{"id":29999,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:07","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kompakt-disku-40-let-i-on-myortv-li\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:07","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:07","slug":"kompakt-disku-40-let-i-on-myortv-li","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/kompakt-disku-40-let-i-on-myortv-li","title":{"rendered":"Compact Disc are 40 years old, and is it dead (or not)?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Compact
\nPhilips player prototype, Elektuur magazine No. 188, June 1979, Public domain mark 1.0<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Compact Disc are 40 years old, and for those of us who remember how it all started, it remains a mysterious achievement of high technology even today, as this medium has had to make way for the onslaught of streaming services.<\/p>\n

If we set out to identify the moment when digital technology began to supplant analog in consumer electronics, the emergence of the CD could certainly be considered that moment. In the mid-seventies, the most sought-after electronic gadgets were the analog video cassette recorder and the CB radio station, but with the release of the first home computers and laser players, the dreams of those wanting to be \"on the cutting edge\" suddenly changed. The CD player turned out to be the first household electronic device that contained a small but genuine laser, which then seemed something fantastic, simply unreal. Today, new technologies entering the market do not have such an effect: they are seen as something that appears and disappears \"in due course.\"<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Where did it come from?<\/h1>\n

\nFormatul \u201eCD\u201d a evoluat din cele mai noi metode de \u00eenregistrare video ale vremii, pe care dezvoltatorii \u00eencercau s\u0103 le adapteze \u0219i pentru \u00eenregistr\u0103ri audio de \u00eenalt\u0103 calitate. Compania Sony a \u00eencercat s\u0103 adapteze un videorecorder pentru \u00eenregistrarea digital\u0103 a sunetului, iar Philips a \u00eencercat s\u0103 \u00eenregistreze sunetul \u00een format analogic pe discuri optice, asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu cele deja folosite pentru stocarea video. Apoi, inginerii ambelor corpora\u021bii au ajuns la concluzia c\u0103 este mai bine s\u0103 se \u00eenregistreze pe discuri optice, dar \u00een format digital. Ast\u0103zi, aceast\u0103 \u201edar\u201d pare evident\u0103, dar atunci nu au ajuns acolo imediat. Dup\u0103 dezvoltarea a dou\u0103 formate incompatibile, dar foarte asem\u0103n\u0103toare, Sony \u0219i Philips au \u00eenceput s\u0103 colaboreze, iar p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1979 au prezentat prototipuri de player \u0219i disc de 120 mm, care putea stoca mai mult de o or\u0103 de sunet stereo de 16 bi\u021bi cu o rat\u0103 de e\u0219antionare de 44,1 kHz. \u00cen literatura \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 popular\u0103 \u0219i \u00een publica\u021bii, noua tehnologie era considerat\u0103 extrem de futurist\u0103, subliniindu-i capacit\u0103\u021bile. \u00cen emisiunile de televiziune, se promitea c\u0103 aceste discuri vor fi \u201eindestructibile\u201d \u00een compara\u021bie cu pl\u0103cile de vinil, ceea ce a st\u00e2rnit \u0219i mai mult interesul pentru ele. Playerul Philips cu carcasa sa str\u0103lucitoare \u0219i cu \u00eenc\u0103rcare de sus ar\u0103ta uimitor, dar primele modele ale acestor aparate au ajuns pe rafturile magazinelor abia \u00een 1982.<\/p>\n

Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103?<\/h1>\n

\nDe\u0219i utilizatorii credeau c\u0103 principiul de func\u021bionare al playerului CD este excesiv de complex \u0219i greu de \u00een\u021beles, \u00een realitate, totul este surprinz\u0103tor de simplu \u0219i clar. Mai ales \u00een compara\u021bie cu videorecorder-ele analogice, l\u00e2ng\u0103 care se aflau multe dintre aceste playere. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor \u201980, prin exemplul dispozitivului CD, au fost explicate cele mai diverse subiecte viitorilor ingineri electroni\u0219ti. Atunci, mul\u021bi \u0219tiau deja ce reprezenta acest format, dar nu to\u021bi \u00ee\u0219i permiteau s\u0103 cumpere un astfel de player.<\/p>\n

Capul de citire al unit\u0103\u021bii CD con\u021bine un num\u0103r surprinz\u0103tor de mic de piese mobile. Modulul, ce include at\u00e2t sursa, c\u00e2t \u0219i receptorul de radia\u021bie, se deplaseaz\u0103 cu un mic motor electric printr-un mecanism cu roti\u021be conice. Laserele IR lumineaz\u0103 o prism\u0103 care reflect\u0103 fasciculul la un unghi de 90\u00b0. Obiectivul \u00eel focalizeaz\u0103, iar apoi, reflectat de disc, trece \u00eenapoi prin acela\u0219i obiectiv c\u0103tre prism\u0103, dar de aceast\u0103 dat\u0103 nu \u00ee\u0219i schimb\u0103 direc\u021bia \u0219i ajunge la un grup de patru fotodiodi. Mecanismul de focalizare este format dintr-un magnet \u0219i bobine. \u00cen cazul unui tracking \u0219i focalizare corecte, intensitatea maxim\u0103 a radia\u021biei este atins\u0103 \u00een centrul grupei; \u00eenc\u0103lcarea tracking-ului cauzeaz\u0103 o deplasare a petei, iar \u00eenc\u0103lcarea focaliz\u0103rii - extinderea acesteia. Automatizarea regleaz\u0103 pozi\u021bia capului de citire, focalizarea \u0219i num\u0103rul de rota\u021bii, pentru a ob\u021bine un semnal analogic din care pot fi extrase date digitale la viteza dorit\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"Compact
\nDispozitivul capului de citire cu explica\u021bii, CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Bitii sunt combina\u021bi \u00een cadre, la care s-a aplicat modularea de-a lungul \u00eenregistr\u0103rii, EFM (modularea optic\u0103 de la opt la paisprezece)<\/a><\/noindex>, care permite evitarea numerelor zero \u0219i unu izolate; de exemplu, secven\u021ba 000100010010000100 se transform\u0103 \u00een 111000011100000111. Dup\u0103 ce cadrele sunt trecute printr-o tabel\u0103 de c\u0103utare, rezultatul este un flux de date de 16 bi\u021bi care trece prin corec\u021bia Reed-Solomon \u0219i ajunge la DAC. De\u0219i diferi\u021bi produc\u0103tori au adus diferite \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021biri acestei sisteme de-a lungul existen\u021bei sale, partea principal\u0103 a dispozitivului a r\u0103mas un nod optico-electronic destul de simplu.<\/p>\n

Ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat apoi cu el?<\/h1>\n

\n\u00cen anii '90, formatul a trecut de la ceva fantastic \u0219i prestigios la un model de mas\u0103. Playerele au devenit mult mai accesibile, iar pe pia\u021b\u0103 au ap\u0103rut modele portabile. Playerele CD au \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103 casetele. Acela\u0219i lucru s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u0219i cu CD-ROM-urile, \u0219i \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a anilor '90 era greu s\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi imaginezi un nou PC f\u0103r\u0103 unitate CD \u0219i o enciclopedie multimedia inclus\u0103. Nici Vist 1000HM nu a fost o excep\u021bie - un computer elegant cu difuzoare integrate \u00een monitor, receptor FM \u0219i o tastatur\u0103 compact\u0103 cu un joystick incorporat, care sem\u0103na cu un gigantic telecomand\u0103 pentru sistemul audio. \u00cen general, el striga c\u0103 locul s\u0103u nu era \u00een birou, ci \u00een spa\u021biul de locuit, dorind s\u0103 ocupe locul exact al unui sistem audio. Vine cu un CD de la trupa \u201eNautilus Pompilius\u201d, av\u00e2nd piese \u00een fi\u0219iere WAV mono de 4 bi\u021bi, care ocupau pu\u021bin spa\u021biu. Existau \u0219i echipamente mai specializate, care foloseau CD-uri ca suport de date, precum Philips CD-i \u0219i Commodore Amiga CDTV, precum \u0219i playere Video CD, dispozitive Sega Mega CD pentru consolele Mega Drive\/Genesis, console 3DO \u0219i Play Station (prima)\u2026<\/p>\n

\"Compact
\nCommodore Amiga CDTV, CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

\"Compact
\nComputerul Vist Black Jack II, care nu se deosebea vizual de Vist 1000HM, itWeek, (163)39`1998<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

\u0218i \u00een timp ce cei boga\u021bi au adoptat tot acest lucru, a ap\u0103rut o nou\u0103 tem\u0103 pe agenda zilei: posibilitatea de a scrie CD-uri acas\u0103. P\u0103rea a fi din nou ceva fantastic. C\u00e2\u021biva ferici\u021bi de\u021bin\u0103tori de unit\u0103\u021bi de scriere \u00eencercau s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i recupereze investi\u021bia, lipind anun\u021buri: \u201eVoi face un backup al hard disk-ului vostru pe CD, la pre\u021b mic\u201d. Acest lucru a coincis cu apari\u021bia formatului audio comprimat MP3, primele playere MPMan \u0219i Diamond Rio fiind lansate. Totu\u0219i, acestea foloseau atunci memorie flash \u00eenc\u0103 scump\u0103, \u00een schimb, CD-ul Lenoxx MP-786 a devenit un adev\u0103rat hit \u2014 \u0219i citea excelent at\u00e2t discurile scrise, c\u00e2t \u0219i cele gata cu fi\u0219iere MP3. Napster \u0219i resursele similare au c\u0103zut rapid victime ale companiilor de \u00eenregistrare, care, cu toate acestea, se uitau la noul format. Unul dintre primele CD-uri licen\u021biate MP3 a fost lansat de forma\u021bia \u201eKrematoriy\u201d, \u0219i cel mai adesea era ascultat tocmai pe acest player. De altfel, translatorului i-a fost dat odat\u0103 s\u0103 se bage \u00een interiorul unuia dintre aceste playere pentru a remedia o defectiune care cauza atingerea discului de capac. Lansarea primelor iPod-uri de c\u0103tre Apple, care permiteau achizi\u021bionarea de albume printr-o interfa\u021b\u0103 convenabil\u0103 pe ecranul computerului, a determinat editurile muzicale s\u0103 treac\u0103 \u00een mod definitiv de la lupta cu formatele audio comprimate la extragerea de profit din acestea. Apoi, smartphone-urile au eliminat aproape complet utilizarea juc\u0103tori MP3 separa\u021bi, mai repede dec\u00e2t ace\u0219tia au eliminat CD-urile, iar vinilul \u0219i casetele \u00ee\u0219i revin acum. Este CD-ul mort? Probabil c\u0103 nu, deoarece produc\u021bia at\u00e2t a unit\u0103\u021bilor, c\u00e2t \u0219i a suporturilor nu s-a oprit complet. \u0218i nu este exclus ca o nou\u0103 val\u0103 de nostalgie s\u0103 re\u00eenvie \u0219i acest format.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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