{"id":30767,"date":"2019-10-31T21:37:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sintez-kak-odin-iz-metodov-uluchsheniya-proizvoditelnosti-postgresql\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:37:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:21","slug":"sintez-kak-odin-iz-metodov-uluchsheniya-proizvoditelnosti-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sintez-kak-odin-iz-metodov-uluchsheniya-proizvoditelnosti-postgresql","title":{"rendered":"Sintez\u0103 ca o metod\u0103 de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a performan\u021bei PostgreSQL","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez\u0103 ca o metod\u0103 de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a performan\u021bei PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/6960ab96e829332fbde0b2aebd79b48a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Introducere filosofic\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>\nDup\u0103 cum se \u0219tie, exist\u0103 doar dou\u0103 metode pentru rezolvarea problemelor:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Metoda analizei sau metoda deduc\u021biei, sau de la general la particular.<\/li>\n<li>Metoda sintezei sau metoda inducerii, sau de la particular la general.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPentru a rezolva problema \"\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea performan\u021bei bazei de date\", aceasta poate ar\u0103ta astfel.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b>Analiz\u0103<\/b> \u2014 descompunem problema \u00een p\u0103r\u021bi separate \u0219i, rezolv\u00e2ndu-le, \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bim performan\u021ba bazei de date \u00een ansamblu.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen practic\u0103, analiza arat\u0103 cam a\u0219a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Apas\u0103 problema (incident de performan\u021b\u0103) <\/li>\n<li>Colect\u0103m informa\u021bii statistice despre starea bazei de date<\/li>\n<li>C\u0103ut\u0103m punctele slabe (bottlenecks)<\/li>\n<li>Rezolv\u0103m problemele de la punctele slabe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<b>Punctele slabe ale bazei de date<\/b> \u2014 infrastructur\u0103 (CPU, Memorie, Discuri, Re\u021bea, OS), set\u0103ri (postgresql.conf), interog\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<p><b>Infrastructur\u0103<\/b>: posibilit\u0103\u021bile de influen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i schimbare pentru inginer \u2014 aproape nule.<\/p>\n<p><b>Set\u0103ri baz\u0103 de date<\/b>: posibilit\u0103\u021bile de schimbare sunt pu\u021bin mai mari dec\u00e2t \u00een cazul anterior, dar, de obicei, sunt totu\u0219i destul de dificile, mai ales \u00een cloud.<\/p>\n<p><b>Cererile<\/b> la baza de date: <u>singura zon\u0103 pentru manevre<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p><b>Sintez\u0103<\/b> \u2014 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bim performan\u021ba p\u0103r\u021bilor individuale, a\u0219tept\u00e2nd c\u0103, \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, performan\u021ba bazei de date s\u0103 se \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021beasc\u0103. <\/p>\n<h3>Introducere liric\u0103 sau de ce este necesar tot acest lucru <\/h3>\n<p>\nCum decurge procesul de solu\u021bionare a incidentelor de performan\u021b\u0103, dac\u0103 performan\u021ba bazei de date nu este monitorizat\u0103: <\/p>\n<p>Clientul - \"avem probleme, lent, face\u021bi-ne bine\"<br \/>\nInginerul - \"ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 r\u0103u?\"<br \/>\nClientul \u2013 \"a\u0219a cum este acum (cu o or\u0103 \u00een urm\u0103, ieri, \u00een ultima dat\u0103 a fost), lent\"<br \/>\nInginerul \u2013 \"dar c\u00e2nd a fost bine?