{"id":29855,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/gosudarstvennyj-internet-rasskaz-udalyonshhika-o-vpn-v-kitae\/"},"modified":"2026-07-04T18:21:41","modified_gmt":"2026-07-04T16:21:41","slug":"gosudarstvennyj-internet-rasskaz-udalyonshhika-o-vpn-v-kitae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/gosudarstvennyj-internet-rasskaz-udalyonshhika-o-vpn-v-kitae","title":{"rendered":"Internetul de Stat: povestea unui freelancer despre VPN \u00een China","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Cenzura este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de politic\u0103. Clasamentul mondial anual al libert\u0103\u021bii pe internet<\/a> ilustreaz\u0103 \u00een mod clar aceast\u0103 dependen\u021b\u0103: statele \u00een care sunt \u00eenc\u0103lcate drepturile omului blocheaz\u0103 resursele \u201einconveniente\u201d sau restric\u021bioneaz\u0103 accesul la re\u021beaua global\u0103.
\n\"Internetul<\/p>\n

Numai 13 din cele 65 de \u021b\u0103ri, ale c\u0103ror analize au fost efectuate de cercet\u0103torii de la Freedom House \u00een 2017, nu \u00eempiedic\u0103<\/a> libertatea informa\u021bional\u0103 a cet\u0103\u021benilor lor. Majoritatea celorlal\u021bi utilizatori ai internetului global pot accesa resursele blocate doar prin servicii VPN<\/a>. Printre ace\u0219tia se num\u0103r\u0103 \u0219i locuitorii din China, unde \u00een ultima vreme s-au \u00een\u0103sprit<\/a> m\u0103surile \u00eempotriva VPN-urilor neautorizate.<\/p>\n

Dezvoltatorul frontend Ararat Martirosyan, care tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u00een China \u0219i lucreaz\u0103 de la distan\u021b\u0103, ne-a povestit despre ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cu serviciile VPN<\/a> locale \u0219i unde, \u00een opinia sa, se afl\u0103 cel mai liber internet. Public\u0103m aici relatarea sa.
\n<\/a><\/p>\n

Cronologia restric\u021biilor<\/h3>\n

\u00cenc\u0103 din 2008, China a blocat Youtube. Un an mai t\u00e2rziu, a venit r\u00e2ndul Twitter, Facebook \u0219i serviciilor Google \u2013 au fost blocate Google Docs, Google Calendar, Google Drive \u0219i \u00eensu\u0219i Google.com. \u00cen 2014, accesul la Instagram a fost interzis. Versiunea oficial\u0103 a autorit\u0103\u021bilor este c\u0103 toate aceste resurse r\u0103sp\u00e2ndesc informa\u021bii nedorite pentru cet\u0103\u021benii Chinei, dar exist\u0103 \u0219i o alt\u0103 versiune.<\/p>\n

Proiectul \u201eScutul de Aur\u201d (sau Marele firewall chinez)<\/i>, care filtreaz\u0103 con\u021binutul \u201epericulos\u201d pe baza cuvintelor cheie \u0219i restric\u021bioneaz\u0103 accesul la site-urile din lista neagr\u0103 local\u0103, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een China din 2003. Re\u021belele sociale occidentale nu au fost inclus\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 list\u0103. Prin urmare, mul\u021bi consider\u0103 c\u0103 bloc\u0103rile masive din 2008-2009 au ajutat pur \u0219i simplu statul s\u0103 lupte \u00eempotriva tulbur\u0103rilor<\/a> printre uiguri \u00een Regiunea Autonom\u0103 Uigur\u0103 Xinjiang din vestul \u021b\u0103rii. Consider la fel: \u00een 2009, tulbur\u0103rile au fost reprimate cu for\u021ba, iar informa\u021biile despre acest lucru au fost ascunse \u00een mod activ \u2013 nici mass-media, nici ap\u0103r\u0103torii drepturilor omului nu au putut urm\u0103ri adecvat situa\u021bia. Este cunoscut cu certitudine c\u0103 Instagram a fost blocat din cauza protestelor<\/a> din Hong Kong.<\/p>\n

\"Internetul
\nSe poate verifica dac\u0103 \u201eScutul de Aur\u201d permite accesul la linkul dorit prin WebSitePulse<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

