{"id":30239,"date":"2019-10-31T21:34:27","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/uproshhaem-sborku-linux-iz-ishodnikov-s-pomoshhyu-sajta-umvirt-lfs-packages\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:34:27","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:27","slug":"uproshhaem-sborku-linux-iz-ishodnikov-s-pomoshhyu-sajta-umvirt-lfs-packages","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/uproshhaem-sborku-linux-iz-ishodnikov-s-pomoshhyu-sajta-umvirt-lfs-packages","title":{"rendered":"Simplific\u0103m compilarea Linux din surse cu ajutorul site-ului UmVirt LFS Packages","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Este posibil ca mul\u021bi dintre utilizatorii GNU\/Linux, \u00een lumina ini\u021biativelor recente ale autorit\u0103\u021bilor de a crea un Internet \u201esuveran\u201d, s\u0103 se confrunte cu necesitatea de a se proteja \u00een cazul \u00een care repositoarele populare ale distribu\u021biilor GNU\/Linux devin inaccesibile.<\/p>\n

Unii descarc\u0103 repositoarele CentOS, Ubuntu, Debian, al\u021bii \u00ee\u0219i compileaz\u0103 propriile distribu\u021bii pe baza distribu\u021biilor existente, iar unii, \u00eenarma\u021bi cu c\u0103r\u021bile LFS (Linux From Scratch) \u0219i BLFS (Beyond Linux From Scratch), au \u00eenceput s\u0103 compileze propriile distribu\u021bii din surse, consider\u00e2nd c\u0103, \u00een condi\u021biile unui Internet \u201esuveran\u201d, vor avea loc atacuri cibernetice, epidemii de viru\u0219i, scurgeri de date, iar binarele vor deveni \u00eenvechite \u00eentr-un timp relativ scurt.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nRecent am reu\u0219it s\u0103 compilez complet o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103 din surse, pe baza instruc\u021biunilor prezentate \u00een cartea Linux From Scratch Systemd Edition v.8.3. M\u0103 gr\u0103besc s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc rezultatele cu voi.<\/p>\n

Procesul de compilare Linux<\/h2>\n

\nProcesul de compilare Linux din surse poate fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een trei etape: <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Pe baza sistemului de operare existent, se construie\u0219te un mediu de compilare LFS.<\/li>\n
  2. \u00cen mediu de compilare, se compileaz\u0103 imaginea ma\u0219inii virtuale LFS.<\/li>\n
  3. \u00cen ma\u0219ina virtual\u0103, se instaleaz\u0103 pachete suplimentare din cartea BLFS care nu sunt incluse \u00een cartea LFS.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Fi\u0219iere statice ale scripturilor<\/h3>\n

    \n\u00cen timpul lucrului cu mediu de compilare, este convenabil s\u0103 folose\u0219ti clipboard-ul \u0219i SSH: ai copiat comenzi din carte \u0219i le-ai lipit \u00een consola mediu de compilare. <\/p>\n

    Dup\u0103 pornirea ma\u0219inii virtuale create, au ap\u0103rut probleme serioase. Spre deosebire de fereastra terminalului, \u00een fereastra clientului ma\u0219inii virtuale nu este posibil s\u0103 lipse\u0219ti cod. Este incomod s\u0103 tastezi comenzi cu tastatura \u0219i exist\u0103 un risc ridicat de erori de tipar. Pericolul erorilor de tipar const\u0103 \u00een faptul c\u0103 acestea se pot manifesta nu imediat, ci dup\u0103 un timp, conduc\u00e2nd la probleme serioase.<\/p>\n

    Este bine cunoscut c\u0103 comenzile pot fi introduse nu doar de la tastatur\u0103, ci \u0219i dintr-un flux standard (STDIN). Sursa fluxului standard poate fi un port serial, precum \u0219i rezultatul execu\u021biei unui program sau script, cunoscut sub numele de flux standard de ie\u0219ire (STDOUT).<\/p>\n

