{"id":183105,"date":"2026-08-25T16:54:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-25T14:54:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-35-let"},"modified":"2026-08-25T16:54:40","modified_gmt":"2026-08-25T14:54:40","slug":"linux-kernel-turns-35","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/linux-kernel-turns-35","title":{"rendered":"Kernelul Linux a \u00eemplinit 35 de ani","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pe 25 august 1991, dup\u0103 cinci luni de dezvoltare, studentul de 21 de ani Linus Torvalds a anun\u021bat \u00een conferin\u021ba online comp.os.minix crearea unui prototip func\u021bional al noului sistem de operare Linux, pentru care a fost marcat\u0103 finalizarea port\u0103rii bash 1.08 \u0219i gcc 1.40. Prima versiune public\u0103 a nucleului Linux a fost prezentat\u0103 pe 17 septembrie. Nucleul 0.0.1 avea o dimensiune de 62 Kb \u00een form\u0103 comprimat\u0103 \u0219i con\u021binea aproximativ 10 mii de linii de cod surs\u0103. Nucleul modern Linux con\u021bine aproximativ 44 milioane de linii de cod.     <\/p>\n<p>Nucleul Linux a fost creat sub influen\u021ba sistemului de operare MINIX, care nu-l mul\u021bumea pe Linus din cauza licen\u021bei sale restrictive. Ulterior, c\u00e2nd Linux a devenit un proiect bine-cunoscut, adversarii au \u00eencercat s\u0103-l acuze pe Linus de copierea direct\u0103 a codului unor subsisteme MINIX. Atacul a fost respins de Andrew Tanenbaum, autorul MINIX, care a desemnat unul dintre studen\u021bi s\u0103 efectueze o compara\u021bie detaliat\u0103 \u00eentre codul Minix \u0219i primele versiuni publice ale Linux. Rezultatele studiului au ar\u0103tat doar patru suprapuneri nesemnificative ale blocurilor de cod, cauzate de cerin\u021bele POSIX \u0219i ANSI C.    <\/p>\n<p>Ini\u021bial, Linus a inten\u021bionat s\u0103 numeasc\u0103 nucleul Freax, de la cuvintele \u201efree\u201d, \u201efreak\u201d \u0219i X (Unix). \u00cens\u0103 numele \u201eLinux\u201d a fost dat nucleului cu ajutorul lui Ari Lemke, care, la cererea lui Linus, a pus nucleul pe serverul FTP al universit\u0103\u021bii, numind directorul arhivei nu \u201efreax\u201d, a\u0219a cum ceruse Torvalds, ci \u201elinux\u201d. Este demn de remarcat c\u0103 antreprenorul William Della Croce a reu\u0219it s\u0103 \u00eenregistreze marca Linux \u0219i dorea s\u0103 colecteze redeven\u021be \u00een timp, dar ulterior \u0219i-a schimbat opinia \u0219i a cedat toate drepturile asupra m\u0103rcii lui Linus. Mascota oficial\u0103 a nucleului Linux, pinguinul Tux, a fost ales \u00een urma unei competi\u021bii care a avut loc \u00een 1996. Numele Tux se deschifreaz\u0103 ca Torvalds UniX.    <\/p>\n<p>Dinamica cre\u0219terii bazei de cod (num\u0103rul de linii de cod surs\u0103) a nucleului:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> 0.0.1 \u2014 septembrie 1991, 10 mii de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.0.0 \u2014 martie 1994, 176 mii de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.2.0 \u2014 martie 1995, 311 mii de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.0.0 \u2014 iunie 1996, 778 mii de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.2.0 \u2014 ianuarie 1999, 1.8 milioane de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.4.0 \u2014 ianuarie 2001, 3.4 milioane de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.0 \u2014 decembrie 2003, 5.9 milioane de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.28 \u2014 decembrie 2008, 10.2 milioane de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.35 \u2014 august 2010, 13.4 milioane de linii de cod;   <\/li>\n<li> 3.0 \u2014 august 2011, 14.6 milioane de linii de cod;   <\/li>\n<li> 3.5 \u2014 iulie 2012, 15.5 milioane de linii de cod;   <\/li>\n<li> 3.10 \u2014 iulie 2013, 15.8 milioane de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 3.16 \u2014 august 2014, 17.5 milioane de linii de cod;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.1 \u2014 iunie 2015, 19.5 milioane de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 4.7 \u2014 iulie 2016, 21.7 milioane de linii de cod;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.12 \u2014 iulie 2017, 24.1 milioane de linii de cod;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.18 \u2014 august 2018, 25.3 milioane de linii de cod;   <\/li>\n<li> 5.2 \u2014 iulie 2019, 26.55 milioane de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 5.8 \u2014 august 2020, 28.4 milioane de linii de cod;   <\/li>\n<li> 5.13 \u2014 iunie 2021, 29.2 milioane de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 5.19 \u2014 august 2022, 30.5 milioane de linii de cod;  <\/li>\n<li> 6.4 \u2014 iunie 2023, 32.9 milioane de linii de cod.  <\/li>\n<li> 6.10 \u2014 iulie 2024, 35.1 milioane de linii de cod.  <\/li>\n<li> 6.16 \u2014 iulie 2025, 40.8 milioane de linii de cod.  <\/li>\n<li> 7.2 \u2014 august 2026, 43.9 milioane de linii de cod.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Progresul dezvolt\u0103rii nucleului:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 septembrie 1991, prima versiune public\u0103, care suport\u0103 doar CPU i386 \u0219i se \u00eencarc\u0103 din dischet\u0103;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.12 \u2014 ianuarie 1992, codul a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie distribuit sub licen\u021ba GPLv2;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.95 \u2014 martie 1992, a fost asigurat\u0103 posibilitatea de a rula X Window System, a fost implementat suport pentru memorie virtual\u0103 \u0219i swap.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, s-a \u00eenceput lucrul la stiva de re\u021bea. A fost introdus\u0103 sistemul de fi\u0219iere Ext2, s-a ad\u0103ugat suport pentru formatul fi\u0219ierelor ELF, s-au prezentat drivere pentru pl\u0103cile de sunet \u0219i controlerele SCSI, a fost implementat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcarea modulelor nucleului \u0219i a sistemului de fi\u0219iere \/proc.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen 1992 au ap\u0103rut primele distribu\u021bii SLS \u0219i Yggdrasil. Vara anului 1993 au fost fondate proiectele Slackware \u0219i Debian.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.0 \u2014 martie 1994, prima versiune stabil\u0103 oficial\u0103;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.2 - martie 1995, cre\u0219tere semnificativ\u0103 a num\u0103rului de drivere, suport pentru platformele Alpha, MIPS \u0219i SPARC, extinderea capabilit\u0103\u021bilor stivei de re\u021bea, introducerea filtrului de pachete, suport pentru NFS;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.0 - iunie 1996, suport pentru sistemele multiprocesor;    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Martie 1997: a fost fondat\u0103 LKML, lista de discu\u021bii pentru dezvoltatorii nucleului Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Anul 1998: a fost lansat primul cluster bazat pe Linux, inclus \u00een lista Top500, format din 68 de noduri cu CPU Alpha;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.2 - ianuarie 1999, eficien\u021ba sistemului de gestionare a memoriei a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103, a fost ad\u0103ugat <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"suportul IPv6\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">suportul IPv6<\/a>, un nou firewall a fost implementat, a fost prezentat\u0103 un nou subsistem audio;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.4 - februarie 2001, suport pentru sisteme cu 8 procesoare \u0219i 64 GB RAM, sistem de fi\u0219iere Ext3, suport pentru USB, ACPI;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.6 - decembrie 2003, suport pentru SELinux, instrumente pentru automatizarea ajust\u0103rii parametrilor nucleului, sysfs, sistem de gestionare a memoriei