{"id":141508,"date":"2025-08-25T11:11:55","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T09:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-34-goda"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:03:20","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:03:20","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-34-goda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-34-goda","title":{"rendered":"Nucleul Linux a \u00eemplinit 34 de ani.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pe 25 august 1991, dup\u0103 cinci luni de dezvoltare, studentul de 21 de ani Linus Torvalds a anun\u021bat \u00eentr-o teleconferin\u021b\u0103 pe comp.os.minix crearea unui prototip func\u021bional al noului sistem de operare Linux, pentru care a fost marcat\u0103 finalizarea port\u0103rii bash 1.08 \u0219i gcc 1.40. Prima lansare public\u0103 a nucleului Linux a fost prezentat\u0103 pe 17 septembrie. Nucleul 0.0.1 avea o dimensiune de 62 KB comprimat \u0219i con\u021binea aproximativ 10.000 de linii de cod surs\u0103. Nucleul modern Linux num\u0103r\u0103 aproximativ 41 de milioane de linii de cod.<\/p>\n<p>Nucleul Linux a fost creat sub influen\u021ba sistemului de operare MINIX, care nu-l mul\u021bumea pe Linus din cauza licen\u021bei sale restrictive. Ulterior, c\u00e2nd Linux a devenit un proiect bine-cunoscut, adversarii au \u00eencercat s\u0103-l acuze pe Linus de copierea direct\u0103 a codului unor subsisteme MINIX. Atacul a fost respins de Andrew Tanenbaum, autorul MINIX, care a desemnat unul dintre studen\u021bi s\u0103 efectueze o compara\u021bie detaliat\u0103 \u00eentre codul Minix \u0219i primele versiuni publice ale Linux. Rezultatele studiului au ar\u0103tat doar patru suprapuneri nesemnificative ale blocurilor de cod, cauzate de cerin\u021bele POSIX \u0219i ANSI C.<\/p>\n<p>La \u00eenceput, Linus a inten\u021bionat s\u0103 numeasc\u0103 nucleul Freax, de la cuvintele \u201efree\u201d, \u201efreak\u201d \u0219i X (Unix). Totu\u0219i, numele \u201eLinux\u201d a fost dat nucleului de c\u0103tre Ari Lemmke, care, la cererea lui Linus, a \u00eenc\u0103rcat nucleul pe serverul FTP al universit\u0103\u021bii, numind directorul cu arhiva nu \u201efreax\u201d, a\u0219a cum ceruse Torvalds, ci \u201elinux\u201d. Este demn de remarcat c\u0103 antreprenorul William Della Croce a reu\u0219it s\u0103 \u00eenregistreze marca comercial\u0103 Linux \u0219i dorea s\u0103 colecteze royalties \u00een timp, dar mai t\u00e2rziu s-a r\u0103zg\u00e2ndit \u0219i a transferat toate drepturile asupra m\u0103rcii lui Linus. Mascota oficial\u0103 a nucleului Linux, pinguinul Tux, a fost ales \u00een urma unui concurs desf\u0103\u0219urat \u00een 1996. Numele Tux este o abreviere pentru Torvalds UniX.<\/p>\n<p>Dinamica cre\u0219terii bazei de cod (num\u0103rul de linii de cod surs\u0103) a nucleului:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0.0.1 \u2014 septembrie 1991, 10 mii de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>1.0.0 \u2014 martie 1994, 176 mii de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>1.2.0 \u2014 martie 1995, 311 mii de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>2.0.0 \u2014 iunie 1996, 778 mii de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>2.2.0 \u2014 ianuarie 1999, 1.8 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>2.4.0 \u2014 ianuarie 2001, 3.4 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.0 \u2014 decembrie 2003, 5.9 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.28 \u2014 decembrie 2008, 10.2 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.35 \u2014 august 2010, 13.4 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>3.0 \u2014 august 2011, 14.6 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>3.5 \u2014 iulie 2012, 15.5 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>3.10 \u2014 iulie 2013, 15.8 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>3.16 \u2014 august 2014, 17.5 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>4.1 \u2014 iunie 2015, 19.5 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>4.7 \u2014 iulie 2016, 21.7 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>4.12 \u2014 iulie 2017, 24.1 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>4.18 \u2014 august 2018, 25.3 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>5.2 \u2014 iulie 2019, 26.55 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>5.8 \u2014 august 2020, 28.4 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>5.13 \u2014 iunie 2021, 29.2 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>5.19 \u2014 august 2022, 30.5 milioane de linii de cod;<\/li>\n<li>6.4 \u2014 iunie 2023, 32.9 milioane de linii de cod.<\/li>\n<li>6.10 \u2014 iulie 2024, 35.1 milioane de linii de cod.<\/li>\n<li>6.16 \u2014 iulie 2025, 40.8 milioane de linii de cod.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Progresul dezvolt\u0103rii nucleului:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 septembrie 1991, prima versiune public\u0103, care suport\u0103 doar CPU i386 \u0219i se \u00eencarc\u0103 din dischet\u0103;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.12 \u2014 ianuarie 1992, codul a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie distribuit sub licen\u021ba GPLv2;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.95 \u2014 martie 1992, a fost asigurat\u0103 posibilitatea de a rula X Window System, a fost implementat suport pentru memorie virtual\u0103 \u0219i swap.