    Mul\u021bi \u0219tiu c\u0103 comanda wget poate trimite con\u021binutul fi\u0219ierului desc\u0103rcat \u00een fluxul standard de ie\u0219ire (STDOUT):<\/p>\n

    wget http:\/\/example.com -O -<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \nDac\u0103 redirec\u021bionezi ie\u0219irea comenzii wget c\u0103tre interpret, po\u021bi executa cod arbitrar. Codul va fi executat la fel ca \u0219i cum ar fi fost tastat pe tastatur\u0103 sau copiat din clipboard:<\/p>\n
    wget http:\/\/umvirt.com\/linux\/helloworld.sh -O - | bash<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \nAstfel, po\u021bi plasa fi\u0219iere cu comenzi pe un server Web \u0219i trimite con\u021binutul acestora c\u0103tre interpret. <\/p>\n
    Fi\u0219iere script dinamice<\/h2>\n
    \nFi\u0219ierele statice sunt \u00eentr-adev\u0103r bune dac\u0103 \u0219tii exact ce trebuie s\u0103 fie executat, dar dac\u0103 se instaleaz\u0103 un pachet \u0219i nu este clar dac\u0103 dependen\u021bele sunt instalate sau nu, ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 atunci? <\/p>\n
    Aici intervine un site dinamic, bazat pe servere Web LAMP<\/b> (Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP). Dac\u0103 site-ul poate genera dinamic pagini (fi\u0219iere HTML) \u0219i imagini, ar trebui s\u0103 fac\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i fi\u0219ierelor text obi\u0219nuite. <\/p>\n
    A\u0219a a fost. Am scris un site UmVirt LFS Packages<\/noindex> care genereaz\u0103 scripturi pentru interpretul Bash. \u00cen baza site-ului este stocat\u0103 informa\u021bia despre pachete, dependen\u021be, patch-uri, suplimente \u0219i comenzi de compilare.<\/p>\n
    Acum, pentru a instala pachetul mc (midnight commander), po\u021bi scrie comanda:<\/p>\n
    wget --no-check-certificate https:\/\/umvirt.com\/linux\/packages\/0.1\/mc\/install -O - | bash<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \nScriptul site-ului va ob\u021bine date din baza de date \u0219i va genera codul pentru verificarea dependen\u021belor \u0219i scriptul pentru instalarea pachetului. Interpretul va procesa instruc\u021biunile din script.<\/p>\n
    Pentru ca acest lucru s\u0103 fie posibil, informa\u021bia despre pachetele instalate este p\u0103strat\u0103 pe disc \u00een baza de date.<\/p>\n
    Baza de date a pachetelor instalate se afl\u0103 \u00een directorul \/var\/cache\/ulfs-packages<\/b> reprezint\u0103 o list\u0103 de fi\u0219iere goale cu numele corespunz\u0103toare numelui pachetelor. <\/p>\n
    Dac\u0103 pachetul nu este g\u0103sit \u00een baza de date, se va face instalarea recursiv\u0103 a dependen\u021belor.<\/p>\n
    Confort<\/h2>\n
    \nPentru a face instalarea pachetelor mai convenabil\u0103, am scris un script numit chimp, \u00eenc\u0103 un site UmVirt LFS Assistant<\/noindex>, care utilizeaz\u0103 baza UmVirt LFS Packages<\/b>. Sarcina principal\u0103 UmVirt LFS Assistant<\/b> este executarea altor comenzi. <\/p>\n
    Cu ajutorul chimp, instalarea pachetelor devine \u0219i mai simpl\u0103:<\/p>\n
    chimp install mc<\/code><\/pre>\n
    <\/p>\n
    Demonstratie<\/h2>\n
    \nPentru a te familiariza cu func\u021bionarea serviciilor UmVirt LFS Packages<\/b> \u0219i UmVirt LFS Assistant<\/b> po\u021bi desc\u0103rca imaginea de baz\u0103 Initial UmVirt LFS v.0.1 Update 1<\/noindex>. Efectueaz\u0103 instalarea Xorg printr-o singur\u0103 comand\u0103:<\/p>\n
    chimp install X<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \n\u00cen procesul de func\u021bionare a scriptului, vor fi instalate automat 141 de pachete. Pentru a economisi timp la compilare, po\u021bi schimba valoarea variabilei MAKEFLAGS \u00een fi\u0219ierul \/etc\/profile de la \u00ab-j1\u00bb (un fir) la, de exemplu, \u00ab-j6\u00bb (\u0219ase fire).<\/p>\n
    Decentralizare \u0219i personalizare<\/h2>\n
    \nPentru a asigura securitatea, autonomie \u0219i personalizare, codul surs\u0103 al serviciilor UmVirt LFS Packages \u0219i UmVirt LFS Assistant este publicat \u00een acces public. Oricine poate s\u0103-l descarce, s\u0103-l implementeze \u0219i s\u0103 modifice serviciile \u00een cadrul infrastructurii sale.
    \n
    Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 GNU\/Linux \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432 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