{"id":181954,"date":"2026-06-09T02:48:11","date_gmt":"2026-06-09T00:48:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-18-0"},"modified":"2026-06-09T02:48:11","modified_gmt":"2026-06-09T00:48:12","slug":"reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-18-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/reliz-sistemy-samodostatochnyh-paketov-flatpak-1-18-0","title":{"rendered":"Lansarea sistemului de pachete autonome Flatpak 1.18.0","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dup\u0103 un an \u0219i jum\u0103tate de dezvoltare, a fost lansat\u0103 o nou\u0103 versiune stabil\u0103 a instrumentului Flatpak 1.18, care ofer\u0103 un sistem pentru crearea pachetelor autonome, independente de distribu\u021biile Linux specifice \u0219i care ruleaz\u0103 \u00eentr-un container special, izol\u00e2nd aplica\u021bia de restul sistemului. Suportul pentru rularea pachetelor Flatpak este asigurat pentru Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux \u0219i Ubuntu. Pachetele Flatpak sunt incluse \u00een depozitul Fedora \u0219i sunt suportate \u00een aplica\u021biile standard de gestionare a aplica\u021biilor GNOME \u0219i KDE.<\/p>\n<p>Noile caracteristici cheie din versiunea Flatpak 1.18:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost implementat suport pentru permisiuni condi\u021bionale, care permit la solicitarea permisiunilor verificarea existen\u021bei anumitor capabilit\u0103\u021bi \u00een sistem sau \u00een timpul execu\u021biei. De exemplu, pentru a ob\u021bine acces la un dispozitiv de intrare, \u00een loc de &#171;&#8212;device=all&#187;, se poate solicita permisiunea &#171;&#8212;device-if=all:!has-input-device &#8212;device=input&#187;, care va oferi acces doar la dispozitivele de intrare sau va reveni la accesul la toate dispozitivele, dac\u0103 furnizarea selectiv\u0103 a accesului nu este acceptat\u0103 \u00een execu\u021bie. \u00cen mod similar, se poate solicita accesul la dispozitive USB (&#171;has-usb-device&#187; \u0219i &#171;has-usb-portal&#187;) sau subsisteme partajate.\n<li class=\"l\"> Accesul la dispozitivul \/dev\/ntsync pentru a accesa<br \/>\nmodulul kernel NTSYNC, care implementeaz\u0103 un set de primitive pentru sincronizare utilizate \u00een kernelul Windows NT \u0219i care permit \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea semnificativ\u0103 a performan\u021bei jocurilor Windows rulate prin Wine. <\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru GPU Intel Xe, a fost inclus suportul pentru API VA-API pentru accelerarea hardware a decod\u0103rii video.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost implementat\u0103 posibilitatea accesului la dispozitivul \/dev\/kfd (Kernel Fusion Driver) utiliz\u00e2nd permisiunile oferite pentru dispozitivele DRI. Driverul kfd implementeaz\u0103 o interfa\u021b\u0103 pentru executarea direct\u0103 a calculilor pe GPU AMD din aplica\u021biile care utilizeaz\u0103 AMD ROCm, HIP \u0219i OpenCL.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat suportul pentru utilizarea op\u021biunilor din linia de comand\u0103 pentru a redirec\u021biona accesul la directoare \u00een aplica\u021bii izolate.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru directorul &#171;preinstall.d&#187;, care define\u0219te lista aplica\u021biilor Flatpak preinstalate (pentru includerea aplica\u021biilor Flatpak \u00een sistemul de operare).\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost permis\u0103 instalarea direct\u0103 a aplica\u021biilor din imagini de containere \u00een format OCI, care pot fi desc\u0103rcate din propriile depozite OCI \u0219i arhive locale.\n<li class=\"l\"> Comenzii &#171;flatpak install &#8212;from&#187; i s-a ad\u0103ugat suport pentru URI &#171;flatpak+https:\/\/&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> Comenzii &#171;flatpak run&#187; i s-a ad\u0103ugat op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;clear-env&#187; pentru a cur\u0103\u021ba variabilele de mediu \u00eenainte de a rula aplica\u021bia.