{"id":30026,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","slug":"na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","title":{"rendered":"Pe calea c\u0103tre teoria fundamental\u0103 a con\u0219tiin\u021bei","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Originea \u0219i natura tr\u0103irilor con\u0219tiente - uneori numite cuv\u00e2ntul latin qualia<\/b> \u2014 au fost pentru noi un mister \u00eenc\u0103 din cele mai vechi timpuri p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent. Mul\u021bi filosofi ai con\u0219tiin\u021bei, inclusiv cei moderni, consider\u0103 c\u0103 existen\u021ba con\u0219tiin\u021bei este at\u00e2t de contradictorie cu ceea ce, \u00een opinia lor, este lumea materiei \u0219i a vidului, \u00eenc\u00e2t o declar\u0103 iluzie. Cu alte cuvinte, fie neag\u0103 existen\u021ba qualia \u00een principiu, fie afirm\u0103 c\u0103 nu pot fi studiate \u00een mod sensibil prin intermediul \u0219tiin\u021bei.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 aceast\u0103 afirma\u021bie ar fi adev\u0103rat\u0103 - acest articol ar fi foarte scurt. \u0218i sub titlu nu ar fi nimic. Dar acolo exist\u0103 ceva\u2026<\/p>\n

\"Pe
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nDac\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021ba nu poate fi \u00een\u021beleas\u0103 prin instrumentele \u0219tiin\u021bei, ar trebui doar s\u0103 explic\u0103m de ce tu, eu \u0219i aproape to\u021bi ceilal\u021bi suntem at\u00e2t de siguri c\u0103 avem, de fapt, sentimente. Totu\u0219i, o carie dureroas\u0103 mi-a provocat un abces. Un argument sofisticat pentru a convinge c\u0103 durerea mea este iluzorie nu m\u0103 va scuti cu nimic de aceste chinuri. Nu am simpatie pentru o astfel de interpretare f\u0103r\u0103 ie\u0219ire a leg\u0103turii dintre suflet \u0219i trup, a\u0219a c\u0103, probabil, voi continua.<\/p>\n

Con\u0219tiin\u021ba este tot ceea ce sim\u021bi (pe baza informa\u021biei de la organele de sim\u021b) \u0219i apoi tr\u0103ie\u0219ti (prin percep\u021bie \u0219i \u00een\u021belegere). <\/p>\n

O melodie blocat\u0103 \u00een cap, gustul unui desert din ciocolat\u0103, o durere de din\u021bi ascu\u021bit\u0103, dragostea pentru un copil, g\u00e2ndirea abstract\u0103 \u0219i \u00een\u021belegerea c\u0103, odat\u0103, tuturor senza\u021biilor le va veni sf\u00e2r\u0219itul.<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103torii se apropie treptat de dezlegarea misterului care a nelini\u0219tit filozofii timp de mult timp. \u0218i culminarea acestor cercet\u0103ri \u0219tiin\u021bifice este a\u0219teptat\u0103 - o teorie de lucru structurat\u0103 a con\u0219tiin\u021bei. Cel mai str\u0103lucit exemplu al aplic\u0103rii acestei teorii este un AI complet (aceasta nu exclude posibilitatea apari\u021biei unui AI f\u0103r\u0103 teoria con\u0219tiin\u021bei, ci pe baza deja existentei abord\u0103ri empirice \u00een dezvoltarea AI)<\/p>\n

Cei mai mul\u021bi cercet\u0103tori accept\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021ba ca fiind o dat\u0103 \u0219i caut\u0103 s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 leg\u0103tura ei cu lumea obiectiv\u0103 pe care o descrie \u0219tiin\u021ba. Cu un sfert de secol \u00een urm\u0103, Francis Crick \u0219i ceilal\u021bi cognitivi neurobiologi<\/a><\/noindex> au decis s\u0103 pun\u0103 deoparte discu\u021biile filozofice despre con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 (care au preocupat min\u021bile \u0219tiin\u021bifice cel pu\u021bin din vremea lui Aristotel) \u0219i \u00een loc s\u0103 porneasc\u0103 \u00een c\u0103utarea urmelor sale fizice. <\/b><\/p>\n