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, s-a \u00eenceput lucrul la stiva de re\u021bea. A fost introdus\u0103 sistemul de fi\u0219iere Ext2, s-a ad\u0103ugat suport pentru formatul fi\u0219ierelor ELF, s-au prezentat drivere pentru pl\u0103cile de sunet \u0219i controlerele SCSI, a fost implementat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcarea modulelor nucleului \u0219i a sistemului de fi\u0219iere \/proc.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen 1992 au ap\u0103rut primele distribu\u021bii SLS \u0219i Yggdrasil. Vara anului 1993 au fost fondate proiectele Slackware \u0219i Debian.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.0 \u2014 martie 1994, prima versiune stabil\u0103 oficial\u0103;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.2 - martie 1995, cre\u0219tere semnificativ\u0103 a num\u0103rului de drivere, suport pentru platformele Alpha, MIPS \u0219i SPARC, extinderea capabilit\u0103\u021bilor stivei de re\u021bea, introducerea filtrului de pachete, suport pentru NFS;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.0 - iunie 1996, suport pentru sistemele multiprocesor;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Martie 1997: a fost fondat\u0103 LKML, lista de discu\u021bii pentru dezvoltatorii nucleului Linux;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Anul 1998: a fost lansat primul cluster bazat pe Linux, inclus \u00een lista Top500, format din 68 de noduri cu CPU Alpha;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.2 \u2014 ianuarie 1999, eficien\u021ba sistemului de gestionare a memoriei a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103, a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/lir\/ipv4\/\">suportul IPv6<\/a>, un nou firewall a fost implementat, a fost prezentat\u0103 un nou subsistem audio;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.4 - februarie 2001, suport pentru sisteme cu 8 procesoare \u0219i 64 GB RAM, sistem de fi\u0219iere Ext3, suport pentru USB, ACPI;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.6 - decembrie 2003, suport pentru SELinux, instrumente pentru automatizarea ajust\u0103rii parametrilor nucleului, sysfs, sistem de gestionare a memoriei revizuit;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen 2005 a fost prezentat hipervizorul Xen, care a deschis perioada virtualiz\u0103rii;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen septembrie 2008 a fost formatat primul release al platformei Android, bazat pe nucleul Linux;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen iulie 2011, dup\u0103 10 ani de dezvoltare a ramurii 2.6.x, s-a realizat tranzi\u021bia la numerotarea 3.x. Num\u0103rul obiectelor \u00een repository-ul Git a atins 2 milioane;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen 2015 a fost lansat nucleul Linux 4.0. Num\u0103rul obiectelor git \u00een repository a atins 4 milioane;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen aprilie 2018, pragul de 6 milioane de obiecte git \u00een repository-ul nucleului a fost dep\u0103\u0219it.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen ianuarie 2019 a fost formatat\u0103 ramura nucleului Linux 5.0. Repository-ul a ajuns la 6,5 milioane de obiecte git.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Nucleul publicat \u00een august 2020, 5.8, a devenit cel mai mare \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te num\u0103rul de modific\u0103ri din istoria proiectului.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen nucleul 5.13 s-a stabilit un record de num\u0103r de dezvoltatori (2150), modific\u0103rile c\u0103ror s-au inclus \u00een nucleu.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen august 2022 a fost formatat\u0103 ramura nucleului Linux 6.0, deoarece \u00een ramura 5.x s-au acumulat suficiente release-uri pentru a schimba prima cifr\u0103 din num\u0103rul versiunii.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen nucleul 6.1, lansat \u00een decembrie 2022, a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 posibilitatea utiliz\u0103rii limbajului Rust ca al doilea limbaj pentru dezvoltarea driverelor \u0219i modulelor nucleului.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">\u00cen februarie 2025, s-a atins o marc\u0103 de 40 de milioane de linii de cod surs\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aproximativ 65% din toate modific\u0103rile aduse nucleului au fost realizate de 20 de companii dintre cele mai active. De exemplu, \u00een timpul dezvolt\u0103rii nucleului 6.16, 11.3% din toate modific\u0103rile (cu un an \u00een urm\u0103 \u00een nucleul 6.10 a fost 15.3%) au fost preg\u0103tite de compania Intel, 7.6% (6.9%) \u2014 Red Hat, 6.3% (7.4%) \u2014 Google, 5.6% (6.3%) \u2014 Linaro, 5.4% (4.6%) \u2014 AMD, 3.6% (1.9%) \u2014 Qualcomm, 3.0% (2.5%) \u2014 SUSE, 2.9% (3.2%) \u2014 Meta, 2.6% (3.3%) \u2014 Oracle, 2.4% (2.3%) \u2014 Huawei, 2.4% (1.5%) \u2014 NVIDIA, 2.3% (1.2%) \u2014 ARM, 1.4% (2.4%) \u2014 IBM. 15.3% (11.9%) din modific\u0103ri au fost preg\u0103tite de participan\u021bi independen\u021bi sau dezvoltatori care nu \u0219i-au declarat clar munca pentru anumite companii. \u00cen func\u021bie de num\u0103rul de linii de cod ad\u0103ugate \u00een nucleul 6.16, companiile Intel, Red Hat \u0219i Google conduc, av\u00e2nd cote de 9.2%, 7.2% \u0219i 6.9% (\u00een nucleul 6.10, liderii au fost Intel, Linaro \u0219i Red Hat, cu cote de 13.6%, 13.3% \u0219i 7.2%).<\/p>\n<p>Sursa: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63771\">opennet.ro<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-141508","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 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