{"id":151407,"date":"2025-12-12T23:11:55","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T21:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/najs-os-minimalistichnyj-distributiv-sobrannyj-s-nulya-i-optimizirovannyj-dlya-kontejnerov"},"modified":"2025-12-12T23:11:55","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T21:11:55","slug":"najs-os-minimalistichnyj-distributiv-sobrannyj-s-nulya-i-optimizirovannyj-dlya-kontejnerov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/najs-os-minimalistichnyj-distributiv-sobrannyj-s-nulya-i-optimizirovannyj-dlya-kontejnerov","title":{"rendered":"NAIS.OS \u2014 o distribu\u021bie minimalist\u0103, construit\u0103 de la zero \u0219i optimizat\u0103 pentru containere","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Proiectul NAIS.OS dezvolt\u0103 o distribu\u021bie Linux autonom\u0103, construit\u0103 \"de la zero\" din cod surs\u0103 \u0219i care sus\u021bine o baz\u0103 proprie de pachete, f\u0103r\u0103 a prelua scripturi de compilare de la alte distribu\u021bii. Proiectul \u00ee\u0219i dezvolt\u0103 propriile unelte, seturi de patch-uri \u0219i politicile de compilare. Pentru desc\u0103rcare este disponibil un fi\u0219ier ISO (603 MB), destinat instal\u0103rii pe ma\u0219ini virtuale (KVM, Proxmox, VMware, VirtualBox etc.).        <\/p>\n<p>Distribu\u021bia este distribuit\u0103 gratuit pentru utilizare personal\u0103 \u0219i comercial\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 restric\u021bii asupra num\u0103rului de dispozitive. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, acordul de licen\u021b\u0103 interzice \"modificarea, adaptarea, traducerea, decompilarea, dezasmblarea sau altfel \u00eencercarea de a ob\u021bine codul surs\u0103, cu excep\u021bia cazurilor explicit permise de legisla\u021bia \u00een vigoare sau condi\u021biile licen\u021belor componentelor deschise\". De asemenea, este interzis \"s\u0103 transmit\u0103, s\u0103 v\u00e2nd\u0103, s\u0103 \u00eenchirieze, s\u0103 ofere pentru utilizare, s\u0103 publice sau altfel s\u0103 distribuie produsul software f\u0103r\u0103 consim\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul scris al titularului drepturilor\".    <\/p>\n<p>\tNAIS.OS se pozi\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca un sistem server cu suport pe termen lung (LTS), optimizat pentru  <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vps\/\"   title=\"ma\u0219ini virtuale\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2246\">ma\u0219ini virtuale<\/a>, sisteme cloud \u0219i noduri edge. Kernel, compilatoare, biblioteci de baz\u0103, stiv\u0103 criptografic\u0103 \u2013 toate sunt construite conform cerin\u021belor unice de reproducibilitate \u0219i securitate. Proiectul este inclus \u00een registrul software-ului rusesc (\u00eenregistrarea \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 poate \u00eendeplini cerin\u021bele pentru \"software autohton\" \u00een segmentul guvernamental \u0219i la o parte din clien\u021bii corporativi).    <\/p>\n<p>Se sprijin\u0103 dou\u0103 abord\u0103ri: actualizare atomic\u0103 (immutable pe baza OSTree) \u0219i abordare clasic\u0103 RPM (dnf\/dnf5). \u00cen varianta atomic\u0103, partitia \/usr este montat\u0103 \u00een modul numai pentru citire, actualiz\u0103rile se aplic\u0103 integral pentru \u00eentreaga sistem, iar pentru a face rollback la actualiz\u0103rile nereu\u0219ite se folosesc snapshots Btrfs, versiunile sistemului de baz\u0103 sunt considerate artefacte, care pot fi gestionate \u0219i distribuite pe noduri printr-un repository OSTree. Varianta clasic\u0103 RPM utilizeaz\u0103 gestionarea pachetelor prin dnf \u0219i dnf5, sus\u021bine actualiz\u0103ri manuale \u0219i automate \u0219i ofer\u0103 un installer consol\u0103 \"niceos-installer\".        <\/p>\n<p>Distribu\u021bia ofer\u0103 o baz\u0103 minim\u0103 \u0219i previzibil\u0103 pentru containere, f\u0103r\u0103 mediu grafic, cu doar serviciile de baz\u0103 (systemd, utilitare de re\u021bea, SSH, firewall pe nftables\/firewalld, utilitare de monitorizare de baz\u0103, iar toate aplica\u021biile sunt propuse pentru instalare \u00een containere (Docker\/Podman\/Kubernetes) sau ca servicii separate deasupra bazei.     <\/p>\n<p>Pe Docker Hub exist\u0103 imagini oficiale de containere. Aceste imagini sunt construite pe baza acelea\u0219i baze minime NiceOS, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu un utilizator neprivilegiat, con\u021bin SBOM-uri integrate (CycloneDX\/SPDX) \u0219i rapoarte de vulnerabilitate (Trivy, Grype), fiind dotate cu rapoarte integrate pentru audit offline chiar \u00een interiorul containerului.      <\/p>\n<p>Exist\u0103 suport pentru criptografia na\u021bional\u0103 (o suit\u0103 construit\u0103 \u0219i testat\u0103 pentru cei care necesit\u0103 cerin\u021be GOST \u0219i audituri):  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> GnuPG cu GOST (GOST R 34.10-2012 \u0219i GOST R 34.11-2012), inclusiv semnare, criptare \u0219i verificare;\n<li class=\"l\"> OpenSSL cu GOST \u2013 TLS \u0219i utilitare CLI cu criptografie GOST;\n<li class=\"l\"> libksba\/nettle \u2013 suport GOST \u00een CMS \u0219i X.509;\n<li class=\"l\"> OpenVPN cu GOST \u2013 server gata cu cript\u0103ri GOST, exist\u0103 un script care desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vpn\/\"   title=\"VPN\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"293\">VPN<\/a> (PKI, firewall, monitorizare, integrare cu Prometheus) \u00een c\u00e2teva minute;\n<li class=\"l\"> Utilitare pentru controlul integrit\u0103\u021bii pe baz\u0103 de hash GOST (gost12sum, profile \u00een openssl dgst etc.).  <\/ul>\n<p>Posibilit\u0103\u021bi de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a securit\u0103\u021bii:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> SELinux este activat implicit;\n<li class=\"l\"> Se folosesc steaguri standard de protec\u021bie la compilare (PIE, RELRO, SSP, FORTIFY_SOURCE etc.);\n<li class=\"l\"> Sunt implementate scenarii de control al integrit\u0103\u021bii (Secure Boot, IMA, AIDE cu algoritmi GOST);\n<li class=\"l\"> Fiecare pachet RPM este semnat, exist\u0103 un model Zero-Trust PKI: \u00een mod implicit, nu se acord\u0103 \u00eencredere celor care nu au trecut verificarea;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru pachete \u0219i imagini sunt generate SBOM-uri \u0219i rapoarte de vulnerabilitate.   <\/ul>\n<p>Capabilit\u0103\u021bi pentru sisteme virtuale \u0219i cloud:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Este anun\u021bat suport pentru ma\u0219ini virtuale confiden\u021biale (AMD SEV-SNP, Intel TDX). Exist\u0103 utilitare pentru atestarea ma\u0219inilor virtuale \u00een astfel de scenarii.\n<li class=\"l\"> Imaginea oficial\u0103 NICE.OS 5.2 este disponibil\u0103 \u00een Yandex Cloud Marketplace ca ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103, care deja include Docker, glibc \u0219i Python 3.12; distribuitorul este marcat ca fiind \u00eenregistrat ca software rusesc;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen Cloud.ru Marketplace, distribu\u021bia este descris\u0103 ca fiind \u201eun sistem de operare minimalist rusesc pentru containere. Imagine pentru VM, Docker \u0219i Kubernetes.\u201d\n<li class=\"l\"> O edi\u021bie separat\u0103 NiceOS V este optimizat\u0103 pentru hypervizori (Proxmox, VMware ESXi, KVM\/QEMU, AWS\/Yandex Cloud\/Google Cloud etc.), av\u00e2nd un set minim de servicii \u0219i pun\u00e2nd accent pe instal\u0103rile automatizate prin Kickstart\/JSON.   <\/ul>\n<p>Dintre versiunile utilizate:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Linux 6.13.x,\n<li> GCC 14.3, Glibc 2.41,\n<li> OpenSSL 3.5.1 (cu extensii conform standardului GOST),\n<li> systemd 257, coreutils 9.6.  <\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=64417\">opennet.ro<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u041d\u0410\u0419\u0421.\u041e\u0421 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 Linux-\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 &#171;\u0441 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044f&#187; 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