{"id":123511,"date":"2025-04-15T21:05:13","date_gmt":"2025-04-15T19:05:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/kompaniya-oracle-opublikovala-yadro-unbreakable-enterprise-kernel-8"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:56:02","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:56:02","slug":"kompaniya-oracle-opublikovala-yadro-unbreakable-enterprise-kernel-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/kompaniya-oracle-opublikovala-yadro-unbreakable-enterprise-kernel-8","title":{"rendered":"Compania Oracle a publicat nucleul Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Compania Oracle a lansat prima versiune stabil\u0103 a Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 (UEK R8), o variant\u0103 a kernel-ului Linux dezvoltat\u0103 pentru utilizare \u00een distribu\u021bia Oracle Linux ca alternativ\u0103 la pachetul standard cu kernel din Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Kernel-ul este disponibil doar pentru arhitecturi x86_64 \u0219i ARM64 (aarch64). Codul surs\u0103 al kernel-ului, inclusiv \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea \u00een patch-uri separate, este publicat \u00een repositoul Git public al Oracle.        <\/p>\n<p>Pachetul Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 se bazeaz\u0103 pe kernel-ul Linux 6.12 (versiunea UEK R7 s-a bazat pe kernel-ul 5.4, iar \u00een versiunea beta a RHEL 10 a fost propus kernel-ul 6.11), care este \u00eembog\u0103\u021bit cu noi func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi, optimiz\u0103ri \u0219i corecturi, fiind de asemenea testat pentru compatibilitate cu majoritatea aplica\u021biilor care ruleaz\u0103 pe RHEL, \u0219i optimizat pentru a func\u021biona cu software-ul \u0219i hardware-ul industrial Oracle. Pachetele de instalare \u0219i cele surs\u0103 ale kernel-ului UEK R8 sunt preg\u0103tite pentru Oracle Linux 9.5 (nu exist\u0103 obstacole \u00een utilizarea acestui kernel \u00een versiuni similare RHEL, CentOS, Alma Linux \u0219i Rocky Linux).       <\/p>\n<p>Nout\u0103\u021bi cheie ale Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cemp\u0103r\u021birea componentelor kernel-ului UEK a fost modificat\u0103 \u00een pachete separate. Modulele kernel-ului au fost separate de imaginea de baz\u0103 a kernel-ului \u0219i sunt livrate \u00een colec\u021bii incluse \u00een pachete separate: kernel-uek-modules-core (minim de baz\u0103), kernel-uek-modules (pentru <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/\"   title=\"servere\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1678\">servere<\/a>), kernel-uek-modules-desktop, kernel-uek-modules-extra-netfilter, kernel-uek-modules-usb \u0219i kernel-uek-modules-wireless. Utilitarele asociate au fost mutate din pachetul de baz\u0103 kernel-uek-core \u00eentr-un pachet separat kernel-uek-tools. Fi\u0219ierele de configurare cu lista modulelor interzise la \u00eenc\u0103rcare au fost redenumite din 'blacklist' \u00een 'denylist' ca parte a ini\u021biativei de utilizare a terminologiei incluzive.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru sistemele ARM Ampere, utilizate \u00een Oracle Cloud, a fost format\u0103 o construc\u021bie separat\u0103 a kernel-ului kernel-uek64k, \u00een care dimensiunea de baz\u0103 a paginilor de memorie a fost crescut\u0103 de la 4 la 64 KB.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru implementarea hardware oferit\u0103 de Intel SGX2 (Software Guard Extensions) a mecanismului EDMM (Enclave Dynamic Memory Management), care permite gestionarea accesului la paginile de memorie ale enclavei \u0219i ad\u0103ugarea\/\u0219tergerea dinamic\u0103 a paginilor de memorie pentru enclav\u0103.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen driverul Intel QAT cu suport pentru dispozitivele Intel Quick Assist Technology (QAT) a fost ad\u0103ugat suportul pentru a patra genera\u021bie de procesoare Intel Xeon.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat un sistem de detectare a blocajelor \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite ('split-lock'), care apar atunci c\u00e2nd se acceseaz\u0103 date nealinieri \u00een memorie, din cauza faptului c\u0103, \u00een timpul execut\u0103rii unei instruc\u021biuni atomice, datele traverseaz\u0103 dou\u0103 linii de cache CPU. Aceste blocaje conduc la o sc\u0103dere semnificativ\u0103 a performan\u021bei (cu 1000 de cicluri mai lent dec\u00e2t o opera\u021biune atomic\u0103 cu date care se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 linie de cache).\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost implementat\u0103 o nou\u0103 metod\u0103 de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bii Retbleed \u00een CPU Intel \u0219i AMD, folosind urm\u0103rirea ad\u00e2ncimii apelurilor, care nu \u00eencetine\u0219te procesul de lucru at\u00e2t de mult ca protec\u021bia anterioar\u0103 \u00eempotriva Retbleed.