Ce anume \u00een partea extrem de excitabil\u0103 a substan\u021bei cerebrale genereaz\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021ba? Odat\u0103 ce vor afla acest lucru, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 pot spera s\u0103 se apropie de rezolvarea unei probleme mai fundamentale.
\n\u00cen special, neurobiologii caut\u0103 corela\u021biile neuronale ale con\u0219tiin\u021bei (CNC) \u2014 cele mai mici mecanisme neuronale, suficiente ca \u00eentreg pentru o experien\u021b\u0103 con\u0219tient\u0103 particular\u0103 \u00een senza\u021bii. <\/b><\/p>\n

Ce trebuie s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mple \u00een creier pentru a sim\u021bi de exemplu o durere de din\u021bi? Trebuie ca anumite celule nervoase s\u0103 vibreze la o frecven\u021b\u0103 magic\u0103? Este necesar\u0103 activarea unor \u00abneuronii con\u0219tiin\u021bei\u00bb speciali? \u00cen care zone ale creierului ar putea fi localizate aceste celule?<\/p>\n

\"Pe
\n<\/p>\n

Corela\u021biile neuronale ale con\u0219tiin\u021bei<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cen defini\u021bia CNC, este important\u0103 men\u021biunea \u00abminim\u00bb. Creierul, ca un \u00eentreg, poate fi considerat CNC \u2014 zi de zi genereaz\u0103 senza\u021bii. Cu toate acestea, localizarea poate fi definit\u0103 \u0219i mai precis. S\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare m\u0103duva spin\u0103rii \u2014 un tub flexibil de 46 de centimetri de \u021besut nervos \u00een interiorul coloanei vertebrale, care con\u021bine aproximativ un miliard de celule nervoase. Dac\u0103, din cauza unei leziuni, m\u0103duva spin\u0103rii este complet distrus\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zona cervical\u0103, persoana afectat\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i va paraliza picioarele, bra\u021bele \u0219i trunchiul, nu va putea controla intestinul \u0219i vezica urinar\u0103 \u0219i va fi lipsit\u0103 de senza\u021bii corporale. Cu toate acestea, astfel de persoane paralizate continu\u0103 s\u0103 exploreze via\u021ba \u00een toat\u0103 diversitatea ei: v\u0103d, aud, miros, simt emo\u021bii \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i amintesc la fel de bine ca \u00eenainte ca evenimentul tragic s\u0103 le schimbe radical via\u021ba.<\/p>\n

Sau s\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare cerebelul \u2014 \u00abcreierul mic\u00bb din spatele creierului. Acest sistem cerebral, unul dintre cele mai vechi din punct de vedere evolutiv, particip\u0103 la controlul motoricii, pozi\u021biei corpului \u0219i mersului, \u0219i de asemenea r\u0103spunde pentru executarea cu agilitate a secven\u021belor complexe de mi\u0219care.
\nA c\u00e2nta la pian, a tasta pe o tastatur\u0103, a practica patinajul artistic sau alpinismul \u2014 \u00een toate aceste activit\u0103\u021bi este implicat cerebelul. Acesta este dotat cu cei mai faimo\u0219i neuroni numi\u021bi celulele Purkinje, care au ramifica\u021bii asem\u0103n\u0103toare corailor de mare \u0219i ascund o dinamic\u0103 electric\u0103 complex\u0103. De asemenea, cerebelul con\u021bine cel mai mare num\u0103r de neuroni<\/b>, aproximativ 69 de miliarde (\u00een principal, acestea sunt celulele labroci cerebeloase \u00een form\u0103 de stea) \u2014 de patru ori mai mult<\/b>, dec\u00e2t \u00eentregul creier la un loc (re\u021bine\u021bi \u2014 acesta este un aspect important).<\/p>\n

Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cu con\u0219tiin\u021ba dac\u0103 o persoan\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i pierde par\u021bial cerebelul \u00een urma unui accident vascular cerebral sau \u00een timpul unei interven\u021bii chirurgicale?<\/p>\n

Aproape nimic critic pentru con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103! <\/b><\/h4>\n

\nPacien\u021bii cu astfel de leziuni se pl\u00e2ng de c\u00e2teva probleme, cum ar fi o performan\u021b\u0103 mai pu\u021bin fluent\u0103 la pian sau o tastare mai clumsy, dar niciodat\u0103 de o pierdere complet\u0103 a vreunui aspect al con\u0219tiin\u021bei lor. <\/p>\n

Cea mai detaliat\u0103 cercetare despre influen\u021ba leziunilor cerebelului asupra func\u021biilor cognitive a fost studiat\u0103 pe scara larg\u0103 \u00een contextul sindromului afectiv cerebelos post-accident vascular cerebral.<\/a><\/noindex>Dar chiar \u0219i \u00een aceste cazuri, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 problemele coordon\u0103rii \u0219i ale percep\u021biei spa\u021biale (men\u021bionate mai sus), s-au stabilit doar tulbur\u0103ri non-critice ale aspectelor executive ale managementului, caracterizate prin perserv\u0103ri,<\/a><\/noindex>dispersie \u0219i o u\u0219oar\u0103 sc\u0103dere a capacit\u0103\u021bii de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare. <\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pe
\n<\/p>\n

Sistemul cerebelos extins nu are leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu experien\u021bele subiective. De ce? O indica\u021bie important\u0103 este re\u021beaua sa neuronal\u0103 \u2014 care este extrem de uniform\u0103 \u0219i paralel\u0103.<\/h4>\n

\nCerebelul este practic un circuit complet direct: un r\u00e2nd de neuroni hr\u0103ne\u0219te urm\u0103torul, care, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, influen\u021beaz\u0103 al treilea. Nu exist\u0103 bucle de feedback care s\u0103 rezulte \u00een activitate electric\u0103. Mai mult, cerebelul este func\u021bional \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een sute, dac\u0103 nu mai multe, module computa\u021bionale independente. Fiecare dintre ele lucreaz\u0103 simultan, av\u00e2nd intr\u0103ri \u0219i ie\u0219iri separate care controleaz\u0103 mi\u0219c\u0103rile sau diverse sisteme motorii sau cognitive. Aproape nu interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00eentre ele, \u00een timp ce \u00een cazul con\u0219tiin\u021bei\u2014aceasta este o alt\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 esen\u021bial\u0103.<\/p>\n

O lec\u021bie important\u0103 pe care o putem \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba din analiza m\u0103duvei spin\u0103rii \u0219i a cerebelului este c\u0103 geniul con\u0219tiin\u021bei nu se na\u0219te pur \u0219i simplu \u00een orice loc de excita\u021bie a \u021besutului nervos. Este nevoie de ceva \u00een plus. Acest factor suplimentar se afl\u0103 \u00een substan\u021ba cenu\u0219ie, care constituie celebra cortico cerebral\u0103 \u2014 suprafa\u021ba sa extern\u0103. Toate datele disponibile indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 \u00een generarea senza\u021biilor particip\u0103 neocorticale<\/a><\/noindex> \u021besuturi.<\/p>\n

