{"id":30402,"date":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/flexiremap-protiv-raid\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","slug":"flexiremap-protiv-raid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/flexiremap-protiv-raid","title":{"rendered":"FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00eempotriva RAID","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Algoritmii RAID au fost prezenta\u021bi publicului \u00een anul 1987. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent, ei r\u0103m\u00e2n cea mai solicitat\u0103 tehnologie de protec\u021bie \u0219i accelerare a accesului la date \u00een domeniul stoc\u0103rii informa\u021biilor. \u00cens\u0103, v\u00e2rsta tehnologiei IT, care a trecut de pragul de 30 de ani, nu reprezint\u0103 o maturitate, ci mai degrab\u0103 o b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021be. Cauza este progresul, care aduce \u00een mod irezistibil noi oportunit\u0103\u021bi. \u00cen vremurile c\u00e2nd nu existau practic alte tipuri de stocare dec\u00e2t HDD-urile, algoritmii RAID permiteau o utilizare optim\u0103 a resurselor disponibile de stocare. Totu\u0219i, odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia SSD-urilor, situa\u021bia s-a schimbat radical. Acum, RAID-ul care lucreaz\u0103 cu unit\u0103\u021bi de stocare solid-state devine deja o \u201es\u0103rb\u0103toare\u201d pentru performan\u021ba acestora. Prin urmare, pentru a dezv\u0103lui \u00eentregul poten\u021bial al caracteristicilor de vitez\u0103 ale SSD-urilor, este necesar un alt mod de lucru cu acestea.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00eempotriva RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/1633250deaffc822dbd043caa229ea2b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 diferen\u021bele evidente \u00eentre HDD \u0219i SSD \u00een principiile de func\u021bionare, aceste tipuri de suporturi au o alt\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 important\u0103: orice hard disk poate rescrie orice date cu granularitate de un bloc (acum, cel mai frecvent 4KB). Pentru SSD, procesul de rescriere reprezint\u0103 o procedur\u0103 mult mai complex\u0103:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Datele modificate sunt copiate \u00eentr-o nou\u0103 loca\u021bie. \u00cen acest caz, granularitatea este acela\u0219i bloc, dar format din mai multe pagini \u0219i av\u00e2nd o dimensiune de 256KB \u2013 4MB. Adic\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd se modific\u0103 acelea\u0219i 4KB, este necesar s\u0103 se copieze \u0219i toate paginile vecine, care formeaz\u0103 un bloc unitar.<\/li>\n<li>Blocurile \u201evechi\u201d sunt marcate ca neutilizate, pentru a fi ulterior \u0219terse de colectorul de \u201egunoi\u201d (Garbage Collector).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00eempotriva RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/79f6a2a9657171387121b00c956f9034.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Scrierea\/re-scrierea secven\u021bial\u0103 pe SSD<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul scrierii\/re-scrierii secven\u021biale, aceast\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 a func\u021bion\u0103rii SSD-ului nu joac\u0103 un rol semnificativ din punctul de vedere al performan\u021bei, deoarece blocurile sunt localizate aproape unul de cel\u0103lalt \u0219i colectorul de \u201egunoi\u201d \u00ee\u0219i face treaba \u00een fundal. \u00cens\u0103, \u00een via\u021ba real\u0103, mai ales \u00een segmentul Enterprise, SSD-urile sunt utilizate cel mai adesea pentru acces aleator la date. \u0218i aceste date sunt scrise \u00een locuri aleatorii pe suporturi.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Cu c\u00e2t mai multe date sunt scrise pe SSD, cu at\u00e2t mai greu devine pentru colectorul de \u201egunoi\u201d s\u0103 func\u021bioneze, deoarece fragmentarea cre\u0219te semnificativ. Astfel, ajunge un moment c\u00e2nd procesul de cur\u0103\u021bare a dispozitivului \u00eenceteaz\u0103 s\u0103 mai fie \u201ede fundal\u201d: performan\u021ba SSD-ului scade considerabil, deoarece o parte semnificativ\u0103 din aceasta este consumat\u0103 de Garbage Collector.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00eempotriva RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/3374a6b98f220f7c4e4ff75a04565c26.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Loca\u021bia real\u0103 a datelor pe SSD \u00een utilizarea de zi cu zi<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pentru a ilustra efectul muncii colectorului de \u201egunoi\u201d \u00een func\u021bie de modul de scriere pe dispozitiv, pot fi efectuate teste simple: scriere secven\u021bial\u0103 \u0219i aleatoare \u00een blocuri de 4KB pe un SSD de 100GB. (Sursa \u2013 compania <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.micron.com\/~\/media\/documents\/products\/technical-marketing-brief\/brief_ssd_effect_data_placement_writes.pdf\">Micron<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00eempotriva RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/7e3b1f25dd27463d2c7b08ae84ff44b4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Performan\u021ba la scriere secven\u021bial\u0103<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00eempotriva RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/9c7d7be5982d6df688cf9481a0e9a826.