{"id":30649,"date":"2019-10-31T21:36:42","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:36:42","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:42","slug":"bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika","title":{"rendered":"Backup la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103: demont\u0103m mituri cu ocazia s\u0103rb\u0103torii","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Backup
\n
\nBackup-ul nu face parte din tehnologiile la mod\u0103 despre care se vorbe\u0219te \u00een fiecare parte. El trebuie s\u0103 existe \u00een orice companie serioas\u0103, asta e tot. La noi \u00een banc\u0103, sunt backup-uite c\u00e2teva mii de servere \u2013 este o munc\u0103 complex\u0103 \u0219i interesant\u0103, despre unele nuan\u021be ale c\u0103reia, dar \u0219i despre miturile tipice legate de backup-uri, mi-ar pl\u0103cea s\u0103 vorbesc.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nM\u0103 ocup de aceast\u0103 tem\u0103 de aproape 20 de ani, dintre care ultimii 2 ani la Promsvyazbank. La \u00eenceputul activit\u0103\u021bii, efectuam backup aproape manual, cu scripturi care pur \u0219i simplu copiau fi\u0219ierele. Apoi, \u00een Windows au ap\u0103rut instrumente convenabile: utilitarul Robocopy pentru preg\u0103tirea fi\u0219ierelor \u0219i NT Backup pentru copiere. Apoi a venit timpul software-ului specializat, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd Veritas Backup Exec, care acum se nume\u0219te Symantec Backup Exec. A\u0219adar, sunt familiarizat cu backup-urile de mult timp.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 vorbim simplu, backup-ul este salvarea unei copii a datelor (ma\u0219ini virtuale<\/a>, aplica\u021biilor, bazelor de date \u0219i fi\u0219ierelor) din \u00eent\u00e2mplare, cu o anumit\u0103 regularitate. \u00cent\u00e2mplarea se manifest\u0103 de obicei sub forma unei defec\u021biuni hardware sau logice \u0219i duce la pierderi de date. Sarcina sistemului de backup este de a reduce pierderile cauzate de pierderea informa\u021biilor. O defec\u021biune hardware poate fi, de exemplu, defectarea unui server sau a unui stocaj unde se afl\u0103 baza de date. O defec\u021biune logic\u0103 este pierderea sau modificarea unei p\u0103r\u021bi a datelor, inclusiv din cauza factorului uman: \u0219tergerea accidental\u0103 a unei tabele, fi\u0219ier, executarea unui script gre\u0219it. Exist\u0103, de asemenea, cerin\u021be ale regulatorului privind p\u0103strarea unui anumit tip de informa\u021bii pe o perioad\u0103 lung\u0103, de exemplu, p\u00e2n\u0103 la c\u00e2\u021biva ani.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\nCea mai tipic\u0103 solicitare de backup este restaurarea unei copii salvate a bazelor de date pentru desf\u0103\u0219urarea diferitelor sisteme de testare, clone pentru dezvoltatori.<\/p>\n

\u00cen jurul backup-ului exist\u0103 c\u00e2teva mituri tipice care trebuie demontate de mult. Iat\u0103 cele mai cunoscute dintre ele. <\/p>\n

Mit 1. Backup-ul este deja doar o func\u021bie minor\u0103 \u00een cadrul sistemelor de securitate sau stocare.<\/h3>\n

\nSistemele de backup r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een continuare o clas\u0103 separat\u0103 de solu\u021bii \u0219i sunt destul de independente. Li s-a \u00eencredin\u021bat o responsabilitate prea important\u0103. \u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, ele reprezint\u0103 ultima linie de ap\u0103rare atunci c\u00e2nd vine vorba de integritatea datelor. A\u0219adar, backup-ul func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een ritmul s\u0103u, conform programului propriu. Se genereaz\u0103 un raport zilnic pentru servere, exist\u00e2nd evenimente care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca triggeri pentru sistemul de monitorizare.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\n\u00cen plus, modelul de acces rolului la sistemul de backup permite delegarea unei p\u0103r\u021bi a atribu\u021biilor administratorilor sistemelor \u021bint\u0103 pentru gestionarea copiilor de siguran\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Mitul 2. C\u00e2nd exist\u0103 RAID, backup-ul nu mai este necesar.<\/h3>\n