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pe sistemele x86, au fost activate simultan nucleele secundare ale CPU, ceea ce a permis reducerea timpului de \u00eenc\u0103rcare a nucleului pe sistemele cu un num\u0103r mare de nuclee.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat un parametru de linie de comand\u0103 a nucleului 'ia32_emulation', care permite activarea \u0219i dezactivarea suportului pentru emularea modului pe 32 de bi\u021bi \u00een nucleele compilate pentru arhitectura x86-64 \u00een timpul \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103rii.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen mod implicit, scheduler-ul CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) a fost \u00eenlocuit cu scheduler-ul EEVDF (Earliest Eligible Virtual Deadline First). C\u00e2nd alege urm\u0103torul proces de predat execu\u021bia, noul scheduler ia \u00een considerare procesele care nu au primit resurse procesor sau care au primit prea mult timp de procesor f\u0103r\u0103 a merita. \u00cen primul caz, se for\u021beaz\u0103 transferul controlului c\u0103tre acel proces, iar \u00een al doilea caz, se am\u00e2n\u0103. Scheduler-ul vechi CFS folosea o abordare euristic\u0103 \u0219i ajust\u0103ri fine pentru a determina procesele care necesitau aten\u021bie separat\u0103, \u00een timp ce noul scheduler le urm\u0103re\u0219te mai explicit \u0219i nu necesit\u0103 ajust\u0103ri fine. EEVDF va reduce \u00eent\u00e2rzierile \u00een execu\u021bia sarcinilor cu care CFS s-a confruntat cu probleme de programare.\n<li class=\"l\"> Continua livrarea sistemului de depanare dinamic\u0103 DTrace 2.0, care a fost adaptat pentru a utiliza subsistemul de kernel eBPF. DTrace 2.0 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 deasupra eBPF, similar cu modul \u00een care instrumentele de depanare existente din Linux func\u021bioneaz\u0103 deasupra eBPF.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen hipervizorul KVM, este permis\u0103 utilizarea a p\u00e2n\u0103 la 4096 de CPU virtuali (VCPU).\n<li class=\"l\"> S-a continuat utilizarea KTLS, implementarea protocalului TLS la nivel de nucleu.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost actualizat\u0103 implementarea generatorului de numere aleatoare RDRAND, responsabil pentru func\u021bionarea dispozitivului \/dev\/random, care a fost convertit pentru a utiliza func\u021bia hash BLAKE2s \u00een loc de SHA1 pentru opera\u021biile de amestecare a entropiei. Aceast\u0103 modificare a permis cre\u0219terea nivelului de securitate al generatorului de numere aleatoare. Pentru a accelera ob\u021binerea numerelor aleatoare prin apelul de sistem getrandom(), a fost utilizat mecanismul vDSO (obiect dinamic partajat virtual), care mut\u0103 gestionarea apelului de sistem din kernel \u00een spa\u021biul utilizatorului pentru a evita comut\u0103rile de context.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103tat suportul pentru extensia BIG TCP, care permite cre\u0219terea dimensiunii maxime a pachetului TCP la 4GB pentru optimizarea func\u021bion\u0103rii re\u021belilor interne de \u00eenalt\u0103 vitez\u0103 ale centrelor de date. Aceast\u0103 cre\u0219tere a dimensiunii pachetului, av\u00e2nd un c\u00e2mp de dimensiune pe 16 bi\u021bi \u00een antet, este realizat\u0103 prin implementarea pachetelor 'jumbo', dimensiunea din antetul IP fiind setat\u0103 la 0, iar dimensiunea real\u0103 fiind transmis\u0103 \u00eentr-un c\u00e2mp separat de 32 de bi\u021bi dintr-un antet anexat.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru socket-urile de re\u021bea a fost implementat\u0103 op\u021biunea SO_RESERVE_MEM, care permite rezervarea unei anumite cantit\u0103\u021bi de memorie pentru socket, care va r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00eentotdeauna disponibil\u0103 \u0219i nu va fi confiscat\u0103. Utilizarea acestei op\u021biuni permite \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea performan\u021bei prin reducerea opera\u021biunilor de alocare \u0219i eliberare a memoriei din stiva de re\u021bea, \u00een special \u00een condi\u021bii de deficit de memorie \u00een sistem.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost optimizat\u0103 performan\u021ba planificatorului de pachete fq (Fair Queuing), ceea ce a crescut l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 cu 5% sub sarcini mari \u00een testul tcp_rr (TCP Request\/Response) \u0219i cu 13% \u00een fluxurile de pachete UDP nelimitate.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost reorganizat\u0103 structura re\u021bea a kernel-ului pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi eficien\u021ba cache-ului de date al procesorului, ceea ce a dus la cre\u0219terea performan\u021bei stivei TCP \u00een sistemele care gestioneaz\u0103 un num\u0103r mare de cereri paralele.