\"<br \/>\nClientul \u2013 \"acum o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 (dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni) a fost bine\" (a avut noroc)<br \/>\nClientul \u2013 \"dar nu-mi amintesc c\u00e2nd a fost bine, dar acum e r\u0103u\" (r\u0103spuns obi\u0219nuit)<\/p>\n<p>Ca rezultat, apare imaginea clasic\u0103:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez\u0103 ca o metod\u0103 de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a performan\u021bei PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/836777a3f813b1f5c36cc23aa5af6ad0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Cine este de vin\u0103 \u0219i ce trebuie f\u0103cut?<\/h3>\n<p>\nPentru prima parte a \u00eentreb\u0103rii, r\u0103spunsul este cel mai u\u0219or \u2014 \u00eentotdeauna este de vin\u0103 inginerul DBA. <\/p>\n<p>Pentru a doua parte, r\u0103spunsul nu este prea complicat \u2014 trebuie implementat un sistem de monitorizare a performan\u021bei bazei de date.<\/p>\n<p>Se pune prima \u00eentrebare \u2014 <b>ce s\u0103 monitoriz\u0103m?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Calea 1. Vrem s\u0103 monitoriz\u0103m TOTUL<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez\u0103 ca o metod\u0103 de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a performan\u021bei PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/9aa90bcce679e67d1749e270828cf792.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00cenc\u0103rcarea CPU, num\u0103rul opera\u021biunilor de citire\/scriere pe disc, dimensiunea memoriei alocate \u0219i o megaton\u0103 de al\u021bi indicatori pe care orice sistem de monitorizare mai mult sau mai pu\u021bin func\u021bional \u00eei poate oferi.<\/p>\n<p>Rezultatul este o mul\u021bime de grafice, tabele pivot \u0219i notific\u0103ri continue pe e-mail, iar inginerul este 100% ocupat cu rezolvarea unui num\u0103r mare de tichete asem\u0103n\u0103toare, de regul\u0103 cu aceea\u0219i formulare standard \u2014 \u201eProblem\u0103 temporar\u0103. Nu este necesar\u0103 nicio ac\u021biune\u201d. \u00cen schimb, to\u021bi sunt ocupa\u021bi \u0219i exist\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna ceva de ar\u0103tat clientului \u2014 munca avanseaz\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Calea 2. Monitorizeaz\u0103 doar ceea ce este necesar, iar ceea ce nu este necesar, nu trebuie monitorizat.<\/h3>\n<p>\nSe poate monitoriza, pu\u021bin diferit \u2014 doar entit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i evenimentele:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La care inginerul DBA poate influen\u021ba.<\/li>\n<li>Pentru care exist\u0103 un algoritm de ac\u021biune \u00een cazul apari\u021biei unui eveniment sau al unei modific\u0103ri a entit\u0103\u021bii.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPornind de la aceast\u0103 presupunere \u0219i amintind de \u201e<b>Introducere filosofic\u0103<\/b>\u201e cu scopul de a evita repetarea regulat\u0103 a \u201e<b>Introducere liric\u0103 sau de ce este necesar tot acest lucru<\/b>\u201e, ar fi ra\u021bional s\u0103 monitoriz\u0103m performan\u021ba anumitor interog\u0103ri, pentru optimizare \u0219i analiz\u0103, ceea ce ar trebui, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, s\u0103 conduc\u0103 la \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea vitezei generale a bazei de date. <\/p>\n<p>Dar, pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi o interogare grea, care afecteaz\u0103 performan\u021ba general\u0103 a bazei de date, trebuie mai \u00eent\u00e2i s\u0103 o g\u0103sim. <\/p>\n<p>A\u0219adar, apar dou\u0103 \u00eentreb\u0103ri interconectate:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>care interogare este considerat\u0103 grea <\/li>\n<li>cum se caut\u0103 interog\u0103rile grele.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nEste evident c\u0103 o interogare grea este cea care folose\u0219te multe resurse ale sistemului de operare pentru a ob\u021bine un rezultat.<\/p>\n<p><b>Trecem la a doua \u00eentrebare \u2014 cum s\u0103 c\u0103ut\u0103m \u0219i apoi s\u0103 monitoriz\u0103m interog\u0103rile grele?<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Ce op\u021biuni pentru monitorizarea interog\u0103rilor exist\u0103 \u00een PostgreSQL? <\/h3>\n<p>\nComparativ cu Oracle, op\u021biunile sunt pu\u021bine, dar totu\u0219i se poate face ceva.