Po\u021bi restr\u00e2nge \u0219i mai mult aria \u00een care se afl\u0103 focarul con\u0219tiin\u021bei. S\u0103 lu\u0103m, de exemplu, experimentele \u00een care ochiul drept \u0219i cel st\u00e2ng sunt supu\u0219i unor stimuli diferi\u021bi. Imagineaz\u0103-\u021bi c\u0103 fotografia unei \u201eLada Priora\u201d este vizibil\u0103 doar pentru ochiul t\u0103u st\u00e2ng, iar fotografia unei \u201eTesla S\u201d \u2014 doar pentru ochiul drept. Se poate presupune c\u0103 vei vedea un nou automobil creat din suprapunerile modelului Lada \u0219i Tesla. De fapt, timp de c\u00e2teva secunde vei vedea Lada, apoi aceasta va disp\u0103rea \u0219i va ap\u0103rea Tesla \u2014 apoi aceasta va disp\u0103rea \u0219i va reap\u0103rea Lada. Cele dou\u0103 imagini vor dansa ne\u00eencetat una \u00een fa\u021ba celeilalte \u2014 oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 numesc acest fenomen competi\u021bia binocular\u0103 sau competi\u021bia retinei. Informa\u021biile ambigue \u00ee\u0219i fac drum spre creier, iar acesta nu poate decide: este Lada sau Tesla?<\/i><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, e\u0219ti \u00eentins \u00eentr-un tomograf care \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 activitatea cerebral\u0103, cercet\u0103torii observ\u0103 activitate \u00eentr-un spectru larg de zone corticale, denumite \u00eempreun\u0103 \u201ezona cald\u0103 posterior\u0103\u201d (posterior hot zone). Aceasta include zonele parietale, occipitale \u0219i temporale din partea din spate a cortexului cerebral, iar ele joac\u0103 un rol esen\u021bial \u00een urm\u0103rirea a ceea ce vedem. <\/p>\n

Este interesant c\u0103 cortexul vizual primar, care prime\u0219te \u0219i transmite informa\u021bia provenit\u0103 de la ochi, nu reflect\u0103 ceea ce vede persoana. O diviziune similar\u0103 a muncii se observ\u0103 \u0219i \u00een cazul auzului \u0219i sim\u021bului tactil: cortexul auditiv primar \u0219i cortexul somatosenzorial primar nu contribuie direct la con\u021binutul experien\u021bei auditive \u0219i somatosenzoriale. Percep\u021bia con\u0219tient\u0103 (inclusiv imaginile Lada \u0219i Tesla) genereaz\u0103 etapele ulterioare ale proces\u0103rii \u2014 \u00een zona cald\u0103 posterior\u0103.<\/p>\n

Se pare c\u0103 imaginile vizuale, sunetele \u0219i alte senza\u021bii de via\u021b\u0103 se nasc \u00een limitele cortexului posterior al creierului. Dup\u0103 cum pot judeca neurobiologii, aproape toate experien\u021bele con\u0219tiente \u00ee\u0219i au originea exact acolo. <\/b><\/p>\n

\"Pe
\n<\/p>\n

Contorul con\u0219tiin\u021bei<\/h2>\n

\nPentru interven\u021bii chirurgicale, de exemplu, pacien\u021bii sunt supu\u0219i anesteziei, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 nu se mi\u0219te, s\u0103-\u0219i men\u021bin\u0103 tensiunea arterial\u0103 stabil\u0103, s\u0103 nu simt\u0103 durere \u0219i s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 ulterior amintiri traumatice. Din p\u0103cate, acest lucru nu este \u00eentotdeauna realizabil: \u00een fiecare an, sute de pacien\u021bi sub influen\u021ba anesteziei se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103 \u00een con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 categorie de pacien\u021bi cu leziuni cerebrale severe cauzate de traumatisme, infec\u021bii sau intoxica\u021bii grave poate s\u0103 existe timp de ani f\u0103r\u0103 a avea capacitatea de a vorbi sau de a reac\u021biona la apeluri. A dovedi c\u0103 ei simt via\u021ba este o sarcin\u0103 extrem de dificil\u0103.<\/h4>\n