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Performan\u021ba la scriere aleatorie<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>A\u0219a cum se poate observa din teste, sc\u0103derea performan\u021bei poate dep\u0103\u0219i de dou\u0103 ori. \u0218i aceasta este doar un singur dispozitiv de stocare. \u00cen caz de utilizare a SSD-urilor ca parte a unui grup RAID, num\u0103rul opera\u021biunilor de rescriere cre\u0219te semnificativ, datorit\u0103 lucrului cu paritate.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen general, datorit\u0103 acestor caracteristici de func\u021bionare a SSD-urilor, exist\u0103 un parametru numit coeficientul de scriere (write amplification). Acesta este raportul dintre volumul de date scrise pe dispozitiv \u0219i volumul de date trimis efectiv de gazd\u0103. Iar pentru cel mai popular RAID5, acest coeficient este de aproximativ ~3.5. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen concluzie, sistemele cu RAID clasic utilizeaz\u0103 \u00een esen\u021b\u0103 SSD-uri doar \u00een propor\u021bie de ~10% din viteza lor real\u0103 \u0219i se scalaz\u0103 slab din punct de vedere al performan\u021bei atunci c\u00e2nd num\u0103rul de dispozitive cre\u0219te peste zece.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, merit\u0103 men\u021bionat c\u0103 opera\u021biile excesive de scriere nu doar c\u0103 scad performan\u021ba SSD-urilor, ci \u0219i reduc resursa lor, care nu este infinit\u0103, scurt\u00e2nd astfel durata de via\u021b\u0103 a dispozitivului.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-technology\">Tehnologia FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex>, care st\u0103 la baza tuturor produselor AccelStor, a fost dezvoltat\u0103 ca o alternativ\u0103 la algoritmii RAID clasici pentru utilizarea cu SSD-uri. Inova\u021bia tehnologiei a fost recunoscut\u0103 prin diverse patente \u0219i premii (inclusiv la Flash Memory Summit 2016), precum \u0219i prin rezultatele testelor independente (de exemplu, SPC1).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Esenta <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-advantages\">FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex> const\u0103 \u00een transformarea tuturor cererilor de scriere primite, \u00een principal cele de tip random, \u00eentr-un set de blocuri care seam\u0103n\u0103 c\u00e2t mai mult cu modul de scriere secven\u021bial din punct de vedere al unit\u0103\u021bii de stocare. Ca rezultat, scrierea pe SSD-uri se realizeaz\u0103 \u00een cel mai confortabil mod pentru acestea, iar performan\u021ba final\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te orice sistem cu RAID clasic.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Toate SSD-urile din sistemele AccelStor sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een dou\u0103 grupuri simetrice FlexiRemap\u00ae. Dimensiunea grupului depinde de model \u0219i variaz\u0103 \u00eentre 5-11 unit\u0103\u021bi de stocare. Pentru redundan\u021b\u0103, \u00een interiorul grupului se aplic\u0103 paritate similar\u0103 cu RAID5. Ambele grupuri sunt utilizate \u00eempreun\u0103, form\u00e2nd un spa\u021biu de stocare comun. Prin urmare, redundan\u021ba final\u0103 va fi similar\u0103 cu un array RAID50 format din dou\u0103 grupuri: sistemul poate rezista la defectarea a p\u00e2n\u0103 la dou\u0103 SSD-uri, dar nu mai mult de unul \u00een fiecare grup FlexiRemap\u00ae.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00eempotriva RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/76adaa3e4a9dbd1394ba18dac79e21e5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Toate cererile de scriere primite sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een blocuri de 4KB, care sunt scrise \u00een mod round robin pe ambele grupuri FlexiRemap\u00ae. \u00cen acest timp, sistemul monitorizeaz\u0103 constant cererea blocurilor de scriere, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd, \u00een cazul modific\u0103rilor, s\u0103 scrie blocuri similare c\u00e2t mai aproape unele de altele. Rezultatul este un analog virtual al tiering-ului, dac\u0103 ne exprim\u0103m \u00een termenii stoc\u0103rii de date. \u00cen acest caz, munca colectorului de \u201egunoi\u201d este semnificativ u\u0219urat\u0103: deoarece blocurile neutilizate vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne constant \u00een vecin\u0103tate.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Merit\u0103 men\u021bionat c\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/modeli-vysokoj-dostupnosti-ha\">sistemele AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> spre deosebire de produsele concuren\u021bei, nu utilizeaz\u0103 func\u021bionalitatea de cache a cererilor de intrare \u00een memoria RAM a controlerului. Toate blocurile de date primite sunt scrise imediat pe SSD. Gazda prime\u0219te confirmarea scrierii cu succes doar dup\u0103 plasarea fizic\u0103 a datelor pe unit\u0103\u021bile de stocare. \u00cen RAM sunt stocate doar tabelele de plasare a blocurilor pe SSD pentru a accelera accesul \u0219i a determina unde s\u0103 fie scris urm\u0103torul bloc de date. Desigur, pentru fiabilitate, copii ale acestor tabele sunt de asemenea stocate pe unit\u0103\u021bile de stocare. Ca rezultat, sistemele AccelStor nu necesit\u0103 nicio protec\u021bie a cache-ului sub form\u0103 de baterie\/condenzator (totu\u0219i, este posibil s\u0103 se stabileasc\u0103 o conexiune cu un UPS - pentru o \u00eenchidere \u201emoale\u201d \u00een caz de probleme cu alimentarea).