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat suportul pentru biblioteca ASMLib 3 pentru gestionarea automat\u0103 a stoc\u0103rii \u00een SGBD Oracle.\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost efectuate lucr\u0103ri de optimizare a performan\u021bei \u0219i de cre\u0219tere a securit\u0103\u021bii mecanismului de I\/O asincron io_uring. Au fost ad\u0103ugate optimiz\u0103ri bazate pe io_uring pentru sistemele de fi\u0219iere XFS \u0219i Ext4, care permit scrierea direct\u0103 \u00een fi\u0219iere \u00een mai multe firuri de execu\u021bie \u00een paralel.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit suportul pentru sistemul de fi\u0219iere Btrfs. Pentru dispozitivele care suport\u0103 trim\/discard, op\u021biunea de montare 'discard=async' este activat\u0103 implicit, permi\u021b\u00e2nd executarea acestor opera\u021biuni imediat pentru toate sistemele de fi\u0219iere \u00een mod asincron. A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru trimiterea \u0219i primirea de date comprimate f\u0103r\u0103 conversii. A fost implementat suportul pentru scrierea \u00een blocuri mai mari de 64 KB. A fost simplificat\u0103 contabilizarea cotelor. A fost realizat suportul pentru montarea dispozitivelor clonare. Au fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bite verific\u0103rile de scriere \u00een modul NOCOW (l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 s-a crescut cu 9%). Au fost ad\u0103ugate op\u021biuni de montare 'ignoremetacsums' \u0219i 'ignoresuperflags' pentru a ignora sumele de control incorecte ale metadatelor \u0219i flagurile superblocului. A fost asigurat\u0103 executarea sarcinilor de eliminare a dispozitivelor, balansare \u0219i redistribuire a blocurilor \u00een mod paralel.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen FS XFS, este permis\u0103 utilizarea dimensiunii blocului care dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te dimensiunea paginii de memorie. Au fost ad\u0103uga\u021bi contori extin\u0219i pentru discuri virtuale foarte mari. A fost ad\u0103ugat modul de angajare atomic\u0103 (commit) a con\u021binutului fi\u0219ierelor. A fost propus\u0103 o implementare experimental\u0103 pentru verificarea (fsck) \u0219i recuperarea FS \u00een mod online.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen NFS, utilizarea opera\u021biei READ_PLUS, definit\u0103 \u00een specifica\u021bia NFS 4.2 \u0219i utilizat\u0103 pentru o citire mai eficient\u0103 a datelor din fi\u0219ierele cu spa\u021bii goale, este activat\u0103 \u00een mod implicit.\n<li class=\"l\"> Sistemul de gestionare a memoriei a fost mutat pe utilizarea unei structuri de date folios (portfolio-uri de pagini de memorie). Folios-urile seam\u0103n\u0103 cu paginile de memorie combinate (compound pages), dar se diferen\u021biaz\u0103 printr-o semnifica\u021bie \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103 \u0219i o organizare mai clar\u0103 a func\u021bion\u0103rii.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru opera\u021biunile de mapare a memoriei este utilizat\u0103 o structur\u0103 de date \u201emaple tree\u201d, care este pozi\u021bionat\u0103 ca o \u00eenlocuire mai eficient\u0103 a structurii \u201ered-black tree\u201d. Maple tree este o variant\u0103 a B-tree-ului, care suport\u0103 indexarea pe intervale de valori \u0219i a fost proiectat\u0103 pentru o utilizare eficient\u0103 a cache-ului. <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/dts-riga\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"371\">procesorilor moderni<\/a>.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen mmap, au fost implementate bloc\u0103ri la nivelul fiec\u0103rui VMA (Virtual Memory Area), permi\u021b\u00e2nd cre\u0219terea performan\u021bei aplica\u021biilor multithreaded.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 o structur\u0103 de date ptdesc, care optimizeaz\u0103 lucrul cu tabelele de pagini de memorie prin separarea structurilor cu metadate \u0219i date pentru paginile de memorie.             <\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63081\">opennet.ro<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Oracle \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 (UEK R8), \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 Oracle Linux \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 Red Hat Enterprise Linux. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 x86_64 \u0438 ARM64 (aarch64). \u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c Git-\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-123511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Oracle \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 (UEK R8), \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f 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