{"id":107267,"date":"2023-03-14T12:48:14","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T10:48:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/?p=107267"},"modified":"2023-03-15T19:12:55","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T17:12:55","slug":"vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-7","title":{"rendered":"Lansarea filtrului de pachete nftables 1.0.7","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A fost publicat versiunea 1.0.7 a filtrului de pachete nftables, care unific\u0103 interfe\u021bele de filtrare a pachetelor pentru IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0219i pun\u021bile de re\u021bea (destinat\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103 iptables, ip6tables, arptables \u0219i ebtables). Pachetul nftables include componentele filtrului de pachete care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een utilizator, \u00een timp ce la nivel de nucleu, func\u021bionarea este asigurat\u0103 de subsistemul nf_tables, parte integrant\u0103 a nucleului Linux \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu versiunea 3.13. La nivel de nucleu, se ofer\u0103 doar o interfa\u021b\u0103 general\u0103, independent\u0103 de protocolul specific, care ofer\u0103 func\u021bii de baz\u0103 pentru extragerea datelor din pachete, efectuarea de opera\u021biuni cu datele \u0219i gestionarea fluxului.    <\/p>\n<p>Regulile de filtrare \u0219i handler-ii specifici pentru protocoale sunt compilate \u00een bytecode \u00een spa\u021biul utilizatorului, dup\u0103 care acest bytecode este \u00eenc\u0103rcat \u00een nucleu prin intermediul interfe\u021bei Netlink \u0219i executat \u00een nucleu \u00eentr-un mod special <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"ma\u0219ina virtual\u0103\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4335\">ma\u0219ina virtual\u0103<\/a>, similar cu BPF (Berkeley Packet Filters). Aceast\u0103 abordare permite reducerea semnificativ\u0103 a dimensiunii codului de filtrare care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 la nivel de nucleu \u0219i mutarea tuturor func\u021biilor de analiz\u0103 a regulilor \u0219i logica de func\u021bionare cu protocoalele \u00een spa\u021biul utilizatorului.    <\/p>\n<p>Modific\u0103ri principale:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru sistemele cu nucleul Linux 6.2+, a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru maparea protocoalelor vxlan, geneve, gre \u0219i gretap, ceea ce permite utilizarea expresiilor simple pentru verificarea headerelor \u00een pachete \u00eencapsulate. De exemplu, pentru verificarea <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"adrese IP\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"711\">adrese IP<\/a> \u00een antetul pachetului \u00eenv\u0103luit VxLAN, acum se pot utiliza reguli (f\u0103r\u0103 a necesita deconstruirea anterioar\u0103 a antetului VxLAN \u0219i legarea filtrului la interfa\u021ba vxlan0):          \u2026 udp dport 4789 vxlan ip protocol udp        \u2026 udp dport 4789 vxlan ip saddr 1.2.3.0\/24        \u2026 udp dport 4789 vxlan ip saddr . vxlan ip daddr { 1.2.3.4 . 4.3.2.1 }\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost implementat suportul pentru fuzionarea automat\u0103 a resturilor dup\u0103 \u0219tergerea par\u021bial\u0103 a unui element din set-list\u0103, ceea ce permite eliminarea unui element sau a unei p\u0103r\u021bi dintr-un interval dintr-un interval existent (\u00een trecut, intervalul putea fi \u0219ters doar \u00een \u00eentregime). De exemplu, dup\u0103 \u0219tergerea elementului 25 din set-lista cu intervalele 24-30 \u0219i 40-50, \u00een list\u0103 vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne 24, 26-30 \u0219i 40-50. Corec\u021biile necesare pentru func\u021bionarea fuziunii automate vor fi propuse \u00een versiunile corective ale ramurilor stabile ale nucleului 5.10+.              # nft list ruleset        table ip x {            set y {                typeof tcp dport                flags interval                auto-merge                elements = { 24-30, 40-50 }            }        }          # nft delete element ip x y { 25 }          # nft list ruleset        table ip x {            set y {                typeof tcp dport                flags interval                auto-merge                elements = { 24, 26-30, 40-50 }            }        }\n<li class=\"l\"> Este permis\u0103 utilizarea contact\u0103rii \u0219i intervalelor \u00een maparea traducerii adreselor (NAT).      