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Datorit\u0103 acestui tip de abordare \u00een organizarea scrierii, colectorul de \u201ede\u0219euri\u201d este capabil s\u0103 func\u021bioneze \u00een fundal, f\u0103r\u0103 a afecta semnificativ viteza unit\u0103\u021bilor de stocare, ceea ce permite, \u00een final, s\u0103 se utilizeze p\u00e2n\u0103 la 90% din performan\u021ba SSD-ului \u00een cadrul sistemului. Acest lucru este ceea ce st\u0103 la baza rezultatelor ridicate IOPS \u00een sistemele AccelStor, raportate la All Flash, care folosesc algoritmi RAID.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>O alt\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 important\u0103 a tehnologiei FlexiRemap\u00ae este reducerea semnificativ\u0103 a opera\u021biunilor de scriere redundante pe SSD. Astfel, coeficientul de scriere (write amplification) pentru sistemele AccelStor este de doar 1.3, ceea ce, tradus \u00een limbajul comun, \u00eenseamn\u0103 o cre\u0219tere a duratei de via\u021b\u0103 a unit\u0103\u021bilor de stocare de peste 2.5 ori comparativ cu RAID5! <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00eempotriva RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c503ed537aed33aa0e1e98595ed020a2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Datorit\u0103 monitoriz\u0103rii constante din partea sistemului a politicii de plasare a datelor pe SSD, toate unit\u0103\u021bile se uzeaz\u0103 uniform. Aceast\u0103 abordare permite prognozarea duratei lor de via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i transmiterea \u00een avans a unui semnal c\u0103tre administrator cu privire la epuizarea resurselor de scriere.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Este evident c\u0103 SSD-urile pot e\u0219ua. \u00cen acest caz, sistemul va \u00eencepe imediat rebuild-ul pe unul dintre discurile hot spare. Astfel, grupul FlexiRemap\u00ae, aflat \u00een stare degradat\u0103, trece \u00een modul \u201edoar citire\u201d, iar toate cererile de scriere sunt direc\u021bionate c\u0103tre al doilea grup. Acest mecanism de protec\u021bie este prev\u0103zut pentru a accelera opera\u021biunea de rebuild \u0219i a reduce probabilitatea e\u0219ecului unui alt dispozitiv din cadrul acelea\u0219i grup. C\u0103ci nu este un secret c\u0103, \u00een timpul rebuild-ului, toate unit\u0103\u021bile din grup suport\u0103 o sarcin\u0103 crescut\u0103 din cauza interferen\u021belor dintre opera\u021biunile de citire, scriere \u0219i recuperare pe hot spare. Astfel, probabilitatea de a se defecta \u00eenc\u0103 un disc cre\u0219te. \u0218i cu c\u00e2t sunt mai multe opera\u021biuni de scriere, cu at\u00e2t rebuild-ul va dura mai mult. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00eempotriva RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c6389348c25427854ae24a17da9b89a7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 finalizarea procesului de recuperare \u0219i \u00eentoarcerea grupului FlexiRemap\u00ae \u00een stare normal\u0103, va exista o mic\u0103 dezechilibrare \u00een resursa de scriere \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 grupuri. Prin urmare, pentru a o ajusta, opera\u021biunile ulterioare de scriere vor trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 loc mai frecvent \u00een grupul restaurat (desigur, cu aceast\u0103 condi\u021bie, \u00eenc\u00e2t performan\u021ba final\u0103 a sistemului s\u0103 nu fie afectat\u0103 semnificativ).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Cre\u0219terea performan\u021bei sistemelor All Flash, bazate pe algoritmi RAID, peste anumite valori (~280K IOPS@4K scriere aleatorie) nu este posibil\u0103 nici m\u0103car cu utilizarea unor sisteme complexe de caching. Tehnologia FlexiRemap\u00ae, datorit\u0103 unei abord\u0103ri absolut diferite \u00een organizarea spa\u021biului de stocare, nu numai c\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 aceast\u0103 barier\u0103, dar \u0219i cre\u0219te de c\u00e2teva ori durata de via\u021b\u0103 a SSD-urilor. A\u0219adar, sistemele <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\">AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> au avantaje serioase \u00een r\u00e2ndul array-urilor All Flash pe multe fronturi (IOPS\/$, GB\/$, TCO, ROI), f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-le candida\u021bi ideali pentru pozi\u021bii-cheie \u00een centrele de date ale clien\u021bilor pentru solu\u021bionarea sarcinilor cu cerin\u021be intensive de resurse.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/accelstor\/blog\/445336\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u044b RAID \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c 1987 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 IT \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 30-\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - 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