{"id":113913,"date":"2024-02-27T22:03:07","date_gmt":"2024-02-27T20:03:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/prekrashhenie-sushhestvovaniya-nitter-svobodnogo-alternativnogo-frontenda-k-twitter"},"modified":"2024-02-27T22:03:07","modified_gmt":"2024-02-27T20:03:07","slug":"prekrashhenie-sushhestvovaniya-nitter-svobodnogo-alternativnogo-frontenda-k-twitter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/prekrashhenie-sushhestvovaniya-nitter-svobodnogo-alternativnogo-frontenda-k-twitter","title":{"rendered":"\u00cencetarea existen\u021bei Nitter, frontend alternativ liber pentru Twitter","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ultimul exemplare publice de Nitter a devenit inoperabil. Proiectul Nitter dezvolta un frontend liber pentru accesul la X.com\/Twitter f\u0103r\u0103 impunerea JavaScript-ului, analizei, trackere \u0219i servicii externe. Pe 31 ianuarie a fost \u00eentrerupt\u0103 emiterea de token-uri, folosite \u00een Nitter pentru a organiza accesul la con\u021binutul de pe X.com. Pe 26 februarie a expirat perioada de valabilitate a ultimelor token-uri emise anterior, ceea ce a dus la o oprire complet\u0103 a activit\u0103\u021bii Nitter. <\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 achizi\u021bia de c\u0103tre Elon Musk, Twitter (acum redenumit X) a \u00eenceput s\u0103 implementeze un set complex de m\u0103suri tehnice \u0219i organiza\u021bionale menite s\u0103 monetizeze agresiv platforma, considerat\u0103 anterior deficitar\u0103. Printre modific\u0103ri s-a realizat tarifarea informa\u021biilor ob\u021binute de fiecare cont (au fost impuse limite pentru diferite tipuri de conturi \u2014 10000 pentru de\u021bin\u0103torii 'verific\u0103rii albastre' pl\u0103tite, 1000 pentru utilizatorii obi\u0219nui\u021bi, 500 pentru utilizatorii noi obi\u0219nui\u021bi); conturile 'dezvoltatorilor' au fost transformate \u00een conturi pl\u0103tite cu limite adecvate pentru extragerea \u00een mas\u0103 a datelor (scraping); s-a oprit furnizarea de informa\u021bii utilizatorilor f\u0103r\u0103 conturi. <\/p>\n

Ca justificare s-a afirmat public (2023-07-01) c\u0103 acestea sunt 'm\u0103suri de urgen\u021b\u0103 temporare', legate de faptul c\u0103 desc\u0103rcarea automat\u0103 a datelor de c\u0103tre bo\u021bi duce la deteriorarea serviciului pentru utilizatorii obi\u0219nui\u021bi. \u00cenainte de aceasta (2023-04-19) au existat insinu\u0103ri c\u0103tre Microsoft, legate de faptul c\u0103 aceast\u0103 companie folose\u0219te ilegal datele Twitter pentru antrenarea AI. Ulterior (2023-11-17) introducerea limitelor a fost justificat\u0103 prin lupta promis\u0103 de Musk \u00eempotriva botilor. <\/p>\n

Nitter a fost un proiect de dezvoltare a unui software pentru protejarea utilizatorilor Twitter de supraveghere, care nu trimit mesaje, ci doar citesc materiale, oferindu-le un site alternativ pentru vizualizarea Twitter-ului, care nu necesit\u0103 cont \u0219i JavaScript activat. Acest software func\u021bioneaz\u0103 practic ca un scraper \u0219i un intermediar, care \u00een loc s\u0103 salveze datele \u00eentr-o baz\u0103 de date, le trimite utilizatorului final (cu toate acestea, unele date administrative sunt stocate \u00een Redis). <\/p>\n

Astfel, software-ul Nitter: <\/p>\n

  • era, din punct de vedere tehnic, exact tipul de software cu care conducerea Twitter a declarat c\u0103 duce o lupt\u0103 activ\u0103;\n
  • era unul dintre pu\u021binele software-uri activ dezvoltate pentru accesarea datelor publicate pe Twitter, ceea ce a determinat atractivitatea sa ca modul pentru scraping \u00een \u00een\u021belesul mai restr\u00e2ns al acestui termen \u2014 colectarea de date prin ocolirea interfe\u021belor oficiale pentru aceasta;\n
  • instan\u021bele publice Nitter au devenit ele \u00eensele obiecte de scraping, ceea ce a dus la faptul c\u0103 unele instan\u021be au implementat propriul lor tip de captcha (1 cerere POST suplimentar\u0103, specific\u0103 pentru instan\u021ba respectiv\u0103).\n

