{"id":29935,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/network-maps-kratkij-obzor-softa-dlya-postroeniya-kart-seti\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:32:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:43","slug":"network-maps-kratkij-obzor-softa-dlya-postroeniya-kart-seti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/network-maps-kratkij-obzor-softa-dlya-postroeniya-kart-seti","title":{"rendered":"H\u0103r\u021bi de re\u021bea. Prezentare succint\u0103 a software-ului pentru crearea h\u0103r\u021bilor de re\u021bea","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\n0. Introducere sau un pic de off-topic<\/b>Acest articol a fost creat tocmai pentru c\u0103 este extrem de greu s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti caracteristici comparative ale unui astfel de software, sau m\u0103car o list\u0103, \u00eentr-un singur loc. Este nevoie s\u0103 r\u0103sfoie\u0219ti o mul\u021bime de materiale pentru a ajunge la o concluzie.<\/p>\n

\u00cen acest context, am decis s\u0103 economisesc un pic din timpul \u0219i efortul celor interesa\u021bi de aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 \u0219i am adunat \u00eentr-un singur loc c\u00e2t mai multe sisteme pentru mapping-ul re\u021belelor, dup\u0103 cum am reu\u0219it eu s\u0103 le parcurg.<\/p>\n

O parte din sistemele descrise \u00een acest articol au fost testate personal de mine la un moment dat. Cel mai probabil, acestea erau versiuni care nu mai sunt actuale acum. Unele dintre cele de mai jos le v\u0103d pentru prima dat\u0103, iar informa\u021biile despre ele au fost adunate exclusiv \u00een cadrul preg\u0103tirii acestui articol.<\/p>\n

Deoarece am interac\u021bionat cu aceste sisteme acum mult timp, iar unele dintre ele nu le-am testat deloc, nu am mai r\u0103mas cu capturi de ecran sau exemple. Astfel c\u0103 mi-am re\u00eemprosp\u0103tat cuno\u0219tin\u021bele pe Google, Wikipedia, YouTube, site-urile dezvoltatorilor, unde am g\u0103sit \u0219i capturi de ecran, iar rezultatul final este un astfel de rezumat.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1. Teorie<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

1.1. De ce?<\/h3>\n

\nPentru a r\u0103spunde la \u00eentrebarea \u201eDe ce?\u201d trebuie mai \u00eent\u00e2i s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem ce este o \u201eHart\u0103 de re\u021bea\u201d. Harta de re\u021bea \u2013 (cel mai frecvent) o reprezentare logic\u0103, grafic\u0103 \u0219i schematic\u0103 a interac\u021biunii dispozitivelor de re\u021bea \u0219i a conexiunilor acestora, care descrie cele mai semnificative parametrii \u0219i propriet\u0103\u021bi. \u00cen zilele noastre, este adesea folosit\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu monitorizarea st\u0103rii dispozitivelor \u0219i un sistem de alertare. A\u0219adar, este util\u0103 pentru a avea o imagine asupra amplas\u0103rii nodurilor re\u021belei, a interac\u021biunilor \u0219i a conexiunilor dintre acestea. \u00cen leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu monitorizarea, avem un instrument func\u021bional pentru diagnosticarea comportamentului \u0219i anticiparea lui \u00een re\u021bea.<\/p>\n

1.2. L1, L2, L3<\/h3>\n

\nAcestea sunt cunoscute \u0219i sub denumirile Layer 1, Layer 2 \u0219i Layer 3 conform modelului OSI. L1 \u2013 nivelul fizic (cabluri \u0219i comutare), L2 \u2013 nivelul adres\u0103rii fizice (adrese MAC), L3 \u2013 nivelul adres\u0103rii logice (adrese IP).
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPractic, nu are sens s\u0103 construie\u0219ti o hart\u0103 L1, aceasta deriv\u0103 logic din L2, cu excep\u021bia, poate, a converterelor de medii. Chiar \u0219i a\u0219a, acum exist\u0103 convertoare de medii care pot fi, de asemenea, urm\u0103rite. <\/p>\n

Logic, L2 construie\u0219te harta re\u021belei pe baza adreselor MAC ale nodurilor, iar L3 \u2013 pe baza adreselor IP ale nodurilor.<\/p>\n

1.3. Ce date s\u0103 afi\u0219\u0103m<\/h3>\n

\nAcesta depinde de sarcinile \u0219i dorin\u021bele rezolvate. De exemplu, \u00eemi doresc s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleg dac\u0103 \u201ehardware-ul\u201d func\u021bioneaz\u0103 corect, ce este conectat la fiecare port \u0219i care este starea portului - up sau down. Asta poate fi L2. De altfel, mi se pare c\u0103 L2 este cea mai potrivit\u0103 topologie de re\u021bea \u00een sens aplicat. Dar, gusturile difer\u0103...<\/p>\n