revizuit;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen 2005 a fost prezentat hipervizorul Xen, care a deschis perioada virtualiz\u0103rii;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen septembrie 2008 a fost formatat primul release al platformei Android, bazat pe nucleul Linux;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen iulie 2011, dup\u0103 10 ani de dezvoltare a ramurii 2.6.x, s-a realizat tranzi\u021bia la numerotarea 3.x. Num\u0103rul obiectelor \u00een repository-ul Git a atins 2 milioane;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen 2015 a fost lansat nucleul Linux 4.0. Num\u0103rul obiectelor git \u00een repository a atins 4 milioane;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen aprilie 2018, pragul de 6 milioane de obiecte git \u00een repository-ul nucleului a fost dep\u0103\u0219it.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen ianuarie 2019 a fost formatat\u0103 ramura nucleului Linux 5.0. Repository-ul a ajuns la 6,5 milioane de obiecte git.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Nucleul publicat \u00een august 2020, 5.8, a devenit cel mai mare \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te num\u0103rul de modific\u0103ri din istoria proiectului.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen nucleul 5.13 s-a stabilit un record de num\u0103r de dezvoltatori (2150), modific\u0103rile c\u0103ror s-au inclus \u00een nucleu.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen august 2022 a fost formatat\u0103 ramura nucleului Linux 6.0, deoarece \u00een ramura 5.x s-au acumulat suficiente release-uri pentru a schimba prima cifr\u0103 din num\u0103rul versiunii.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen nucleul 6.1, lansat \u00een decembrie 2022, a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 posibilitatea utiliz\u0103rii limbajului Rust ca al doilea limbaj pentru dezvoltarea driverelor \u0219i modulelor nucleului.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen februarie 2025, s-a atins o marc\u0103 de 40 de milioane de linii de cod surs\u0103.\n<li class=\"l\"> Suportul pentru Rust a fost transformat dintr-o func\u021bionalitate experimental\u0103 \u00een caracteristici de baz\u0103 ale nucleului Linux.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen 2026, s-a \u00eenregistrat o avansare \u00een utilizarea instrumentelor AI pentru depanare, revizuirea modific\u0103rilor, identificarea erorilor \u0219i dezvoltarea corec\u021biilor \u00een nucleu. Printre altele, Linus Torvalds a \u00eenceput s\u0103 utilizeze AI, de exemplu, recent pentru a identifica cauzele problemelor din driverul Intel Xe.      <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aproape 65% din toate modific\u0103rile aduse nucleului sunt efectuate de cele 20 de companii cele mai active. De exemplu, \u00een dezvoltarea nucleului 7.1, din toate modific\u0103rile, 9.1% (cu un an \u00een urm\u0103 \u00een nucleul 6.16 era 11.3%) au fost realizate de compania Intel, 7.7% (6.3%) - Google, 5.2% (5.4%) - AMD, 5.0% (3.6%) - Qualcomm, 4.7% (7.6%) - Red Hat, 3.8% (2.4%) - NVIDIA, 3.4% (2.9%) - Meta, 2.9% (3.0%) - SUSE, 2.5% (2.9%) - Oracle, 2.1% (2.3%) - ARM, 1.4% (1.4%) - IBM, 1.3% (2.4%) - Huawei. 18% (15.3%) din modific\u0103ri au fost realizate de participan\u021bi independen\u021bi sau dezvoltatori care nu \u0219i-au declarat clar activitatea pentru companii specifice. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te num\u0103rul de linii de cod ad\u0103ugate \u00een nucleul 7.1, companiile Meta, AMD \u0219i Qualcomm au fost lideri, cu cote de 15.8%, 13.8% \u0219i 7.6% (\u00een nucleul 6.16, liderii erau Intel, Red Hat \u0219i Google, cu cote de 9.2%, 7.2% \u0219i 6.9%).<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=66133\">opennet.ro<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-183105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 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