    Ca urmare a analizei c\u0103ilor de ocolire pentru continuarea activit\u0103\u021bii \u00een noile condi\u021bii, au fost descoperite RSS \u0219i unele puncte de intrare pe syndication.twitter.com, care oferau informa\u021bii utilizatorilor ne\u00eenregistra\u021bi \u00een format JSON \u0219i erau folosite pentru integrarea cu alte re\u021bele sociale. O perioad\u0103, Nitter a ob\u021binut informa\u021bii prin aceste interfe\u021be, dar apoi acestea au fost \u00eenchise. Dup\u0103 aceea, a fost g\u0103sit\u0103 o modalitate de utilizare a 'conturilor oaspete', care aveau privilegii de citire. Unul dintre tipurile de 'conturi oaspete' era destinat utiliz\u0103rii pe dispozitivele Internet of Things cu browsere restr\u00e2nse. <\/p>\n

    \u00cens\u0103 Nitter a folosit un alt tip de \u201econturi de oaspe\u021bi\u201d, care aplicau OAuth \u00een loc de Cookie, se \u00eenregistrau prin API \u0219i, aparent, erau utilizate de aplica\u021bia pentru Android. Acest tip de conturi are limite de 500 de cereri la API \u00een decurs de 15 minute, iar \u201e\u00eenregistrarea\u201d sa este legat\u0103 de adresa IP<\/a> (de pe o singur\u0103 adres\u0103 IP se poate \u00eenregistra un \u201econt de oaspete\u201d \u00een decurs de 24 de ore, dar un \u201econt\u201d deja \u00eenregistrat poate fi utilizat de pe alte adrese IP). <\/p>\n

    Aceste \u201econturi\u201d (tokenuri de acces) au fost func\u021bionale timp de 30 de zile. La acel moment, o solu\u021bie rezonabil\u0103 pentru problema \u00eenregistr\u0103rii \u00een mas\u0103 a conturilor temporare ar fi putut fi crowdsourcing-ul \u00eenregistr\u0103rii acestora de c\u0103tre utilizatori, folosind ceva similar cu Bibliogram (un user script care ia tokenul de oaspete de la utilizator \u0219i \u00eel transmite unei instan\u021be publice). <\/p>\n

    La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii ianuarie, X a oprit emiterea acestor tokenuri. Eliminarea ultimei modalit\u0103\u021bi de acces a pus cap\u0103t lui Nitter ca serviciu public gratuit multi-utilizator, ceea ce a dus autorul s\u0103 declare Nitter mort. <\/p>\n

    Unele instan\u021be s-au \u00eenchis imediat dup\u0103 aceasta, altele au modificat codul pentru a economisi drastic utilizarea token-urilor existente, \u00een special prin utilizarea acestora pentru ob\u021binerea listelor de tweet-uri ale conturilor, emit\u00e2nd mesaje de eroare pentru tot restul. La 26 februarie, durata de via\u021b\u0103 a celor mai recente token-uri de vizitatori a expirat, ceea ce a dus la oprirea func\u021bion\u0103rii tuturor instan\u021belor publice. Cu toate acestea, \u00een sistemul de urm\u0103rire a erorilor se discut\u0103 modalit\u0103\u021bi care se refer\u0103, \u00eentr-un fel sau altul, la conturile de vizitatori. <\/p>\n

    Una dintre solu\u021biile radicale ale problemei ar putea fi \u00eenlocuirea Twitter-ului prin crearea unui serviciu alternativ descentralizat pe baza ActivityPub \u0219i IPFS, unde identificatorul principal pentru fiecare mesaj este CID-ul s\u0103u IPFS. Se poate imagina urm\u0103toarea construc\u021bie multi-nivel. <\/p>\n

  • Datele publicate ini\u021bial \u00een serviciul federal ca pe platforma principal\u0103, \u0219i replicate \u00een IPFS.\n
  • Datele publicate pe Twitter de utilizatori \u00een\u0219i\u0219i, dar reflectate \u00een conturile lor de pe platforma federativ\u0103 printr-o extensie de browser, iar de acolo \u2014 \u00een IPFS.\n
  • Datele pe care utilizatorii le-au desc\u0103rcat de pe Twitter, folosind func\u021bia de desc\u0103rcare, \u0219i le-au \u00eenc\u0103rcat \u00een Fediverse + IPFS prin func\u021bia de \u00eenc\u0103rcare \u00een mas\u0103.\n