Viteza de conectare a portului - e bine, dar nu este critic\u0103, dac\u0103 acolo se afl\u0103 un dispozitiv final - imprimant\u0103 sau PC. Ar fi bine s\u0103 pot verifica nivelul utiliz\u0103rii procesorului, cantitatea de memorie RAM liber\u0103 \u0219i temperatura hardware-ului. Dar asta nu este at\u00e2t de simplu; va trebui s\u0103 configurez un sistem de monitorizare care s\u0103 poat\u0103 citi SNMP \u0219i s\u0103 genereze \u0219i analizeze datele primite. Despre asta mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p>\n

\u00cen leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu L3, am g\u0103sit asta: articol<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

1.4. Cum?<\/h3>\n

\nSe poate manual, se poate \u0219i automat. Dac\u0103 se face manual, dureaz\u0103 mult \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare factorul uman. Dac\u0103 se face automat, trebuie s\u0103 ne asigur\u0103m c\u0103 toate dispozitivele de re\u021bea sunt \u201einteligente\u201d, s\u0103 accepte SNMP \u0219i c\u0103 acest SNMP este corect configurat, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t sistemul care va colecta datele de la ele s\u0103 le poat\u0103 citi.<\/p>\n

Pare simplu. Dar exist\u0103 capcane. \u00cencep\u00e2nd cu faptul c\u0103 nu orice sistem poate citi toate datele de pe dispozitiv pe care ne-ar pl\u0103cea s\u0103 le vedem sau nu toate dispozitivele de re\u021bea pot oferi aceste date, \u0219i termin\u00e2nd cu faptul c\u0103 nu orice sistem poate construi singur h\u0103r\u021bi de re\u021bea \u00een mod automat.<\/p>\n

Procesul de generare automat\u0103 a h\u0103r\u021bii este aproximativ urm\u0103torul:<\/p>\n

\u2014 sistemul cite\u0219te datele de la echipamentele de re\u021bea
\n \u2014 pe baza acestor date, pentru fiecare port al router-ului se formeaz\u0103 o tabel\u0103 de coresponden\u021b\u0103 a adreselor de pe porturi
\n \u2014 asociaz\u0103 adresele cu numele dispozitivelor
\n \u2014 construie\u0219te leg\u0103turile port-dispozitiv
\n \u2014 reprezint\u0103 totul sub form\u0103 de diagram\u0103, \u201eintuitiv\u0103\u201d pentru utilizator<\/p>\n

2. Practica<\/h2>\n

\nA\u0219adar, acum s\u0103 discut\u0103m despre cum putem construi o hart\u0103 de re\u021bea. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 ne dorim, bine\u00een\u021beles, s\u0103 automatiz\u0103m acest proces pe c\u00e2t posibil. Adic\u0103, Paint \u0219i MS Visio cad\u2026 totu\u0219i\u2026 nu, de fapt, nu cad.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 software specializat care rezolv\u0103 problema construirii unei h\u0103r\u021bi de re\u021bea. Unele produse software pot oferi doar un mediu pentru ad\u0103ugarea \u201emanual\u0103\u201d a imaginilor cu propriet\u0103\u021bi, desenarea conexiunilor \u0219i lansarea \u201emonitoriz\u0103rii\u201d \u00eentr-o form\u0103 foarte restr\u00e2ns\u0103 (dac\u0103 nodul este activ sau nu r\u0103spunde). Altele pot nu doar s\u0103 deseneze schematic re\u021beaua, ci \u0219i s\u0103 calculeze o mul\u021bime de parametri cu SNMP, s\u0103 notifice utilizatorul prin SMS \u00een cazul defec\u021biunilor \u0219i s\u0103 ofere o mul\u021bime de informa\u021bii despre porturile echipamentului de re\u021bea, iar toate acestea sunt doar o parte din func\u021bionalitatea lor (precum NetXMS).<\/p>\n

2.1. Produse<\/h3>\n

\nLista nu este deloc complet\u0103, deoarece exist\u0103 foarte multe astfel de programe. Dar acesta este tot ce ofer\u0103 Google pe subiect (inclusiv site-uri \u00een limba englez\u0103):<\/p>\n

Proiecte Open Source:<\/b>
\nLanTopoLog
\nNagios
\nIcinga
\nNeDi
\nPandora FMS
\nPRTG
\nNetXMS
\nZabbix<\/p>\n

Proiecte pl\u0103tite:<\/b>
\nLanState
\nTotal Network Monitor
\nSolarwinds Network Topology Mapper
\nUVexplorer
\nAuvik
\nAdRem NetCrunch<\/p>\n