\n\u00centre\u021bine\u021bi-v\u0103 imagina\u021bia cu un astronaut pierdut \u00een univers, care ascult\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103rile centrului de control al misiunii de a comunica cu el. Un aparat radio defect nu \u00eei transmite vocea, iar lumea \u00eel consider\u0103 disp\u0103rut. A\u0219a poate fi descris\u0103 situa\u021bia f\u0103r\u0103 speran\u021b\u0103 a pacien\u021bilor a c\u0103ror creier afectat le-a interzis contactul cu lume \u2014 un fel de form\u0103 extrem\u0103 de izolare solitar\u0103.<\/i><\/p>\n

La \u00eenceputul anilor 2000, Giulio Tononi de la Universitatea din Wisconsin-Madison \u0219i Marcello Massimini au aplicat pentru prima dat\u0103 o metod\u0103 numit\u0103 zap and zip<\/a><\/noindex>, pentru a determina dac\u0103 o persoan\u0103 este con\u0219tient\u0103 sau nu.<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103torii aplicau pe cap o bobin\u0103 cu fire \u00eenv\u0103luite \u0219i trimiteau un impuls electric (zap) \u2014 o sarcin\u0103 puternic\u0103 de energie magnetic\u0103 care provoca un curent electric temporar. Aceasta excita \u0219i inhiba celulele neuronale de partener \u00een regiunile conectate ale re\u021belei, iar valul rezonat pe cortexul cerebral p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd activitatea se diminua.<\/p>\n

O re\u021bea de senzori de electroencefalogram\u0103 fixa\u021bi pe cap \u00eenregistra semnalele electrice. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce semnalele se propagau treptat, urmele lor, fiecare corespunz\u00e2nd unui anumit punct de sub suprafa\u021ba craniului, erau transformate \u00eentr-un film.<\/p>\n

\u00cenregistr\u0103rile nu ar\u0103tau un algoritm tipic \u2014 dar nici nu erau complet aleatorii. <\/h4>\n

\nInteresant este c\u0103, cu c\u00e2t ritmurile care apareau \u0219i dispar mai predictibile erau, cu at\u00e2t era mai mare probabilitatea ca creierul s\u0103 fie \u00een stare de incon\u0219tien\u021b\u0103. Cercet\u0103torii au m\u0103surat aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103, comprim\u00e2nd datele videoclipului cu un algoritm folosit pentru a arhiva fi\u0219ierele computerizate \u00een format ZIP. Compresia a oferit o estimare a complexit\u0103\u021bii reac\u021biei cerebrale. Voluntarii care erau con\u0219tien\u021bi au demonstrat un \"coeficient de complexitate a perturba\u021biilor\" \u00eentre 0,31 \u0219i 0,70, \u00een timp ce indicele sc\u0103dea sub 0,31 dac\u0103 erau \u00een stare de somn profund sau sub anestezie.<\/p>\n

Apoi, echipa a testat zip and zap pe 81 de pacien\u021bi care erau \u00eentr-o stare minim\u0103 de con\u0219tien\u021b\u0103 sau iresponsabili (\u00een com\u0103). \u00cen primul grup, care a ar\u0103tat semne de comportament ner reflexiv, metoda a indicat corect c\u0103 36 din 38 erau con\u0219tien\u021bi. Din cei 43 de pacien\u021bi \u00een stare de \u201elegum\u0103\u201d, cu care rudele de la capul patului nu au putut stabili comunicarea, 34 au fost clasifica\u021bi ca fiind incon\u0219tien\u021bi, iar \u00eenc\u0103 nou\u0103 - nu. Creierul lor a reac\u021bionat similar celor care erau con\u0219tien\u021bi, ceea ce a \u00eensemnat c\u0103 erau \u0219i ei con\u0219tien\u021bi, dar nu erau capabili s\u0103 comunice cu cei dragi.<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103rile actuale au ca scop standardizarea \u0219i \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea metodologiei pentru pacien\u021bii neurologici, precum \u0219i extinderea acesteia la pacien\u021bii din sec\u021biile de psihiatrie \u0219i pediatrie. \u00cen timp, cercet\u0103torii vor identifica un set specific de mecanisme nervoase care genereaz\u0103 experien\u021be. <\/h4>\n