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost posibil\u0103 exportarea directorului r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 al mediu-ului gazd\u0103 \u00eentr-un mediu izolat al aplica\u021biei cu acces prin directorul \/run\/host\/root.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 posibilitatea de a afi\u0219a rezultatul execu\u021biei comenzilor \u00een format JSON.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost \u00eent\u0103rit\u0103 izola\u021bia mediului de construire \u2014 comanda &#171;flatpak build&#187; nu ofer\u0103 \u00een mod implicit acces la gazd\u0103.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 comanda &#171;reinstall&#187; pentru reinstalarea dependen\u021belor (bundle).\n<li class=\"l\"> Set\u0103rile D-Bus au fost mutate implicit din directorul \/etc \u00een \/usr.\n<li class=\"l\"> Timpul de pornire a fost redus atunci c\u00e2nd se utilizeaz\u0103 interpretul de comenzi fish.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen libflatpak a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 o func\u021bie pentru ob\u021binerea informa\u021biilor despre timpul de creare a configura\u021biei, ceea ce permite aplica\u021biilor, cum ar fi GNOME Software, s\u0103 determine c\u0103 datele stocate de acestea necesit\u0103 actualizare.\n<li class=\"l\"> Op\u021biunea de construire http_backend a fost eliminat\u0103, \u00een loc de libsoup2 pentru desc\u0103rcarea prin HTTP\/HTTPS fiind utilizat\u0103 biblioteca libcurl.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen mod implicit, utilizarea secven\u021belor de escape pentru a indica progresul execu\u021biei opera\u021biunii este activat\u0103.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost permis\u0103 transmiterea drepturilor de acces la dispozitive \u00een medii sandbox \u00eencruci\u0219ate, create prin portalurile Flatpak.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru aplica\u021biile livrate sub form\u0103 de imagini OCI, a fost implementat mecanismul &#171;extra-data&#187;, de exemplu, care permite organizarea red\u0103rii video h.265 \u00een pachetele Flatpak Fedora Linux.\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 suportul pentru comprimarea dependen\u021belor (OCI bundle) utiliz\u00e2nd algoritmul zstd, care comprim\u0103 datele mai eficient. \u00cen mod implicit, pentru comprimare este \u00een continuare utilizat gzip, asigur\u00e2nd compatibilitate maxim\u0103.\n<\/ul>\n<p>Flatpak faciliteaz\u0103 distribu\u021bia programelor care nu sunt incluse \u00een repositoarele standard ale distribu\u021biilor, prin preg\u0103tirea unui container universal care scute\u0219te dezvoltatorii de necesitatea de a crea versiuni distincte pentru fiecare distribu\u021bie. Utilizatorilor preocupa\u021bi de securitate, Flatpak le ofer\u0103 posibilitatea de a rula aplica\u021bii suspecte \u00een container, acord\u00e2nd acces selectiv doar la func\u021biile de re\u021bea necesare \u0219i fi\u0219ierele utilizatorului. Utilizatorilor interesa\u021bi de nout\u0103\u021bi, Flatpak le permite s\u0103 instaleze cele mai recente versiuni beta \u0219i stabile ale aplica\u021biilor f\u0103r\u0103 a fi necesare modific\u0103ri \u00een sistem. De exemplu, pachetele Flatpak sunt disponibile pentru LibreOffice, GIMP, Inkscape, Kdenlive, Steam, 0 A.D., Visual Studio Code, VLC, Slack, Telegram Desktop, Android Studio etc.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a reduce dimensiunea, pachetul include doar dependen\u021bele specifice aplica\u021biei. Bibliotecile de baz\u0103 sistemice \u0219i grafice (GTK, Qt, biblioteci GNOME \u0219i KDE etc.) sunt furnizate sub form\u0103 de medii runtime standardizate. Principala diferen\u021b\u0103 dintre Flatpak \u0219i Snap este c\u0103 Snap folose\u0219te componentele mediului sistemului principal \u0219i izola\u021bia pe baza filtr\u0103rii apelurilor de sistem, \u00een timp ce Flatpak creeaz\u0103 un container separat de sistem \u0219i opereaz\u0103 cu seturi mari de runtime, oferind nu pachete ca dependen\u021be, ci medii sistemice standardizate (de exemplu, toate bibliotecile necesare pentru func\u021bionarea programelor GNOME sau KDE).