{"id":181858,"date":"2026-06-02T14:48:21","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T12:48:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/opublikovan-nbd-vram"},"modified":"2026-06-02T14:48:21","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T12:48:22","slug":"opublikovan-nbd-vram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/opublikovan-nbd-vram","title":{"rendered":"NBD-VRAM publicat","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Proiect deschis publicat <strong>NBD-VRAM<\/strong>, care permite utilizarea unei p\u0103r\u021bi din memoria video a GPU-ului NVIDIA ca spa\u021biu swap \u00een Linux. Proiectul este orientat \u00een principal c\u0103tre laptopuri cu memorie RAM lipit\u0103, unde RAM nu poate fi extins\u0103, dar \u00een sistem exist\u0103 o plac\u0103 grafic\u0103 dedicat\u0103 NVIDIA RTX\/GTX cu VRAM neutilizat\u0103. Codul este scris \u00een C \u0219i shell, fiind distribuit sub licen\u021b\u0103 <strong>MIT<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Ideea NBD-VRAM este simpl\u0103: dac\u0103 sistemul \u00eencepe deja s\u0103 utilizeze swap pe SSD, se poate introduce un strat intermediar \u00eenainte de SSD - memoria video. Autorul ofer\u0103 un exemplu cu un laptop pe <strong>RTX 3070 Laptop<\/strong>: din 8 GB VRAM, 7 GB au fost aloca\u021bi pentru swap, iar \u00eempreun\u0103 cu RAM, zram \u0219i swap SSD, sistemul a ob\u021binut aproximativ 46 GB de memorie adresabil\u0103. Ordinea prognozat\u0103 de umplere este urm\u0103toarea: mai \u00eent\u00e2i se utilizeaz\u0103 RAM, apoi VRAM ca swap rapid, apoi zram, \u0219i abia apoi SSD.<\/p>\n<p>Din punct de vedere tehnic, NBD-VRAM nu adaug\u0103 un nou driver de kernel. Un mic demon aloc\u0103 memoria pl\u0103cii video prin <strong>CUDA Driver API<\/strong>, apoi o returneaz\u0103 kernel-ului Linux ca dispozitiv bloc prin <strong>NBD<\/strong> \u2014 Network Block Device \u2014 deasupra unui socket Unix. Dup\u0103 conectare, clientul nbd standard apare \u00een sistem ca \/dev\/nbdX, care poate fi partajat ca un swap obi\u0219nuit prin mkswap \u0219i activat prin swapon.<\/p>\n<p>Autorul subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 aceast\u0103 abordare a fost aleas\u0103 din cauza limit\u0103rilor pl\u0103cilor grafice de consum NVIDIA. O abordare mai direct\u0103 prin NVIDIA P2P API pe GeForce, conform spuselor sale, \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 EINVAL, deoarece func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bile corespunz\u0103toare sunt de fapt disponibile doar pentru modelele profesionale \u0219i server. Varianta cu acces direct la BAR1 nu a func\u021bionat nici ea: zona mapat\u0103 disponibil\u0103 este mic\u0103, iar citirea din restul zonei returneaz\u0103 zerouri. Abordarea NBD ocole\u0219te aceast\u0103 limitare, deoarece utilizeaz\u0103 copierea obi\u0219nuit\u0103 CUDA cu cuMemcpyHtoD \u0219i cuMemcpyDtoH.<\/p>\n<h2>Func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Utilizarea VRAM ca swap obi\u0219nuit Linux.<\/strong> Dup\u0103 lansare, demonul ofer\u0103 memoria video ca \/dev\/nbd0 sau alt dispozitiv NBD, care pentru kernel arat\u0103 ca un dispozitiv bloc standard.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Func\u021bionare f\u0103r\u0103 un modul de kernel propriu.<\/strong> Proiectul nu necesit\u0103 scrierea, compilarea \u0219i \u00eentre\u021binerea unui modul kernel separat, nu folose\u0219te simboluri interne ale driverului NVIDIA \u0219i ar trebui s\u0103 supravie\u021buiasc\u0103 actualiz\u0103rilor de kernel \u0219i driver f\u0103r\u0103 recompilare.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Orientare pe GPU-urile NVIDIA de consum.<\/strong> Cerin\u021bele indic\u0103 GPU NVIDIA cu suport pentru CUDA, inclusiv pl\u0103ci RTX\/GTX pentru consumatori, driverul oficial NVIDIA cu libcuda.so.1, modulul nbd \u00een nucleul Linux, nbd-client, gcc \u0219i make. Toolkit-ul CUDA nu este necesar.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Integrarea systemd.<\/strong> Instalarea prin install.sh adaug\u0103 serviciul vram-swap-nbd, care poate fi pornit prin systemctl; dup\u0103 instalare, serviciul este activat pentru a porni automat la boot.