\n\"Pe
\n
\n\u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, avem nevoie de o teorie \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 conving\u0103toare a con\u0219tiin\u021bei, care s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 la \u00eentrebarea \u00een ce condi\u021bii un anumit sistem fizic - fie c\u0103 este vorba de un lan\u021b complex de neuroni sau de tranzistori din siliciu - are senza\u021bii. \u0218i de ce calitatea experien\u021belor difer\u0103? De ce cerul senin \u0219i curat se simte diferit fa\u021b\u0103 de scr\u00e2\u0219netul unei viori prost reglate? Au aceste diferen\u021be \u00een senza\u021bii o func\u021bie specific\u0103? Dac\u0103 da, care este aceasta? Teoria va permite s\u0103 prezicem ce sisteme vor fi capabile s\u0103 aib\u0103 senza\u021bii. \u00cen absen\u021ba unei teorii cu previziuni testabile, orice concluzie despre con\u0219tiin\u021ba ma\u0219inilor se bazeaz\u0103 exclusiv pe intui\u021bia noastr\u0103 intern\u0103, despre care, a\u0219a cum a ar\u0103tat istoria \u0219tiin\u021bei, trebuie s\u0103 ne baz\u0103m cu precau\u021bie.<\/p>\n

Una dintre principalele teorii ale con\u0219tiin\u021bei este teoria spa\u021biului de lucru neural global<\/a><\/noindex> (GWT), propus\u0103 de psihologul Bernard Baars \u0219i neurobiologii Stanislas Dehaene \u0219i Jean-Pierre Changeux. <\/h4>\n

\nLa \u00eenceput, ei sus\u021bin c\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd o persoan\u0103 con\u0219tientizeaz\u0103 ceva, accesul la aceste informa\u021bii este ob\u021binut de mai multe zone diferite ale creierului. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, atunci c\u00e2nd o persoan\u0103 ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 incon\u0219tient, informa\u021bia este localizat\u0103 \u00eentr-un sistem senzorial-motor specific. De exemplu, c\u00e2nd scrie\u021bi repede, face\u021bi acest lucru \u00een mod automat. Dac\u0103 v\u0103 \u00eentreab\u0103 cum face\u021bi asta, nu ve\u021bi putea r\u0103spunde, deoarece ave\u021bi acces limitat la aceste informa\u021bii, care sunt localizate \u00een circuitele nervoase ce leag\u0103 ochii de mi\u0219c\u0103rile rapide ale degetelor. <\/p>\n

Accesibilitatea global\u0103 genereaz\u0103 doar un singur flux de con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, deoarece dac\u0103 un proces este disponibil pentru toate celelalte procese, atunci este accesibil pentru toate \u2013 totul este conectat la tot. Astfel se realizeaz\u0103 mecanismul de suprimare a imaginilor alternative.<\/b>
\nAceast\u0103 teorie explic\u0103 bine diversele tulbur\u0103ri mentale, unde disfunc\u021biile centrelor func\u021bionale individuale, legate de modelele de activitate neuronal\u0103 (sau de o \u00eentreag\u0103 zon\u0103 a creierului), distorsioneaz\u0103 fluxul general al \u201espa\u021biului de lucru\u201d, distorsion\u00e2nd astfel imaginea \u00een compara\u021bie cu starea \u201enormal\u0103\u201d (a unei persoane s\u0103n\u0103toase).<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Pe
\n<\/p>\n