\n\"Backup
\n
\nF\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, array-urile RAID \u0219i replicarea datelor sunt o modalitate bun\u0103 de a proteja sistemele informa\u021bionale \u00eempotriva defec\u021biunilor hardware, iar \u00een cazul existen\u021bei unui server de rezerv\u0103 \u2013 de a organiza rapid trecerea pe el \u00een cazul defect\u0103rii ma\u0219inii principale.<\/p>\n

Eroarele logice comise de utilizatorii sistemului nu sunt salvate de redundan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i replicare. Un server de rezerv\u0103 cu scriere \u00eent\u00e2rziat\u0103 \u2013 da, poate ajuta, dac\u0103 eroarea este detectat\u0103 \u00eenainte de a fi sincronizat\u0103. Dar dac\u0103 momentul este ratat? Aici poate interveni doar un backup realizat la timp. Dac\u0103 se \u0219tie c\u0103 datele s-au schimbat ieri, se poate restaura sistemul la starea de alalt\u0103ieri \u0219i extrage datele dorite. Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 erorile logice sunt cele mai frecvente, backup-ul clasic r\u0103m\u00e2ne o solu\u021bie testat\u0103 \u0219i necesar\u0103.<\/p>\n

Mitul 3. Backup-ul se face o dat\u0103 pe lun\u0103.<\/h3>\n

\nFrecven\u021ba backup-ului este un parametru configurabil, care depinde \u00een primul r\u00e2nd de cerin\u021bele sistemului de backup. Este destul de realist s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti date care practic nu se schimb\u0103 niciodat\u0103 \u0219i care nu sunt foarte importante; pierderea lor nu va fi critic\u0103 pentru companie.
\nAcestea, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, pot fi salvate o dat\u0103 pe lun\u0103 \u0219i chiar mai rar. \u00cens\u0103 datele mai critice sunt salvate mai frecvent, \u00een func\u021bie de indicatorul RPO (Recovery Point Objective), care stabile\u0219te pierderea acceptabil\u0103 de date. Aceasta poate fi o dat\u0103 pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, o dat\u0103 pe zi sau chiar de c\u00e2teva ori pe or\u0103. \u00cen cazul nostru, acestea sunt jurnalele de tranzac\u021bii din SGBD.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\nC\u00e2nd sistemele sunt puse \u00een exploatare industrial\u0103, este obligatorie aprobarea documenta\u021biei privind backup-ul, care reflect\u0103 punctele esen\u021biale, regimul de actualizare, ordinea de restaurare a sistemului, ordinea de stocare a copiilor de rezerv\u0103 \u0219i altele asemenea.<\/p>\n

Mit 4. Volumul copiilor cre\u0219te ne\u00eencetat \u0219i ocup\u0103 complet orice spa\u021biu alocat.<\/h3>\n