\u00cempreun\u0103 cu \u201edistribuitorii de con\u021binut nedorit\u201d, au fost blocate \u0219i alte resurse utile. Din cauza bloc\u0103rii serverelor \u0219i a adreselor IP, site-urile care interac\u021bionau cu Google au \u00eencetat s\u0103 func\u021bioneze \u2013 de exemplu, fonturile Google nu se mai \u00eenc\u0103rcau (acela\u0219i lucru s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat<\/a> \u0219i \u00een Rusia). De asemenea, au avut de suferit colegiile online \u0219i pur \u0219i simplu con\u021binutul distractiv \u201edin Vest\u201d. Un fapt interesant: cu un cartela SIM 4G chinezesc, nici m\u0103car dintr-o alt\u0103 \u021bar\u0103 nu vei putea accesa resursele interzise.<\/p>\n

Atunci oamenii au \u00een\u021beles c\u0103 blocajul trebuie \u0219i poate fi ocolit. Ini\u021bial au fost proxy-uri, cu ajutorul c\u0103rora utilizatorii puteau comunica cu lumea exterioar\u0103. Dar p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2012, guvernul a ajuns \u0219i la acestea. Atunci a \u00eenceput un boom VPN<\/a>; serviciile care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 de mult timp \u00een China pot face fa\u021b\u0103 chiar \u0219i congresului Partidului Comunist, de\u0219i \u00een timpul acestui eveniment important, \u00een \u00eentreaga \u021bar\u0103 este blocat\u0103<\/a> traficul str\u0103in se opre\u0219te, iar via\u021ba se opre\u0219te pretutindeni.<\/p>\n

Protec\u021bionism \u0219i expansiunea VPN-urilor<\/h3>\n

Imagina\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 toate resursele pe care le folosi\u021bi sunt blocate. Nu v\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne dec\u00e2t s\u0103 folosi\u021bi ceea ce nu este interzis. Companiile IT chineze au \u00eenceput s\u0103 creasc\u0103 rapid, invent\u00e2nd alternative locale pentru serviciile occidentale: Youku<\/a> \u00een loc de Youtube, Weibo<\/a> \u00een loc de Twitter, Baidu<\/a> \u00een loc de Google, WeChat<\/a> \u00een loc de aplica\u021biile de mesagerie (\u0219i alte sisteme de plat\u0103). Blocajele au ajutat China s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 o politic\u0103 de protec\u021bionism de succes.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ciuda abunden\u021bei de servicii \u0219i aplica\u021bii chineze, mul\u021bi utilizatori tehnici au \u00eenceput s\u0103 acceseze Internetul prin VPN. Acestea erau servicii mici \u0219i ilegale, care erau blocate constant. Totul s-a schimbat c\u00e2nd \u00een 2014-2015, furnizorii occidentali de VPN au ajuns \u00een China. Guvernul i-a obligat s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 o licen\u021b\u0103 special\u0103 sau s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 \u021bara.<\/p>\n

Aici sunt legale doar VPN-urile de stat: aceste servicii locale ob\u021bin licen\u021ba de la autorit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i pot fi utilizate de persoanele juridice. Persoanele fizice \u2013 adic\u0103 cet\u0103\u021benii obi\u0219nui\u021bi \u2013 pot folosi \u0219i ele un VPN de acest tip, dar doar \u00een scopuri educa\u021bionale sau \u0219tiin\u021bifice.<\/p>\n

Bine\u00een\u021beles, China a f\u0103cut tot posibilul pentru ca VPN-ul local s\u0103 fie mai accesibil dec\u00e2t cel str\u0103in. A\u0219a s-a \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2mplat. Exist\u0103 un anumit pachet VPN care poate fi utilizat, \u00eens\u0103 pentru acces la acesta, utilizatorul trebuie s\u0103 treac\u0103 printr-o \u00eenregistrare oficial\u0103, adic\u0103 s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i justifice \u00een fa\u021ba statului dorin\u021ba de a ocoli restric\u021bia \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eei ofere datele personale. Asta nu prea seam\u0103n\u0103 cu principiile VPN-urilor la care ne-am obi\u0219nuit, nu-i a\u0219a?<\/p>\n

Un caz amuzant binecunoscut: creatorului Marelui Zid, care s-a adresat studen\u021bilor, i s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 un VPN pentru a accesa un site din Coreea de Sud. Apropo, despre asta s-a scris pe Habr<\/a>. Aici trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103 utilizarea oric\u0103rui (!) VPN \u00een China, \u00een general, nu este interzis\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 furnizorii neautoriza\u021bi pot primi<\/a> p\u00e2n\u0103 la 6 ani de \u00eenchisoare.<\/p>\n