2.2.1. Software gratuit<\/h3>\n

2.2.1.1. LanTopoLog<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nSoftware dezvoltat de Yuri Volokitin. Interfa\u021ba este at\u00e2t de simpl\u0103 c\u00e2t posibil. Programul ofer\u0103, s\u0103 spunem a\u0219a, construc\u021bia semi-automat\u0103 a re\u021belei. Trebuie s\u0103 \u00eei \u201ealimentezi\u201d set\u0103rile tuturor routerelor (IP, creden\u021biale SNMP), apoi totul se va desf\u0103\u0219ura automat, adic\u0103 vor fi construite conexiunile \u00eentre dispozitive, cu indicarea porturilor.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 versiuni pl\u0103tite \u0219i gratuite ale produsului.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex> <\/p>\n

2.2.1.2. Nagios<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\n\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nSoftware Open Source, existent din 1999. Sistemul a fost dezvoltat pentru monitorizarea re\u021belei, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 poate citi date prin SNMP \u0219i construi automat o hart\u0103 a re\u021belei, dar deoarece aceasta nu este func\u021bia sa principal\u0103, o face \u00eentr-un mod... ciudat... Pentru construirea h\u0103r\u021bilor este utilizat NagVis.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex> <\/p>\n

2.2.1.3. Icinga<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\n\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nIcinga este un sistem Open Source care s-a desprins de Nagios. Sistemul permite construirea automat\u0103 a h\u0103r\u021bilor re\u021belei. Problema este c\u0103 h\u0103r\u021bile sunt construite cu ajutorul addon-ului NagVis, care a fost dezvoltat pentru Nagios, a\u0219a c\u0103 s\u0103 consider\u0103m c\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te construirea h\u0103r\u021bilor de re\u021bea, aceste dou\u0103 sisteme sunt identice.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

2.2.1.4. NeDi<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nReu\u0219e\u0219te s\u0103 descopere automat nodurile din re\u021bea \u0219i pe baza acestor date s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 o hart\u0103 a re\u021belei. Interfa\u021ba este destul de simpl\u0103, exist\u0103 monitorizare a st\u0103rii prin SNMP.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 versiuni gratuite \u0219i pl\u0103tite ale produsului.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

2.2.1.5. Pandora FMS<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nReu\u0219e\u0219te \u00een autodetectare, construc\u021bie automat\u0103 a re\u021belei, SNMP. Interfa\u021b\u0103 pl\u0103cut\u0103.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 versiuni gratuite \u0219i pl\u0103tite ale produsului.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

2.2.1.6. PRTG<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nSoftware-ul nu poate construi automat o hart\u0103 a re\u021belei, doar prin drag-and-drop manual. Cu toate acestea, poate monitoriza starea dispozitivelor prin SNMP. Interfa\u021ba las\u0103 de dorit, din punctul meu de vedere subiectiv.<\/p>\n

30 de zile - func\u021bionalitate complet\u0103, apoi - \u201eversiune gratuit\u0103\u201d.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

2.2.1.7. NetXMS<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nNetMXS este \u00een primul r\u00e2nd un sistem de monitorizare Open Source, construc\u021bia h\u0103r\u021bii de re\u021bea fiind o func\u021bie secundar\u0103. Totu\u0219i, este implementat\u0103 destul de bine. Construirea automat\u0103 pe baza descoperirii automate, monitorizarea nodurilor prin SNMP, poate urm\u0103ri starea porturilor routerelor \u0219i alte statistici.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

2.2.1.8. Zabbix<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nZabbix este de asemenea un sistem de monitorizare Open Source, fiind mai flexibil \u0219i puternic dec\u00e2t NetXMS, \u00eens\u0103 h\u0103r\u021bile de re\u021bea pot fi construite doar \u00een mod manual, de\u0219i poate monitoriza practic orice parametru al routerelor, colectarea c\u0103ruia poate fi configurat\u0103.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

2.2.2. Software pl\u0103tit<\/h3>\n

2.2.2.1 LanState<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nSoftware pl\u0103tit, care permite scanarea automat\u0103 a topologiei re\u021belei \u0219i, pe baza echipamentului descoperit, construirea unei h\u0103r\u021bi a re\u021belei. Permite monitorizarea st\u0103rii dispozitivelor descoperite doar prin verificarea up\/down a nodurilor.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex> <\/p>\n

2.2.2.2. Total Network Monitor<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nSoftware pl\u0103tit, care nu poate construi automat o hart\u0103 a re\u021belei. Nu poate descoperi automat nodurile. Practic este acela\u0219i lucru cu Visio, doar c\u0103 orientat spre topologia re\u021belei. Permite monitorizarea st\u0103rii dispozitivelor descoperite doar prin verificarea up\/down a nodurilor.<\/p>\n