table ip nat {        chain prerouting {            type nat hook prerouting priority dstnat; policy accept;            dnat to ip daddr . tcp dport map { 10.1.1.136 . 80 : 1.1.2.69 . 1024,   10.1.1.10-10.1.1.20 . 8888-8889 : 1.1.2.69 . 2048-2049 } persistent       }    }\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru expresia \u00ablast\u00bb, care permite verificarea timpului ultimei utiliz\u0103ri a unui element din regul\u0103 sau a unei liste set. Aceast\u0103 capacitate este disponibil\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu kernelul Linux 5.14.        table ip x {        set y {            typeof ip daddr . tcp dport            size 65535            flags dynamic,timeout            last            timeout 1h        }          chain z {            type filter hook output priority filter; policy accept;            update @y { ip daddr . tcp dport }        }    }      # nft list set ip x y    table ip x {        set y {            typeof ip daddr . tcp dport            size 65535            flags dynamic,timeout            last            timeout 1h            elements = { 172.217.17.14 . 443 last used 1s591ms timeout 1h expires 59m58s409ms,                         172.67.69.19 . 443 last used 4s636ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s364ms,                         142.250.201.72 . 443 last used 4s748ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s252ms,                         172.67.70.134 . 443 last used 4s688ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s312ms,                         35.241.9.150 . 443 last used 5s204ms timeout 1h expires 59m54s796ms,                         138.201.122.174 . 443 last used 4s537ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s463ms,                         34.160.144.191 . 443 last used 5s205ms timeout 1h expires 59m54s795ms,                         130.211.23.194 . 443 last used 4s436ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s564ms }           }    }\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 capacitatea de a defini cote \u00een listele set. De exemplu, pentru a stabili o cot\u0103 de trafic pentru fiecare adres\u0103 IP \u021bint\u0103, se poate specifica:      table netdev x {        set y {            typeof ip daddr            size 65535            quota over 10000 mbytes        }          chain y {            type filter hook egress device \u00abeth0\u00bb priority filter; policy accept;            ip daddr @y drop        }    }      # nft add element inet x y { 8.8.8.8 }    # ping -c 2 8.8.8.8       # nft list ruleset    table netdev x {        set y {            type ipv4_addr            size 65535            quota over 10000 mbytes            elements = { 8.8.8.8 quota over 10000 mbytes used 196 bytes }        }          chain y {            type filter hook egress device \u00abeth0\u00bb priority filter; policy accept;            ip daddr @y drop        }    }\n<li class=\"l\"> Utilizarea constantelor \u00een set-urile de liste este permis\u0103. De exemplu, \u00een cazul folosirii adresei de destina\u021bie \u0219i a identificatorului VLAN ca \u0219i cheie a listei, se poate specifica direct num\u0103rul VLAN-ului (daddr . 123): table netdev t { set s { typeof ether saddr . vlan id size 2048 flags dynamic,timeout timeout 1m } chain c { type filter hook ingress device eth0 priority 0; policy accept; ether type != 8021q update @s { ether daddr . 123 } counter } }\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 o nou\u0103 comand\u0103 \u00abdestroy\u00bb pentru eliminarea necondi\u021bionat\u0103 a obiectelor (spre deosebire de comanda delete, nu genereaz\u0103 ENOENT la \u00eencercarea de a \u0219terge un obiect absent). Este necesar cel pu\u021bin kernelul Linux 6.3-rc.         destroy table ip filter        <\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=58791\">opennet.ro<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 1.0.7, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 iptables, ip6table, arptables \u0438 ebtables). \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 nftables \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 nf_tables, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-107267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 1.0.7, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b 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