    Datele punctului 3 \u00eens\u0103 nu rezolv\u0103 problema neimplic\u0103rii utilizatorilor Twitter \u00een programul de \u00eenlocuire a Twitter-ului. <\/p>\n

    Pentru fiecare identificator de postare pe fiecare platform\u0103 centralizat\u0103, poate fi util s\u0103 se men\u021bin\u0103 o afi\u0219are a acestuia \u00een CID-ul IPFS, care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca un cache, permi\u021b\u00e2nd f\u0103r\u0103 a cunoa\u0219te textul propriu-zis al postului, dar cu cunoa\u0219terea identificatorului s\u0103u centralizat, s\u0103 se afle identificatorul s\u0103u descentralizat. Atunci c\u00e2nd se genereaz\u0103 URI \u00een IPFS (ceea ce poate fi realizat f\u0103r\u0103 a \u00eenc\u0103rca efectiv), textul postului trece printr-o procesare de canonizare care const\u0103 \u00een plasarea datelor \u00eentr-un container bazat pe HTML cu metadate u\u0219or de citit de ma\u0219in\u0103, normalizarea unicode-ului, conversia \u00een UTF-8, \u00eenlocuirea caracterelor de spa\u021biu cu simple spa\u021bii simple \u0219i \u00eenlocuirea tuturor link-urilor c\u0103tre posturi pe aceast\u0103 \u0219i alte platforme care trec printr-o procedur\u0103 similar\u0103 cu URI \u00een IPFS. <\/p>\n

    Fiecare dintre platforme are un document care poate fi citit de ma\u0219ini, \u00een care sunt descrise regulile de canonizare a post\u0103rilor, inclusiv numeroase servicii, al c\u0103ror link este \u00eenlocuit cu un URI IPFS \u00een post\u0103rile acestei re\u021bele. Fiecare postare din fiecare re\u021bea este canonizat\u0103 conform regulilor de canonizare a post\u0103rilor din acea re\u021bea, valabile la momentul la care este datat\u0103 postarea. \u00cen procesul de canonizare, dac\u0103 \u00een postare exist\u0103 un link c\u0103tre o postare din una dintre platformele \u00eenlocuite, implementarea extrage un identificator centralizat din link \u0219i verific\u0103 existen\u021ba acestuia \u00een indexurile de \u00eencredere. <\/p>\n

    \u00cen cazul \u00een care identificatorul exist\u0103 \u00een index, implementarea folose\u0219te identificatorul descentralizat din indexuri. Dac\u0103 nu exist\u0103, implementarea solicit\u0103 postarea prin link, o canonizeaz\u0103 \u0219i formeaz\u0103 un identificator care poate fi inclus \u00een indexuri. Implementarea nu este obligat\u0103 s\u0103 plaseze postarea solicitat\u0103 \u00een re\u021beaua descentralizat\u0103. Implementarea poate verifica corectitudinea identificatorului \u00een index prin reproducerea local\u0103 a procesului. Implementarea indexului este obligat\u0103 s\u0103 verifice corectitudinea gener\u0103rii identificatorilor prin reproducerea local\u0103 a procesului. <\/p>\n

    Acest proces determinist permite generarea de linkuri nemodificabile c\u0103tre con\u021binut, chiar \u0219i pentru tweeturi, ale c\u0103ror postere \u00eenc\u0103 nu particip\u0103 \u00een programul de \u00eenlocuire Twitter. C\u00e2nd o parte dintre acestea va \u00eenc\u0103rca tweeturile lor \u00een IPFS, algoritmul va genera pentru ele identificatori identici cu cei deja utiliza\u021bi \u00een linkurile c\u0103tre ele, cu condi\u021bia ca indexul s\u0103 con\u021bin\u0103 coresponden\u021be corecte \u0219i con\u021binutul s\u0103 nu fi fost modificat.
    \n
    Sursa:     opennet.ro<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043e\u0432 Nitter \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0451\u043b \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 Nitter \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a X.com\/Twitter \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f JavaScript, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432. 31 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 Nitter \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0432 X.com. 26 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-113913","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47\u00cencetarea existen\u021bei Nitter, front-end alternativ liber pentru Twitter | ProHoster","description":"Ultimul dintre instan\u021bele publice Nitter a devenit inutilizabil. 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