Pe calea c\u0103tre o teorie fundamental\u0103<\/h2>\n

\nTeoria \u201eGWT\u201d sus\u021bine c\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021ba provine dintr-un tip special de procesare a informa\u021biei: un concept pe care \u00eel cunoa\u0219tem \u00eenc\u0103 din zorii inteligen\u021bei artificiale, c\u00e2nd programele speciale aveau acces la un mic depozit de date publice. Orice informa\u021bie scris\u0103 pe \u201etabloul de anun\u021buri\u201d devenea disponibil\u0103 pentru o multitudine de procese auxiliare \u2013 memorie de lucru, limbaj, modul de planificare, recunoa\u0219terea fe\u021belor, obiectelor etc. Conform acestei teorii, con\u0219tiin\u021ba apare atunci c\u00e2nd informa\u021bia senzorial\u0103 \u00eenregistrat\u0103 pe tabloul de anun\u021buri este transmis\u0103 unui num\u0103r mare de sisteme cognitive \u2013 care proceseaz\u0103 datele pentru reproducerea vorbirii, stocarea \u00een memorie sau efectuarea de ac\u021biuni.<\/p>\n

Deoarece spa\u021biul pe un astfel de tabloul de anun\u021buri este limitat, \u00een fiecare moment specific putem avea doar un volum mic de informa\u021bie. Re\u021beaua de neuroni care transmit aceste mesaje se afl\u0103, presupus, \u00een lobii frontal \u0219i parietal.<\/b><\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 ce aceste date rare (disparate) sunt transmise \u00eentr-o re\u021bea \u0219i devin accesibile publicului, informa\u021bia devine con\u0219tient\u0103. Adic\u0103 subiectul ei o recunoa\u0219te. Ma\u0219inile moderne \u00eenc\u0103 nu au atins un astfel de nivel de complexitate cognitiv\u0103, dar acesta este doar o chestiune de timp. <\/p>\n

Teoria \u201eGWT\u201d afirm\u0103 c\u0103 calculatoarele viitorului vor fi con\u0219tiente.<\/h4>\n

\nTeoria informa\u021bional\u0103 general\u0103 a con\u0219tiin\u021bei (IIT), dezvoltat\u0103 de Tononi \u0219i colaboratorii s\u0103i, folose\u0219te un punct de plecare complet diferit \u2014 experien\u021bele \u00een sine. Fiecare experien\u021b\u0103 are caracteristici cheie distincte. Ea este iminent\u0103, exist\u00e2nd doar pentru subiectul care o posesioneaz\u0103; este structurat\u0103 (un taxi galben fr\u00e2neaz\u0103 \u00een timp ce un c\u00e2ine brun traverseaz\u0103 strada); \u0219i este concret\u0103 \u2014 diferit\u0103 de orice alt\u0103 experien\u021b\u0103 con\u0219tient\u0103, ca un cadru separat \u00eentr-un film. \u00cen plus, ea este unitar\u0103 \u0219i definit\u0103. C\u00e2nd, \u00eentr-o zi cald\u0103 \u0219i clar\u0103, stai pe o banc\u0103 \u00een parc \u0219i observi copiii juc\u00e2ndu-se, diferitele elemente ale experien\u021bei \u2014 v\u00e2ntul care \u00ee\u021bi flutur\u0103 p\u0103rul, senza\u021bia de bucurie din r\u00e2sul copiilor \u2014 nu pot fi separate una de cealalt\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 ca experien\u021ba s\u0103 nu mai fie ceea ce este.<\/p>\n

Tononi postuleaz\u0103 c\u0103 aceste propriet\u0103\u021bi \u2014 adic\u0103 \u0219i un anumit nivel de con\u0219tien\u021b\u0103 \u2014 sunt posesorii oric\u0103rui mecanism complex \u0219i interconectat, \u00een cadrul c\u0103ruia este codificat un set de rela\u021bii cauzale. Acest lucru va fi sim\u021bit ca ceva care provine din interior.<\/p>\n