\nCopiile de rezerv\u0103 au un termen limitat de p\u0103strare. Nu are sens, de exemplu, s\u0103 stoc\u0103m timp de un an toate cele 365 de backup-uri zilnice. De regul\u0103, este permis s\u0103 p\u0103str\u0103m copiile zilnice timp de 2 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni, dup\u0103 care acestea sunt \u00eenlocuite cu altele noi, iar pentru p\u0103strarea pe termen lung r\u0103m\u00e2ne versiunea care a fost realizat\u0103 prima \u00een lun\u0103. Aceasta, la r\u00e2ndul ei, este p\u0103strat\u0103 \u0219i ea pentru o anumit\u0103 perioad\u0103 - fiecare copie are un timp de via\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\nExist\u0103 protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva pierderii datelor. Se aplic\u0103 regula: \u00eenainte ca un backup s\u0103 fie \u0219ters, urm\u0103torul trebuie s\u0103 fie realizat. A\u0219adar, datele nu vor fi \u0219terse dac\u0103 backup-ul nu a fost finalizat, de exemplu, din cauza inaccesibilit\u0103\u021bii serverului. Se respect\u0103 nu doar termenele limit\u0103, ci \u0219i se controleaz\u0103 num\u0103rul de copii din set. Dac\u0103 \u00een sistem este stabilit c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 existe dou\u0103 backup-uri complete, acestea vor fi \u00eentotdeauna dou\u0103, iar cel vechi va fi \u0219ters doar atunci c\u00e2nd se va scrie cu succes un nou al treilea. A\u0219adar, cre\u0219terea volumului ocupat de arhiva backup-urilor este legat\u0103 doar de cre\u0219terea cantit\u0103\u021bii de date protejate \u0219i nu depinde de timp.<\/p>\n

Mit 5. Backup-ul a \u00eenceput \u2013 totul s-a blocat.<\/h3>\n

\nMai bine spus: dac\u0103 totul s-a blocat, \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 administratorul nu \u0219tie ce face. \u00cen general, performan\u021ba backup-ului depinde de mul\u021bi factori. De exemplu, de performan\u021ba sistemului de backup: c\u00e2t de rapide sunt stoc\u0103rile pe disc, bibliotecile de band\u0103. De asemenea, depinde de performan\u021ba servere<\/a> sistemului de backup: dac\u0103 reu\u0219e\u0219te s\u0103 proceseze datele, s\u0103 efectueze comprimarea \u0219i deduplicarea. De asemenea, de viteza liniilor de comunicare \u00eentre client \u0219i server. <\/p>\n

Backup-ul poate fi efectuat \u00een unul sau mai multe fluxuri, \u00een func\u021bie de faptul dac\u0103 sistemul rezervat suport\u0103 multithreading. De exemplu, SGBD-ul Oracle permite utilizarea mai multor fluxuri, \u00een func\u021bie de num\u0103rul de procesoare disponibile, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd viteza de transfer atinge limita capacit\u0103\u021bii re\u021belei.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 se \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 se realizeze backup-uri cu un num\u0103r mare de fluxuri, exist\u0103 riscul de a suprasolicita sistemul \u00een func\u021biune, care va \u00eencepe cu adev\u0103rat s\u0103 \u00eencetineasc\u0103. Prin urmare, se alege un num\u0103r optim de fluxuri pentru a asigura o performan\u021b\u0103 suficient\u0103. Dac\u0103 chiar \u0219i cea mai mic\u0103 sc\u0103dere a performan\u021bei este critic\u0103, exist\u0103 o op\u021biune excelent\u0103, c\u00e2nd backup-ul se face nu de pe serverul de produc\u021bie, ci de pe un clon \u2013 standby \u00een terminologia bazelor de date. Acest proces nu \u00eencarc\u0103 sistemul de lucru principal. Datele pot fi extrase printr-un num\u0103r mai mare de fluxuri, deoarece serverul nu este folosit pentru servicii.<\/p>\n

\u00cen organiza\u021biile mari, pentru sistemul de backup se cr\u00e9eaz\u0103 o re\u021bea separat\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t backup-ul s\u0103 nu afecteze produc\u021bia. \u00cen plus, traficul poate fi transmis nu prin re\u021bea, ci prin SAN.
\n\"Backup
\n\u00cencerc\u0103m s\u0103 distribuim \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura \u0219i \u00een func\u021bie de timp. Backup-urile se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 predominant \u00een orele de nefunc\u021bionare: noaptea, \u00een weekend. \u00cen plus, acestea nu sunt ini\u021biate toate simultan. Backup-urile ma\u0219inilor virtuale sunt un caz special. Procesul afecteaz\u0103 practic deloc performan\u021ba propriei ma\u0219ini, astfel c\u0103 backup-ul poate fi \u00eentins pe timpul zilei, \u00een loc s\u0103 fie am\u00e2nat pentru noapte. Sunt multe subtilit\u0103\u021bi, dac\u0103 se iau toate \u00een considerare, backup-ul nu va influen\u021ba performan\u021ba sistemelor.<\/p>\n

