactivarea efectiv\u0103 a func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bii SELinux este necesar\u0103 transmiterea parametrului \u201eselinux=0\u201d c\u0103tre nucleu).    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Suport experimental ad\u0103ugat <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vpn\/\"   title=\"VPN\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"208\">VPN<\/a> WireGuard.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Accesul prin SSH sub utilizatorul root este interzis implicit.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Instruments de gestionare a filtrului de pachete iptables-nft (utilit\u0103\u021bile iptables, ip6tables, ebtables \u0219i arptables) \u0219i ipset au fost declarate \u00eenvechite. Pentru gestionarea firewall-ului este acum recomandat s\u0103 se foloseasc\u0103 nftables.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost inclus un nou demon mptcpd pentru configurarea MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), o extensie a protocolului TCP pentru a permite func\u021bionarea conexiunilor TCP cu livrarea pachetelor simultan pe mai multe rute prin diferite interfe\u021be de re\u021bea, legate la diferite adrese IP. Utilizarea mptcpd permite configurarea MPTCP f\u0103r\u0103 utilizarea utilitarului iproute2.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pachetul network-scripts a fost eliminat, iar pentru configurarea conexiunilor de re\u021bea se recomand\u0103 utilizarea NetworkManager. Suportul pentru formatul de configurare ifcfg a fost p\u0103strat, dar NetworkManager utilizeaz\u0103 implicit un format bazat pe fi\u0219ier keyfile.          <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost incluse noi versiuni de compilatoare \u0219i instrumente pentru dezvoltatori: GCC 11.2, LLVM\/Clang 12.0.1, Rust 1.54, Go 1.16.6, Node.js 16, OpenJDK 17, Perl 5.32, PHP 8.0, Python 3.9, Ruby 3.0, Git 2.31, Subversion 1.14, binutils 2.35, CMake 3.20.2, Maven 3.6, Ant 1.10.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pachetele de server Apache HTTP Server 2.4.48, nginx 1.20, Varnish Cache 6.5, Squid 5.1 au fost actualizate.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost actualizate sistemele de baze de date MariaDB 10.5, MySQL 8.0, PostgreSQL 13, Redis 6.2.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru compilarea emulatorului QEMU, Clang este utilizat \u00een mod implicit, permi\u021b\u00e2nd aplicarea unor mecanisme suplimentare de protec\u021bie \u00een hipervizorul KVM, cum ar fi SafeStack pentru protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva metodelor de exploatare bazate pe programare orientat\u0103 pe return\u0103ri (ROP - Return-Oriented Programming).        <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen SSSD (System Security Services Daemon) a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit nivelul de detaliere al jurnalelor, de exemplu, acum este ata\u0219at timpul de finalizare a sarcinii la evenimente \u0219i este reflectat fluxul de autentificare. Au fost ad\u0103ugate func\u021bii de c\u0103utare pentru analizarea problemelor de configurare \u0219i performan\u021b\u0103.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Suportul pentru IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture) a fost extins pentru a verifica integritatea componentelor sistemului de operare prin semn\u0103turi digitale \u0219i hash-uri.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen mod implicit, este activat\u0103 o ierarhie unificat\u0103 de cgroup (cgroup v2). Cgroups v2 pot fi utilizate, de exemplu, pentru a limita consumul de memorie, resurse CPU \u0219i input\/output. Principala diferen\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre cgroups v2 \u0219i v1 este aplicarea unei ierarhii comune de cgroups pentru toate tipurile de resurse, \u00een locul unor ierarhii separate pentru distribuirea resurselor CPU, pentru reglementarea consumului de memorie \u0219i pentru input\/output. Ierarhiile separate au dus la dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een organizarea interac\u021biunilor \u00eentre gestionari \u0219i la costuri suplimentare cu resursele nucleului \u00een aplicarea regulilor pentru un proces, men\u021bionat \u00een diferite ierarhii.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru sincronizarea timpului exact bazat pe protocolul NTS (Network Time Security), care utilizeaz\u0103 elemente ale infrastructurii cu cheie public\u0103 (PKI) \u0219i permite utilizarea TLS \u0219i cript\u0103rii autentificate AEAD (Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data) pentru protec\u021bia criptografic\u0103 a interac\u021biunii clientului \u0219i <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"server\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3807\">server<\/a> prin protocolul NTP (Network Time Protocol). Serverul NTP chrony a fost actualizat la versiunea 4.1.        <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> S-a asigurat suport experimental pentru KTLS (implementarea TLS la nivel de kernel), Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions), DAX (Direct Access) pentru ext4 \u0219i XFS, suport pentru AMD SEV \u0219i SEV-ES \u00een hipervizorul KVM.            <\/li>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57048\">opennet.ro<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0442\u0430-\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 AlmaLinux 9, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 x86_64, ARM64, s390x \u0438 ppc64le \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (780 \u041c\u0411), \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (1.7 \u0413\u0411) \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 (8 \u0413\u0411). \u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044b RHEL 9 \u0438 AlmaLinux 9 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-103824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0442\u0430-\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 AlmaLinux 9, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 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