Ideea modelului chinezesc<\/h3>\n

Ideea modelului chinezesc de control este c\u0103 totul este blocat deschis. Un nou site a fost inclus pe lista neagr\u0103? Cel mai probabil, acest lucru va fi anun\u021bat oficial. Totul este reglementat legislativ, prin urmare, despre bloc\u0103ri se anun\u021b\u0103 \u00een prealabil \u00een mass-media.<\/p>\n

Din experien\u021ba mea, chinezii nu sunt deloc preocupa\u021bi de bloc\u0103ri. Ei nu simt nostalgia dup\u0103 Facebook sau Twitter. Majoritatea dintre ei nu cunosc nicio limb\u0103 \u00een afar\u0103 de chinez\u0103: de ce le-ar trebui YouTube \u00een englez\u0103, c\u00e2nd pot viziona videoclipuri chineze\u0219ti pe Youku? \u00cen plus, designul chinezesc \u0219i \u00eentreaga logic\u0103 de construire a site-urilor difer\u0103 mult de ceea ce sunt obi\u0219nui\u021bi europenii.<\/p>\n

Principalul aspect al Chinei este c\u0103 utilizatorilor li se ofer\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna alternative pentru resursele blocate. Atunci c\u00e2nd \u00een Rusia au \u00eenceput s\u0103 blocheze masiv Telegram, nimeni nu a propus \u00een schimb un alt messenger. Nimeni nu a spus: \u201eB\u0103ie\u021bi, am creat un Telegram propriu, special adaptat pentru ru\u0219i\u201d. Prostii propunerii<\/a> utilizarea ICQ sau TamTam de la Mail.ru \u2014 nu este luat\u0103 \u00een considerare.<\/p>\n

Nu sus\u021bin blocajele, dar dac\u0103 ceva este blocat, ar trebui s\u0103 fie \u00een beneficiul cet\u0103\u021benilor: \u00een China, \u00een 3-4 ani, companiile IT care anterior nu puteau concura cu serviciile str\u0103ine, acum ajung pe o pia\u021b\u0103 mare. Statul le ofer\u0103 diverse beneficii \u0219i le sprijin\u0103 \u00een mod constant. China a creat un cerc economic at\u00e2t de restr\u00e2ns cu ajutorul VPN-urilor legale \u0219i al controlului asupra spa\u021biului web, \u00eenc\u00e2t companiile locale pur \u0219i simplu nu au avut de ales: au avut toate condi\u021biile pentru a cre\u0219te. Multe dintre echivalentele chineze\u0219ti ale serviciilor de hosting interna\u021bionale sunt mult mai bune dec\u00e2t cele blocate.<\/p>\n

Dar exist\u0103 \u0219i dezavantaje. De exemplu, pentru a lansa un proiect online, trebuie s\u0103 ob\u021bii o licen\u021b\u0103 ICP<\/a>. Aceasta trebuie s\u0103 fie ob\u021binut\u0103 de fiecare site \u00eenregistrat pe teritoriul Chinei. Este emis\u0103 de Ministerul Industriei \u0219i Informa\u021biilor din RPC. O astfel de licen\u021b\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi permite s\u0103 \u00eenregistrezi un domeniu, s\u0103 te conectezi la un server \u0219i s\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi lansezi site-ul \u00een re\u021belele de furnizor. Este o procedur\u0103 lung\u0103 \u0219i birocratic complicat\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"Internetul<\/p>\n

Captur\u0103 de ecran a paginii principale a motorului chinezesc de c\u0103utare \u2014 Baidu. Num\u0103rul licen\u021bei trebuie s\u0103 fie men\u021bionat \u00een subsolul fiec\u0103rui site chinezesc.<\/i><\/p>\n

Internet liber?<\/h3>\n

Sunt \u00een China din 2013 \u0219i pot lucra de la distan\u021b\u0103 doar datorit\u0103 VPN-ului. \u00cen trecut, \u00eenainte de a \u00eencepe lucrul, activam o mul\u021bime de clien\u021bi diferi\u021bi cu diverse protocoale, \u00eei configuram timp de 2-3 ore pe zi, iar apoi am pl\u0103tit pentru un serviciu \u0219i aproape c\u0103 nu mai am probleme.<\/p>\n