Mitul 6. Am pornit sistemul de backup \u2013 \u0219i gata, ai redundan\u021b\u0103.<\/h3>\n

\nNu uita\u021bi niciodat\u0103 c\u0103 sistemul de backup este ultima linie de ap\u0103rare, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 existe \u00eenc\u0103 cinci sisteme care s\u0103 asigure continuitatea, disponibilitatea ridicat\u0103 \u0219i rezilien\u021ba la dezastre a infrastructurii IT \u0219i a sistemelor informa\u021bionale ale \u00eentreprinderii.<\/p>\n

Nu merit\u0103 s\u0103 speri c\u0103 backup-ul va restaura toate datele \u0219i va reporni rapid serviciul c\u0103zut. Pierderea datelor de la momentul backup-ului p\u00e2n\u0103 la momentul defec\u021biunii este garantat\u0103, iar datele pe un nou server pot fi \u00eenc\u0103rcate timp de c\u00e2teva ore (sau zile, cum va fi). De aceea, are sens s\u0103 se creeze sisteme complete de redundan\u021b\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a se baza doar pe backup.<\/p>\n

Mitul 7. Am configurat backup-ul o dat\u0103, am verificat c\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103. R\u0103m\u00e2ne doar s\u0103 urm\u0103resc jurnalele.<\/h3>\n

\nAceasta este unul dintre cele mai d\u0103un\u0103toare mituri, a c\u0103rui falsitate o con\u0219tientizezi doar \u00een timpul unui incident. Jurnalele de succes ale backup-ului nu reprezint\u0103 o garan\u021bie c\u0103 totul a decurs conform a\u0219tept\u0103rilor. Este esen\u021bial s\u0103 verifici \u00een prealabil copia salvat\u0103 pentru redeployment. Adic\u0103, s\u0103 ini\u021biezi procesul de restaurare \u00eentr-un mediu de testare \u0219i s\u0103 observi rezultatul. <\/p>\n

\u0218i pu\u021bin despre munca administratorului de sistem<\/h3>\n

\n\u00cen modul manual, nimeni nu mai copiaz\u0103 date de mult timp. Sistemele moderne de backup pot salva aproape totul, trebuie doar s\u0103 fie configurate corespunz\u0103tor. Dac\u0103 a fost ad\u0103ugat un nou server \u2013 trebuie s\u0103 se defineasc\u0103 politicile: s\u0103 alegi con\u021binutul care va fi salvat, s\u0103 specifici parametrii de stocare \u0219i s\u0103 aplici un program.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\nCu toate acestea, munca este \u00eenc\u0103 destul de mult\u0103 datorit\u0103 parcului extins de servere, care include baze de date, sisteme po\u0219tale, clustere de ma\u0219ini virtuale \u0219i resurse de fi\u0219iere at\u00e2t pe Windows, c\u00e2t \u0219i pe Linux\/Unix. Angaja\u021bii care men\u021bin func\u021bionalitatea sistemului de backup nu stau degeaba.<\/p>\n

Cu ocazia s\u0103rb\u0103torii, doresc tuturor administratorilor nervi tari, precizie \u00een mi\u0219c\u0103ri \u0219i un spa\u021biu infinit pentru stocarea backup-urilor!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22639,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30649","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Backup-ul este preg\u0103tit: distrugem miturile cu ocazia s\u0103rb\u0103torii | ProHoster","description":"Backup-ul nu se refer\u0103 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