{"id":29874,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","slug":"primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","title":{"rendered":"Aplicarea Linux \u0219i SCE \u00een institu\u021bia noastr\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt: s\u0103 fie sau nu s\u0103 fie?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Bun\u0103 ziua, stima\u021bi utilizatori de pe Habr. \u00cen ultima vreme m-a preocupat o \u00eentrebare: c\u00e2t timp va mai dura monopolul companiei Microsoft pe pia\u021ba de software destinate multor institu\u021bii de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt din \u021bara noastr\u0103 (de fapt, acesta a fost ocupat de corpora\u021bie \u00eenc\u0103 din ani 90<\/a><\/noindex>). <\/p>\n

Voi da un exemplu concret: frecventez un cerc IT relativ popular pentru elevii de liceu la Universitatea local\u0103 N (aceast\u0103 universitate este destul de prestigioas\u0103 \u00een ora\u0219ul meu), unde studiem o serie de discipline:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00abBazele informaticii \u0219i tehnicii de calcul\u00bb (deja finalizat\u0103).<\/li>\n
  2. \u00abStructura\u2026 computerelor\u00bb: OS, \u00abcomponentele\u00bb PC-ului (finalizat).<\/li>\n
  3. \u00abLucrul pe un PC personal\u00bb: elementele de baz\u0103 ale Windows Explorer, CMD, MS Office (tocmai finalizat).<\/li>\n
  4. \u00abBazele program\u0103rii\u00bb: PascalABC.NET (slav\u0103 Domnului c\u0103 m\u0103car nu este Turbo Pascal).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nIat\u0103 acum critica la majoritatea punctelor:<\/a><\/noindex>
    \n1. Probabil, singura disciplin\u0103 care m-a mul\u021bumit oarecum. Sistemele de numerotare, logica binar\u0103 etc. Aici am reu\u0219it f\u0103r\u0103 a folosi vreo OS sau SCE, deci nu are leg\u0103tur\u0103 direct\u0103 cu postarea mea.<\/p>\n

    2. Aici \u00eencepe partea interesant\u0103. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, aproape tot ce am studiat \u2013 istoria \u0219i capabilit\u0103\u021bile MS-DOS \u0219i Windows (toate versiunile, de\u0219i pentru Windows XP, deoarece prezentarea a fost realizat\u0103 la \u00eenceputul anilor 2000), au fost ar\u0103tate \u00een treac\u0103t existen\u021ba unor sisteme precum GNU\/Linux, *nix \u0219i\u2026 cam at\u00e2t. Nu am v\u0103zut o istorie clar\u0103 \u0219i capabilit\u0103\u021bile *nix \u00een aceast\u0103 prezentare. \u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, la prelegere am discutat mult despre diferen\u021bele dintre Windows 3.11 \u0219i 95 \u0219i 98; am amintit existen\u021ba modului IDE; ne-am familiarizat cu FAT12\/16\/32 \u0219i NTFS (de\u0219i lectorul nu a spus mai nimic, \u00een afar\u0103 de explicarea acronimului \u201eNTFS\u201d), dar nu am auzit niciun cuv\u00e2nt despre EXT2\/3\/4, BTRFS, UDF, nici despre parti\u021bionarea discului \u2013 t\u0103cere total\u0103! Aceea\u0219i situa\u021bie a fost \u0219i cu BIOS legacy: s-a explicat func\u021bia Legacy-BIOS, dar au uitat complet de UEFI, f\u0103r\u0103 a men\u021biona Coreboot \u0219i alte implement\u0103ri ale BIOS-ului. \u00cen plus, profesorii ne-au povestit despre \u201eputerea celor mai noi\u201d Pentium 4 \u0219i DDR2, despre dep\u0103\u0219irea treptat\u0103 a dischetelor, \u0219i avantajul Windows XP fa\u021b\u0103 de ME \u0219i 98 (din nou, o prezentare din 2003-2005).<\/p>\n

    3. Aici totul este destul de clar: totul este dep\u0103\u0219it \u0219i\/sau proprietar. Nu m\u0103 pl\u00e2ng de caracteristicile calculatoarelor: 0.5-2 GB RAM \u0219i Pentium 4\/D sunt suficiente pentru un computer client, la fel cum avem Windows XP \u0219i un server central pentru fi\u0219iere, care descarc\u0103 par\u021bial \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura de pe HDD-ul sistemului. Dar am g\u0103sit pe aceste PC-uri doar c\u00e2teva programe gratuite dintr-o sut\u0103: Notepad++ \u0219i o versiune foarte veche de OpenOffice. Tot restul: Google Chrome, MS Office 2007\/2010 (neactivat), Adobe PDF Reader, antivirusi, compilatoare proprietare, Turbo Pascal... Apropo, pe unele (cu cel pu\u021bin 1 GB RAM) este instalat Kubuntu 14.04.x, care nu a fost actualizat niciodat\u0103 de la instalare, nici sistemul, nici depozitele. De asemenea, a fost instalat pur \u0219i simplu de form\u0103: nu am v\u0103zut niciun student folosind Linux. Mai mult, persoanele care au instalat distribu\u021bia nu au specificat o parol\u0103 pentru root \u0219i pentru bootloader. <\/p>\n

