{"id":121294,"date":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0"},"modified":"2025-01-10T15:46:01","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T13:46:01","slug":"reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-16-0","title":{"rendered":"Lansarea sistemului de pachete autonome Flatpak 1.16.0","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dup\u0103 dou\u0103 ani \u0219i jum\u0103tate de dezvoltare, a fost publicat noua ramur\u0103 stabil\u0103 a instrumentului Flatpak 1.16, care ofer\u0103 un sistem pentru construirea de pachete autonome, nelegate de distribu\u021biile specifice Linux \u0219i care ruleaz\u0103 \u00eentr-un container special, izol\u00e2nd aplica\u021bia de restul sistemului. Suportul pentru rularea pachetelor Flatpak este asigurat pentru Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux \u0219i Ubuntu. Pachetele Flatpak sunt incluse \u00een depozitul Fedora \u0219i sunt suportate \u00een programele de gestionare a aplica\u021biilor GNOME \u0219i KDE.    <\/p>\n<p>Inova\u021bii cheie \u00een ramura Flatpak 1.16:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> S-a realizat tranzi\u021bia la utilizarea sistemului de construire Meson. Suportul pentru construirea cu instrumentul Autotools a fost sistat. Pentru construirea Flatpak este necesar acum ca Python s\u0103 fie prezent \u00een sistem, cu o versiune de cel pu\u021bin 3.5.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost implementat accesul partajat la socketul gssproxy, permi\u021b\u00e2nd utilizarea autentific\u0103rii prin Kerberos \u00een aplica\u021biile care ruleaz\u0103 \u00een modul de izolare sandbox.\n<li class=\"l\"> Atunci c\u00e2nd se creeaz\u0103 socketul pentru Wayland, a fost utilizat extensia security-context, prin care compozitul <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/\"   title=\"serverul\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">serverul<\/a> poate identifica \u0219i restric\u021biona aplica\u021biile care ruleaz\u0103 \u00een modul de izolare sandbox. A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;socket=inherit-wayland-socket&#187; pentru a mo\u0219teni socket-ul existent pentru Wayland.\n<li class=\"l\"> Dup\u0103 instalarea sau actualizarea aplica\u021biilor, este asigurat\u0103 re\u00eenc\u0103rcarea automat\u0103 a configura\u021biei magistralei de \u0219edin\u021b\u0103 D-Bus pentru a prelua noile servicii exportate de aplica\u021bii.\n<li class=\"l\"> Distribu\u021biile au acum posibilitatea de a defini repositoare cu pachete Flatpak folosind directorul &#171; \/usr\/share\/flatpak\/remotes.d&#187;, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 &#171; \/etc\/flatpak\/remotes.d&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost efectuate lucr\u0103ri pentru a diviza fi\u0219ierele mari surs\u0103 \u00een module mai mici.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;device=input&#187; pentru accesarea dispozitivelor de intrare prin \/dev\/input.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru izolarea aplica\u021biilor, a fost folosit\u0103 o nou\u0103 ramur\u0103 a instrumentului bubblewrap 0.11. \u00cen distribu\u021biile care construiesc Flatpak folosind fi\u0219ierul executabil sistemic bwrap, este necesar\u0103 versiunea bubblewrap 0.11. A fost \u00eent\u0103rit\u0103 protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva cre\u0103rii de spa\u021bii de identificare a utilizatorilor (user namespace) \u00een medii sandbox.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost simplificat\u0103 configurarea limbilor suplimentare. Este asigurat\u0103 identificarea limbilor pe baza informa\u021biilor despre utilizatori, furnizate de serviciul DBus AccountsService.