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Configurarea dimensiunii \u0219i priorit\u0103\u021bii swap.<\/strong> \u00cen unitatea systemd se pot seta VRAM_SETUP_SIZE_MB, adic\u0103 limita superioar\u0103 a VRAM-ului alocat, \u0219i VRAM_SWAP_PRIORITY, adic\u0103 prioritatea dispozitivului swap. Cu c\u00e2t prioritatea este mai mare, cu at\u00e2t Linux va folosi acest strat de swap mai devreme.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Reducerea automat\u0103 a dimensiunii solicitate.<\/strong> Dac\u0103 volumul necesar de VRAM nu este disponibil, demonul \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 reduc\u0103 dimensiunea \u00een blocuri de 512 MiB pentru a aloca \u00een continuare volumul disponibil, de exemplu, dac\u0103 o parte din memorie este deja ocupat\u0103 de compositor sau sesiunea grafic\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Scripte de verificare.<\/strong> \u00cen depozit exist\u0103 test-nbd.sh pentru un test de tip smoke cu scriere\/lectur\u0103 de 1 MiB \u0219i test-fill.sh pentru testarea stresului \u00eentregului compartiment VRAM.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Performan\u021ba declarat\u0103 este de aproximativ 1,3 GB\/s.<\/strong> Pe RTX 3070 Laptop, autorul a m\u0103surat scrierea secven\u021bial\u0103 de 7 GB \u00een blocuri de 4 MB la aproximativ 1,3 GB\/s.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Scenarii de aplicare<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Laptopuri cu RAM lipit\u0103.<\/strong> Scenariul principal este laptopurile moderne, unde 16 sau 32 GB de RAM nu sunt suficiente, dar nu pot fi extinse. Dac\u0103 o asemenea ma\u0219in\u0103 are o plac\u0103 RTX discret\u0103, o parte din VRAM poate fi folosit\u0103 ca strat suplimentar de swap. Acest lucru nu transform\u0103 VRAM \u00een RAM complet, dar poate salva sistemul de la o tranzi\u021bie brusc\u0103 pe swap SSD lent sau de la OOM-killer \u00een momentele de v\u00e2rf.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mediile de lucru grele ale dezvoltatorului.<\/strong> IDE, un browser cu zeci de tab-uri, containere Docker, baze de date locale, compil\u0103ri de mari proiecte \u0219i medii de testare creeaz\u0103 u\u0219or v\u00e2rfuri temporare ale consumului de memorie. \u00cen acest scenariu, NBD-VRAM poate func\u021biona ca un tampon: nu acceler\u00e2nd munca obi\u0219nuit\u0103, ci atenu\u00e2nd momentul c\u00e2nd RAM-ul a epuizat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reducerea \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103rii pe swap SSD.<\/strong> Dac\u0103 swap-ul pe SSD este folosit frecvent, acesta nu doar c\u0103 este mai lent, dar genereaz\u0103 \u0219i scrieri suplimentare pe suport. Swap-ul VRAM poate fi setat cu o prioritate mai mare, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, la umplerea RAM-ului, sistemul s\u0103 \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103 mai \u00eent\u00e2i paginile \u00een memoria video, dup\u0103 care se va adresa SSD-ului. Aceasta este cu at\u00e2t mai relevant\u0103 pentru laptopuri, unde SSD-ul este de obicei ne\u00eenlocuibil sau costisitor de schimbat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Combinat cu zram.<\/strong> Autorul descrie direct o schem\u0103 \u00een care swap-ul VRAM prime\u0219te o prioritate mai mare \u0219i prime\u0219te prima \"rev\u0103rsare\" de memorie, zram este utilizat ca urm\u0103tor nivel, iar SSD-ul r\u0103m\u00e2ne ultima linie de ap\u0103rare. Aceast\u0103 schem\u0103 poate fi util\u0103 pentru sta\u021bii de lucru \u0219i laptopuri, unde este mai important s\u0103 p\u0103strezi reac\u021bia sistemului \u00een condi\u021bii de memorie insuficient\u0103 dec\u00e2t s\u0103 ob\u021bii o predictibilitate maxim\u0103 a \u00eent\u00e2rzierilor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sarcini locale AI\/LLM \u00een jurul GPU-ului, dar nu \u00een locul VRAM-ului pentru model.