<\/p>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 mediul de sistem standard (runtime), instalat printr-un repository special, sunt livrate dependen\u021be suplimentare (bundle) necesare pentru func\u021bionarea aplica\u021biei. \u00cempreun\u0103, &#171;runtime&#187; \u0219i &#171;bundle&#187; formeaz\u0103 con\u021binutul containerului, cu men\u021biunea c\u0103 &#171;runtime&#187; este instalat separat \u0219i este legat de mai multe containere, ceea ce permite evitarea duplic\u0103rii fi\u0219ierelor sistemice comune pentru containere. <\/p>\n<p>Un sistem poate avea instalate mai multe \u201eruntime\u201d-uri diferite (GNOME, KDE) sau mai multe versiuni ale aceluia\u0219i \u201eruntime\u201d (GNOME 50, GNOME 49). Containerele cu aplica\u021bii, ca dependen\u021b\u0103, utilizeaz\u0103 doar leg\u0103tura cu un anumit \u201eruntime\u201d, f\u0103r\u0103 a lua \u00een considerare pachetele individuale care formeaz\u0103 \u201eruntime\u201d-ul ales. Toate elementele lips\u0103 sunt ambalate direct \u00eempreun\u0103 cu aplica\u021bia. La crearea containerului, con\u021binutul \u201eruntime\u201d-ului este montat ca un sistem de fi\u0219iere \/usr, iar \u201ebundle\u201d-ul este montat \u00een directorul \/app. <\/p>\n<p>Con\u021binutul \u201eruntime\u201d-ului \u0219i al containerelor de aplica\u021bii este generat prin utilizarea tehnologiei OSTree, prin care imaginea este actualizat\u0103 atomic dintr-un depozit similar Git, permi\u021b\u00e2nd aplicarea metodelor de control al versiunii asupra componentelor distribu\u021biei (de exemplu, se poate reveni rapid la o stare anterioar\u0103 a sistemului). Pachetele RPM sunt traduse \u00een depozitul OSTree prin intermediul unei interfe\u021be rpm-ostree. <\/p>\n<p>Instalarea selectiv\u0103 \u0219i actualizarea pachetelor \u00een interiorul mediu-lui de lucru nu sunt acceptate \u2014 sistemul este actualizat nu la nivel de componente individuale, ci \u00een \u00eentregime, schimb\u00e2ndu-\u0219i starea atomic\u0103. Se ofer\u0103 instrumente pentru aplicarea incremental\u0103 a actualiz\u0103rilor, elimin\u00e2nd necesitatea \u00eenlocuirii complete a imaginii la fiecare actualizare.<\/p>\n<p>Mediul izolat creat nu depinde de distribu\u021bia utilizat\u0103 \u0219i, cu set\u0103rile corecte ale pachetului, nu are acces la fi\u0219ierele \u0219i procesele utilizatorului sau ale sistemului principal, fiind incapabil de a accesa direct hardware-ul, cu excep\u021bia ie\u0219irii prin DRI. Ie\u0219irea grafic\u0103 \u0219i organizarea input-ului sunt realizate prin protocolul Wayland sau prin redirec\u021bionarea socket-ului X11. Interac\u021biunea cu mediul extern se realizeaz\u0103 prin sistemul de mesagerie DBus \u0219i API-uri specializate Portals. <\/p>\n<p>Pentru izolare se folose\u0219te un strat Bubblewrap \u0219i tehnologii tradi\u021bionale de virtualizare a containerelor pe Linux, bazate pe utilizarea cgroups, spa\u021biilor de nume (namespaces), Seccomp \u0219i SELinux. Atunci c\u00e2nd se creeaz\u0103 pachetul, izola\u021bia poate fi dezactivat\u0103, ceea ce este utilizat de dezvoltatorii unor pachete pentru a ob\u021bine acces complet la sistemul de fi\u0219iere \u0219i la toate dispozitivele din sistem.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=65642\">opennet.ro<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f Flatpak 1.18, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c Linux \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Flatpak-\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f Fedora, CentOS, Debian, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Linux Mint, Alt Linux \u0438 Ubuntu. \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441 Flatpak \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-181954","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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