    A\u0219adar, este u\u0219or s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti op\u021biunea Rescue Mode \u00een GRUB2, s\u0103 ob\u021bii automat drepturi de root, s\u0103 remontezi r\u0103d\u0103cina \u00een mod read\/write \u0219i s\u0103 execu\u021bi passwd. De fapt, acesta este ceea ce am f\u0103cut de dou\u0103 ori. \u0218i \u00eentregul sistem de operare este la dispozi\u021bia mea. Atunci, care este sensul s\u0103 blochezi Windows, s\u0103 instalezi antiviru\u0219i, s\u0103 configurezi proxy, dac\u0103 toat\u0103 aceast\u0103 \u201eprotec\u021bie\u201d nu valoreaz\u0103 nimic? \u00cen plus, c\u00e2nd am povestit profesorului despre aceast\u0103 vulnerabilitate, mi-a r\u0103spuns c\u0103 aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 nu-l intereseaz\u0103 prea mult. Dar cum a\u0219a? Odat\u0103 interzic flash drive-urile USB f\u0103r\u0103 scanare antivirus, iar acum ignor\u0103 o problem\u0103 care se afl\u0103 la suprafa\u021b\u0103. Apropo, pe aceste Kubuntu nu exist\u0103 practic niciun software. Nici gcc, nici g++, nici fpc, nimic, \u00een afar\u0103 de sistemul de baz\u0103.<\/p>\n

    Dac\u0103 vorbim despre birou, utilizarea de c\u0103tre mine a LibreOffice \u0219i a standardelor deschise pentru documente a dus la faptul c\u0103 majoritatea fi\u0219ierelor .odt erau deschise incorect \u00een produsul companiei Microsoft, inversul este de asemenea adev\u0103rat. De\u0219i MS Office (IMHO) este un produs foarte convenabil, LibreOffice, \u00een special ca proiect gratuit, este \u0219i el bun. \u00cen principiu, dac\u0103 nu ar fi proprietaritatea \u0219i \u00eenchiderea MS Office, atunci sensul existen\u021bei alternativelor acestuia ar fi redus la minimum (din nou, aceasta este opinia mea modest\u0103). <\/p>\n

    \u00cen ciuda faptului c\u0103 sunt de acord cu A.V. Stolyarov<\/a><\/noindex>, am \u00een\u021beles c\u0103 un anumit software important exist\u0103 doar pentru Windows \u0219i \u00een urm\u0103torii c\u00e2\u021biva ani acest sistem cu siguran\u021b\u0103 nu va fi \u00eenlocuit \u00een aceste domenii (de exemplu, pentru programarea unor microcontrolere p\u00e2n\u0103 la rularea software-ului pentru gestionarea sta\u021biilor de aliniere), dar cu fiecare an, astfel de software devine din ce \u00een ce mai rar. Cu at\u00e2t mai mult c\u0103 acestea sunt domenii destul de rare, iar *nix sunt considerate de mult timp ca fiind sisteme bune pentru \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea bazelor program\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

    Moralul acestei pove\u0219ti Concluzie: din p\u0103cate, constat c\u0103 \u00een universitatea local\u0103 (cel mai probabil, nu doar \u00een aceasta) se acord\u0103 prioritate produselor proprietare \u0219i \u00eenchise, chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd acestea trebuie utilizate ilegal. Alte software-uri sunt adesea ignorate, deoarece nu exist\u0103 stimulente pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi at\u00e2t cuno\u0219tin\u021bele reale ale profesorilor, c\u00e2t \u0219i cuno\u0219tin\u021bele studen\u021bilor (\u201eProfesorii nu vor s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be\u201d). Se impun afirma\u021biile c\u0103, \u00een general, software-ul liber este preg\u0103tit pentru utilizare de c\u0103tre utilizatori, dar utilizatorii \u00een\u0219i\u0219i nu doresc s\u0103 \u00eel foloseasc\u0103 \u0219i\/sau s\u0103 se dezvolte singuri, dac\u0103 \u201emerge \u0219i a\u0219a\u201d.<\/p>\n

    P.S.:UNIX \u00een U.R.S.S.<\/b> Bunicul meu mi-a povestit c\u0103, \u00eentre anii 1986-1988, el, ca \u0219ef al organiza\u021biei UPRCENRSP, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu al\u021bi colegi, a luat decizia de a transfera personalul bazat \u00een Stoli\u021ba \u0219i Tashkent pe mini-computere \u201eRobotron\u201d \u0219i alte computere de produc\u021bie na\u021bional\u0103, av\u00e2nd un computer-server central. Judec\u00e2nd dup\u0103 descrierile lui \u0219i Wikipedia, pe acest server era instalat Unix, iar pe unele dintre ele, versiunea sovietic\u0103. A\u0219adar, cum ar fi, poten\u021bialul pentru \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea *nix a r\u0103mas. <\/p>\n

    Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Microsoft \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u041e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b (\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 90-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 it-\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Utilizarea Linux \u0219i a software-ului liber \u00een institu\u021bia noastr\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt: a fi sau a nu fi? 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