<\/strong> NBD-VRAM nu cre\u0219te memoria video disponibil\u0103 unei aplica\u021bii CUDA ca VRAM pentru model. Acesta este un scenariu invers: nu RAM este folosit ca VRAM, ci VRAM este folosit ca swap pentru memoria obi\u0219nuit\u0103 Linux. Prin urmare, proiectul nu va permite \u00eenc\u0103rcarea direct\u0103 \u00een GPU a unui model mai mare. Dar poate fi util pe o ma\u0219in\u0103 unde, al\u0103turi de inferen\u021ba LLM, opereaz\u0103 un browser, IDE-uri, indexatori, medii Python \u0219i containere, iar RAM-ul sistemului \u00eencepe s\u0103 se epuizeze.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sta\u021bii de lucru de acas\u0103 \u0219i experimentale.<\/strong> Proiectul este interesant pentru utilizatorii ale c\u0103ror pl\u0103ci grafice sunt adesea inactivate \u00een afara jocurilor, rand\u0103rii sau sarcinilor ML. De exemplu, 8-12 GB VRAM pe o GeForce desktop poate fi temporar transformat \u00eentr-un strat suplimentar swap pentru sarcini grele de compilare, procesare a datelor sau execu\u021bie. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vps\/\" title=\"ma\u0219ini virtuale\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">ma\u0219ini virtuale<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Limit\u0103ri<\/h2>\n<p>NBD-VRAM nu este un \u00eenlocuitor pentru memoria RAM. Accesul la un astfel de swap se face prin lan\u021bul kernel swap \u2192 \/dev\/nbdX \u2192 driver nbd \u2192 socket Unix \u2192 demon \u2192 copiere CUDA \u2192 VRAM, astfel c\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2rzierile \u0219i comportamentul vor fi diferite fa\u021b\u0103 de RAM-ul adev\u0103rat. Acesta este mai degrab\u0103 un strat de urgen\u021b\u0103 sau intermediar \u00eentre RAM \u0219i SSD, dec\u00e2t o modalitate de \"ad\u0103uga memorie\" f\u0103r\u0103 consecin\u021be.<\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, proiectul este legat de stiva oficial\u0103 NVIDIA cu CUDA. Nouveau\/Nova nu sunt potrivite pentru aceasta, deoarece este necesar libcuda.so.1. Phoronix <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.phoronix.com\/news\/NVIDIA-NBD-VRAM\">de asemenea, \u00ee\u0219i noteaz\u0103<\/a>, c\u0103 NBD-VRAM a fost creat special pentru GPU-urile NVIDIA consumatorului, unde abord\u0103rile alternative prin API-ul NVIDIA P2P nu func\u021bioneaz\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen concluzie, NBD-VRAM este un hack sistemic mic, dar interesant pentru Linux: nu face minuni \u0219i nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te upgrade-ul RAM, dar permite utilizarea memoriei video neutilizate ca un strat suplimentar de swap \u00eenainte de SSD. Pentru laptopurile cu memorie lipit\u0103 \u0219i carte grafic\u0103 RTX discret\u0103, acesta poate fi o modalitate practic\u0103 de a face fa\u021b\u0103 sarcinilor de v\u00e2rf f\u0103r\u0103 a face ca aplica\u021biile s\u0103 cad\u0103 brusc sau s\u0103 se blocheze pe un stoc\u0103tor lent.<\/p>\n<p>Sursa: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linux.org.ru\/news\/hardware\/18308769\">linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 NBD-VRAM, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 NVIDIA GPU \u043a\u0430\u043a swap-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 Linux. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0433\u0434\u0435 RAM \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 NVIDIA RTX\/GTX \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 VRAM. \u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 C \u0438 shell, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439 MIT. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f NBD-VRAM \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430: \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-181858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 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unei p\u0103r\u021bi din memoria video NVIDIA GPU ca spa\u021biu swap \u00een Linux.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/opublikovan-nbd-vram","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d NBD-VRAM | ProHoster","og:description":"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 NBD-VRAM, 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