Dar dac\u0103, similar cu cerebelul, mecanismul nu are suficient\u0103 complexitate \u0219i interconectare, el nu va con\u0219tientiza nimic. A\u0219a cum sus\u021bine aceast\u0103 teorie, <\/p>\n

con\u0219tiin\u021ba este o capacitate esen\u021bial\u0103 aleatoare, legat\u0103 de mecanisme complexe, cum ar fi creierul uman.<\/h4>\n

\nTeoria deriv\u0103, de asemenea, din complexitatea structurii interconectate un singur num\u0103r nenegativ \u03a6 (pronun\u021bat \u201efai\u201d), care exprim\u0103 cantitativ aceast\u0103 con\u0219tien\u021b\u0103. Dac\u0103 \u03a6 este zero, sistemul nu are deloc con\u0219tien\u021b\u0103. Cu c\u00e2t num\u0103rul este mai mare, cu at\u00e2t sistemul are o putere aleatorie inerent\u0103 mai mare \u0219i cu at\u00e2t este mai con\u0219tient. Creierul, care are o conectivitate colosal\u0103 \u0219i foarte specific\u0103, are un \u03a6 foarte ridicat, ceea ce sugereaz\u0103 un nivel \u00eenalt de con\u0219tien\u021b\u0103. Teoria explic\u0103 diferite fapte: de exemplu, de ce cerebelul nu este implicat \u00een con\u0219tien\u021b\u0103 sau de ce contorul zip \u0219i zap func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat (numerele date de contor sunt, aproximativ, \u03a6).<\/p>\n

Teoria \u201eIIT\u201d prezice c\u0103 o simulare avansat\u0103 a creierului uman bazat\u0103 pe un computer digital nu poate fi con\u0219tient\u0103 \u2014 chiar dac\u0103 discursul s\u0103u nu poate fi distins de cel uman. Asemenea simula\u021biei atrac\u021biei gravita\u021bionale masive a unei g\u0103uri negre care nu deformeaz\u0103 continuum-ul spa\u021biu-timp \u00een jurul codului computerului aplicat, programat<\/b> con\u0219tiin\u021ba nu va crea niciodat\u0103 un computer con\u0219tient. Giulio Tononi \u0219i Marcello Massimini, revista \u201eNature\u201d 557, S8-S12 (2018)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Conform IIT \u2014 con\u0219tiin\u021ba nu poate fi calculat\u0103 \u0219i evaluat\u0103: aceasta trebuie s\u0103 fie incorporat\u0103 \u00een structura sistemului.<\/h3>\n

\nPrincipala provocare pentru neurobiologii moderni este de a utiliza toate instrumentele tot mai sofisticate disponibile pentru a studia conexiunile nesf\u00e2r\u0219ite ale diverselor neuroni care formeaz\u0103 creierul, pentru a contura urmele neuronale ale con\u0219tiin\u021bei. Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere complexitatea sistemului nervos central, acest lucru va dura decenii. \u0218i \u00een cele din urm\u0103, a formula o teorie de baz\u0103 bazat\u0103 pe fragmentele existente. O teorie care va explica principalul enigmei a existen\u021bei noastre: cum un organ care c\u00e2nt\u0103re\u0219te 1,36 kg \u0219i care are o compozi\u021bie asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu br\u00e2nza de soia \u00eencorporeaz\u0103 sentimentul vie\u021bii.<\/p>\n

Una dintre cele mai interesante aplica\u021bii ale acestei noi teorii, din perspectiva mea, este posibilitatea de a crea IA con\u0219tient\u0103 \u0219i, cel mai important, cu senza\u021bii. Mai mult, teoria fundamental\u0103 a con\u0219tiin\u021bei va permite dezvoltarea unor metode \u0219i c\u0103i de realizare a unei evolu\u021bii mai rapide a capacit\u0103\u021bilor cognitive ale omului. Oamenii viitorului. <\/p>\n

\"Pe
\n
\nSursa principal\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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