\n<li class=\"l\"> Aplica\u021biile care utilizeaz\u0103 izola\u021bia sandbox \u00eennodat\u0103, de exemplu, bazate pe motorul WebKit, au permisiunea de a utiliza protocolul AT-SPI pentru a interac\u021biona cu cititoarele de ecran. A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;flatpak run &#8212;a11y-own-name&#187; pentru a selecta bus-ul prin care se acceseaz\u0103 resursele pentru persoanele cu dizabilit\u0103\u021bi.\n<li class=\"l\"> La executarea comenzii &#171;flatpak run -vv &lt;app_id&gt;&#187;, se asigur\u0103 afi\u0219area tuturor parametrilor aplicabili de izolare sandbox.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;device=usb&#187;, precum \u0219i parametrii &#171;&#8212;usb&#187; \u0219i &#171;&#8212;no-usb&#187; pentru a gestiona accesul aplica\u021biei la dispozitivele USB.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru framework-ul KCompletion, utilizat pentru completarea automat\u0103 a cuvintelor cheie de c\u0103utare \u00een KDE.\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost ad\u0103ugate variabile de mediu &#171;FLATPAK_DATA_DIR&#187; \u0219i &#171;FLATPAK_DOWNLOAD_TMPDIR&#187; pentru a suprascrie directoarele de date ( \/usr\/share\/flatpak) \u0219i fi\u0219ierele temporare desc\u0103rcate ( \/var\/tmp).\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 ie\u0219irea secven\u021belor de escape pentru a afi\u0219a progresul opera\u021biunilor \u00een emulatoarele de terminal.        <\/ul>\n<p>Reamintim c\u0103 Flatpak faciliteaz\u0103 distribuirea aplica\u021biilor care nu se afl\u0103 \u00een repositoarele standard ale distribu\u021biilor, prin preg\u0103tirea unui singur container universal, care \u00eei scap\u0103 pe dezvoltatori de necesitatea de a crea pachete separate pentru fiecare distribu\u021bie. Utilizatorii care sunt preocupa\u021bi de securitate, Flatpak le ofer\u0103 posibilitatea de a rula aplica\u021bii dubioase \u00eentr-un container, oferind acces selectiv doar la func\u021biile de re\u021bea necesare \u0219i fi\u0219ierele utilizatorului. Utilizatorii interesa\u021bi de nout\u0103\u021bi, Flatpak permite instalarea celor mai recente versiuni de teste \u0219i stabile ale aplica\u021biilor f\u0103r\u0103 a fi necesare modific\u0103ri \u00een sistem. De exemplu, pachetele Flatpak sunt disponibile pentru LibreOffice, GIMP, Inkscape, Kdenlive, Steam, 0 A.D., Visual Studio Code, VLC, Slack, Telegram Desktop, Android Studio etc.      <\/p>\n<p>Pentru a reduce dimensiunea, pachetul include doar dependen\u021bele specifice aplica\u021biei. Bibliotecile de baz\u0103 sistemice \u0219i grafice (GTK, Qt, biblioteci GNOME \u0219i KDE etc.) sunt furnizate sub form\u0103 de medii runtime standardizate. Principala diferen\u021b\u0103 dintre Flatpak \u0219i Snap este c\u0103 Snap folose\u0219te componentele mediului sistemului principal \u0219i izola\u021bia pe baza filtr\u0103rii apelurilor de sistem, \u00een timp ce Flatpak creeaz\u0103 un container separat de sistem \u0219i opereaz\u0103 cu seturi mari de runtime, oferind nu pachete ca dependen\u021be, ci medii sistemice standardizate (de exemplu, toate bibliotecile necesare pentru func\u021bionarea programelor GNOME sau KDE).    <\/p>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 mediul de sistem standard (runtime), instalat printr-un repository special, sunt livrate dependen\u021be suplimentare (bundle) necesare pentru func\u021bionarea aplica\u021biei. \u00cempreun\u0103, &#171;runtime&#187; \u0219i &#171;bundle&#187; formeaz\u0103 con\u021binutul containerului, cu men\u021biunea c\u0103 &#171;runtime&#187; este instalat separat \u0219i este legat de mai multe containere, ceea ce permite evitarea duplic\u0103rii fi\u0219ierelor sistemice comune pentru containere.     <\/p>\n<p>\u00centr-un singur sistem pot fi instalate mai multe &#171;runtime&#187; diferite (GNOME, KDE) sau mai multe versiuni ale aceluia\u0219i &#171;runtime&#187; (GNOME 46, GNOME 47). Containerul cu aplica\u021bia ca dependen\u021b\u0103 folose\u0219te o leg\u0103tur\u0103 doar la un anumit &#171;runtime&#187;, f\u0103r\u0103 a lua \u00een considerare pachetele individuale care formeaz\u0103 &#171;runtime&#187; selectat. Toate elementele lips\u0103 sunt ambalate direct \u00eempreun\u0103 cu aplica\u021bia. Atunci c\u00e2nd se creeaz\u0103 containerul, con\u021binutul &#171;runtime&#187; este montat ca o parti\u021bie \/usr, iar &#171;bundle&#187; este montat \u00een directorul \/app.     <\/p>\n<p>Con\u021binutul \u201eruntime\u201d-ului \u0219i al containerelor de aplica\u021bii este generat prin utilizarea tehnologiei OSTree, prin care imaginea este actualizat\u0103 atomic dintr-un depozit similar Git, permi\u021b\u00e2nd aplicarea metodelor de control al versiunii asupra componentelor distribu\u021biei (de exemplu, se poate reveni rapid la o stare anterioar\u0103 a sistemului). Pachetele RPM sunt traduse \u00een depozitul OSTree prin intermediul unei interfe\u021be rpm-ostree.     <\/p>\n<p>Instalarea selectiv\u0103 \u0219i actualizarea pachetelor \u00een interiorul mediu-lui de lucru nu sunt acceptate \u2014 sistemul este actualizat nu la nivel de componente individuale, ci \u00een \u00eentregime, schimb\u00e2ndu-\u0219i starea atomic\u0103. Se ofer\u0103 instrumente pentru aplicarea incremental\u0103 a actualiz\u0103rilor, elimin\u00e2nd necesitatea \u00eenlocuirii complete a imaginii la fiecare actualizare.      <\/p>\n<p>Medio izolat, complet independent de sistemul de operare utilizat, iar cu configura\u021bia corect\u0103 a pachetului, nu are acces la fi\u0219ierele \u0219i procesele utilizatorului sau ale sistemului de baz\u0103, \u0219i nu poate accesa direct hardware-ul, cu excep\u021bia ie\u0219irii prin DRI. Ie\u0219irea grafic\u0103 \u0219i organizarea intr\u0103rii sunt realizate prin intermediul protocolului Wayland sau prin tunelarea socket-ului X11. Interac\u021biunea cu mediul extern este construit\u0103 prin sistemul de mesagerie DBus \u0219i API-ul special Portals.     <\/p>\n<p>Pentru izolare, se utilizeaz\u0103 un strat Bubblewrap \u0219i tehnologii tradi\u021bionale de virtualizare a containerelor specifice Linux, bazate pe utilizarea cgroups, spa\u021biilor de nume (namespaces), Seccomp \u0219i SELinux. Pentru ie\u0219irea sonor\u0103 se folose\u0219te PulseAudio sau PipeWire. La crearea pachetului, izola\u021bia poate fi dezactivat\u0103, lucru de care se bucur\u0103 dezvoltatorii multor pachete populare pentru a ob\u021bine acces complet la sistemul de fi\u0219iere \u0219i la toate dispozitivele din sistem.     <\/p>\n<p>De exemplu, cu modul de izolare limitat, care las\u0103 acces complet la directorul personal, sunt furnizate pachetele GIMP, VSCodium, PyCharm, Octave, Inkscape, Audacity \u0219i VLC. \u00cen cazul compromiterii pachetelor cu acces la directorul personal, \u00een ciuda etichetei &#171;sandboxed&#187; din descrierea pachetului, atacatorului \u00eei este suficient s\u0103 modifice fi\u0219ierul ~\/ .bashrc pentru a-\u0219i executa codul. O \u00eentrebare separat\u0103 este controlul asupra modific\u0103rilor aduse pachetelor \u0219i \u00eencrederea \u00een constructorii de pachete, care adesea nu sunt lega\u021bi de proiectul principal sau de distribu\u021bii.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=62537\">opennet.ro<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f Flatpak 1.16, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c Linux \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Flatpak-\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux \u0438 Ubuntu. \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441 Flatpak [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-121294","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441 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