\u00cen China, am \u00een\u021beles repede c\u0103 Internetul liber este un mit. De fapt, fiecare \u021bar\u0103 \u0219i fiecare regiune are propriul s\u0103u firewall: aproape \u00een fiecare loc, re\u021beaua este controlat\u0103 \u00eentr-un fel sau altul. Dac\u0103 m\u0103 conectez la Internet de pe un server din Rusia, voi avea acces la multe resurse blocate, care vor fi deschise \u00een vecina Kazakhstan. Dac\u0103 m\u0103 conectez de pe un server din Taiwan, majoritatea cinema-urilor online \u0219i torrentele nu vor func\u021biona, la fel ca \u00een China. Pentru a te sim\u021bi mai liber, trebuie s\u0103 cuno\u0219ti un anumit set de servere \u0219i s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi ce resurse sunt disponibile \u00een fiecare \u021bar\u0103.<\/p>\n

Internetul \u00eenchis a devenit deja parte din lumea noastr\u0103. Nu doar China, ci \u0219i Coreea de Sud \u0219i chiar Australia \u00ee\u0219i controleaz\u0103 spa\u021biul web. \u00cen Coreea de Sud, de fapt, lucrurile stau pu\u021bin diferit: acolo sunt blocate materialele, nu resursele. Cea mai liber\u0103 re\u021bea, dup\u0103 p\u0103rerea mea, se afl\u0103 acum \u00een Japonia, Estonia, Letonia, Germania \u0219i Scandinavia.<\/p>\n

Artem Kozliuk<\/b>, lider de proiect la RosKomSvoboda, despre posibilitatea aplic\u0103rii experien\u021bei chineze \u00een Rusia:<\/i><\/p>\n

Repetarea modelului restrictiv chinez \u00een Rusia este imposibil\u0103. Din punct de vedere infrastructural \u0219i istoric, internetul din aceste \u021b\u0103ri s-a dezvoltat \u00een moduri complet diferite. Chinezii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 \u201eScutul de Aur\u201d \u00eenc\u0103 din anii '90, din momentul \u00een care internetul a ajuns \u00een aceast\u0103 \u021bar\u0103. \u00cen Rusia, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2012, internetul s-a dezvoltat \u00een condi\u021bii de pia\u021b\u0103 liber\u0103, pe baza principiului auto-reglement\u0103rii. Datorit\u0103 acestui fapt, avem mii de furnizori, internet rapid \u0219i ieftin. Da, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 2012, totul a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se \u00eendrepte spre un control strict al industriei internetului: gazdelor \u0219i operatorilor de telecomunica\u021bii, intermediari informa\u021bionali, servicii. Dar o restric\u021bie total\u0103 este imposibil\u0103 din cauza unor cauze structurale profunde. S\u0103 lu\u0103m, de exemplu, armata chinezeasc\u0103 de milioane de bloggeri pro-guvernamentali, \u201ePartidul 5 Mao\u201d (5 mao = 50 de copeici: se spune c\u0103 at\u00e2t de mult sunt pl\u0103ti\u021bi bloggerii pentru un comentariu pe Weibo), care monitorizeaz\u0103 manual \u00eentregul spa\u021biu internetic. Pentru a avea un impact asupra Runet de aceea\u0219i amploare \u0219i a construi o ma\u0219in\u0103 de cenzur\u0103 eficient\u0103, Rusia ar trebui s\u0103 investeasc\u0103 miliarde de ruble. \u0218i acum nu exist\u0103. <\/i><\/p>\n

Desigur, Rusia poate s\u0103 adopte anumite elemente chineze\u0219ti. Nu este obligatoriu s\u0103 extrapol\u0103m, dar putem ajunge la viziuni asem\u0103n\u0103toare. Acest lucru se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 deja acum, dar pentru a ocoli restric\u021biile ajut\u0103 VPN-urile. Exist\u0103 \u0219i \u00een China sl\u0103biciuni, iar dac\u0103 o persoan\u0103 vrea s\u0103 acceseze anumite platforme internet, o face. Dar acolo statul ofer\u0103 cet\u0103\u021benilor alternative relevante la resursele str\u0103ine. Totu\u0219i, aproape toate \u00eencerc\u0103rile Rusiei de a crea servicii similare cu cele occidentale au fost e\u0219uate.<\/p>\n

Ce p\u0103rere are audien\u021ba Habr despre o posibil\u0103 repetare a scenariului chinez \u00een Rusia? Mai ales acum, c\u00e2nd legea \u00abdespre internetul suveran\u00bb a fost adoptat\u0103 \u00een prima lectur\u0103. Avem at\u00e2t de multe diferen\u021be?<\/p>\n

Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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