Of, am men\u021bionat mai devreme c\u0103 renun\u021b\u0103m la Paint \u0219i Visio... Bine, s\u0103 fie a\u0219a.<\/p>\n

Nu am g\u0103sit un manual video, dar nici nu era necesar\u2026 Programul este a\u0219a \u0219i a\u0219a.<\/p>\n

2.2.2.3. Solarwinds Network Topology Mapper<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nSoftware pl\u0103tit, exist\u0103 un perioad\u0103 de trial. Poate scanarea automat\u0103 a re\u021belei \u0219i crearea unei h\u0103r\u021bi pe baza parametrilor specifica\u021bi. Interfa\u021ba este destul de simpl\u0103 \u0219i pl\u0103cut\u0103.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

2.2.2.4. UVexplorer<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nSoftware pl\u0103tit, trial de 15 zile. Poate descoperire automat\u0103 \u0219i construc\u021bie automat\u0103 a h\u0103r\u021bii, monitorizarea dispozitivelor doar \u00een func\u021bie de starea up\/down, adic\u0103 prin ping-ul dispozitivului.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

2.2.2.5. Auvik<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nUn program pl\u0103tit destul de atractiv, capabil de descoperire automat\u0103 \u0219i monitorizarea dispozitivelor de re\u021bea. <\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

2.2.2.6. AdRem NetCrunch<\/h3>\n

\nSite<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\nSoftware pl\u0103tit cu un trial de 14 zile. Poate auto-detectare \u0219i construc\u021bie automat\u0103 a re\u021belei. Interfa\u021ba nu a st\u00e2rnit entuziasm. De asemenea, suport\u0103 monitorizarea SNMP.<\/p>\n

Videomanual<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

3. Tabel de compara\u021bie<\/h2>\n

\nSe pare c\u0103 a fost destul de dificil s\u0103 g\u0103sesc parametrii relevan\u021bi \u0219i importan\u021bi pentru compararea sistemelor \u0219i s\u0103-i \u00eencadrez \u00een o mic\u0103 tabl\u0103. Am ajuns la urm\u0103toarea variant\u0103:<\/p>\n

\"H\u0103r\u021bi
\n
\n*Parametrul \u201eUser Friendly\u201d este extrem de subiectiv, \u0219i sunt con\u0219tient de asta. Dar nu am g\u0103sit o alt\u0103 modalitate de a descrie \u201edisconfortul \u0219i neclaritatea\u201d.<\/p>\n

**\u201eMonitorizarea nu doar a re\u021belei\u201d \u00eenseamn\u0103 func\u021bionarea sistemului ca o \u201esistem de monitorizare\u201d \u00een sensul obi\u0219nuit al termenului, adic\u0103 abilitatea de a citi metrici de la OS, gazde de virtualizare, ob\u021binerea datelor din aplica\u021bii \u00een sistemele de operare gazd\u0103 etc. <\/p>\n

4. P\u0103rerea personal\u0103<\/h2>\n

\nDin experien\u021ba personal\u0103 \u2014 nu v\u0103d sensul de a folosi software separat pentru monitorizarea re\u021belei. M\u0103 atrage mai mult ideea de a folosi un sistem de monitorizare pentru tot \u0219i toate, av\u00e2nd posibilitatea de a construi o hart\u0103 a re\u021belei. Cu Zabbix, este\u2026 complicat. Nagios \u0219i Icinga au acelea\u0219i probleme. Numai NetXMS m-a impresionat \u00een acest sens. Totu\u0219i, dac\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi propui s\u0103 faci o hart\u0103 \u00een Zabbix, aceasta poate ar\u0103ta chiar mai promi\u021b\u0103tor dec\u00e2t NetXMS. Exist\u0103 \u0219i Pandora FMS, PRTG, Solarwinds NTM, AdRem NetCrunch, \u0219i, cel mai probabil, multe altele care nu au fost incluse \u00een acest articol, dar le-am v\u0103zut doar \u00een imagini \u0219i videoclipuri, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu pot spune nimic despre ele.<\/p>\n

Despre NetXMS a fost scris articol<\/a><\/noindex> cu o mic\u0103 prezentare a func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bilor sistemului \u0219i un scurt ghid.<\/p>\n

P.S.:<\/h2>\n

\nDac\u0103 am gre\u0219it undeva, iar probabil c\u0103 am gre\u0219it, v\u0103 rog s\u0103 corecta\u021bi \u00een comentarii, voi ajusta articolul, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t cei care pot beneficia de aceast\u0103 informa\u021bie s\u0103 nu fie nevoi\u021bi s\u0103 verifice totul pe propria experien\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Mul\u021bumim.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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