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez\u0103 ca o metod\u0103 de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a performan\u021bei PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/995419a92c0b340512bef6221e76822f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>PG_STAT_STATEMENTS<\/h3>\n<p>\nPentru c\u0103utarea \u0219i monitorizarea interog\u0103rilor grele \u00een PostgreSQL, exist\u0103 extensia standard pg_stat_statements.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 instalarea extensiei, \u00een baza de date \u021bint\u0103 apare o vedere omonim\u0103, care trebuie utilizat\u0103 \u00een scopuri de monitorizare.<\/p>\n<p>Coloanele \u021bint\u0103 pg_stat_statements pentru construirea sistemului de monitorizare:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>queryid <\/b>Cod hash intern, calculat pe baza arborilor de analiz\u0103 a operatorilor<\/li>\n<li><b>max_time <\/b>Timpul maxim petrecut pe operator, \u00een milisecunde<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nStr\u00e2ng\u00e2nd \u0219i utiliz\u00e2nd statistica pe aceste dou\u0103 coloane, se poate construi un sistem de monitorizare.<\/p>\n<h3>Cum este utilizat pg_stat_statements pentru monitorizarea performan\u021bei PostgreSQL<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez\u0103 ca o metod\u0103 de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a performan\u021bei PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/fbec099eb6ff2de2fb3c90c7cbcf9505.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPentru monitorizarea performan\u021bei interog\u0103rilor se utilizeaz\u0103:<br \/>\nPe partea bazei de date \u021bint\u0103 \u2014 vederea pg_stat_statements <br \/>\nDin partea <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"server\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3479\">server<\/a> \u0219i a bazei de date de monitorizare \u2014 un set de scripturi bash \u0219i tabele de servicii.<\/p>\n<h3>Etapa 1 \u2014 colectarea datelor statistice<\/h3>\n<p>\nPe gazda de monitorizare, un script este rulat \u00een mod regulat prin cron, care copiaz\u0103 con\u021binutul vizualiz\u0103rii pg_stat_statements din baza de date \u021bint\u0103 \u00een tabelul pg_stat_history din baza de date de monitorizare. <\/p>\n<p>Astfel, se formeaz\u0103 un istoric al execut\u0103rii cererilor individuale, care poate fi utilizat pentru generarea rapoartelor de performan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i configurarea metricilor.<\/p>\n<h3>Etapa 2 \u2014 configurarea metricilor de performan\u021b\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>\nPe baza datelor colectate, select\u0103m cererile a c\u0103ror executare este cea mai critic\u0103\/important\u0103 pentru client (aplica\u021bie). De comun acord cu clientul, stabilim valorile metricilor de performan\u021b\u0103 folosind c\u00e2mpurile queryid \u0219i max_time. <\/p>\n<h3>Rezultatul \u2014 \u00eenceputul monitoriz\u0103rii performan\u021bei<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Scriptul de monitorizare, la pornire, verific\u0103 metricile de performan\u021b\u0103 configurate, compar\u00e2nd valoarea max_time a metricii cu valoarea din vizualizarea pg_stat_statements din baza de date \u021bint\u0103.<\/li>\n<li>Dac\u0103 valoarea din baza de date \u021bint\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te valoarea metricii \u2013 se genereaz\u0103 un avertisment (incident \u00een sistemul de ticketing)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Func\u021bionalitate suplimentar\u0103 1<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Istoricul planurilor de execu\u021bie a cererilor<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Pentru a rezolva incidentele de performan\u021b\u0103, este foarte util s\u0103 avem un istoric al modific\u0103rilor planurilor de execu\u021bie a cererilor. <\/p>\n<p>Pentru a stoca istoricul, se folose\u0219te o tabel\u0103 de servicii log_query. Tabela este completat\u0103 \u00een timpul analizei fi\u0219ierului jurnal \u00eenc\u0103rcat PostgreSQL. Deoarece \u00een fi\u0219ierul jurnal, spre deosebire de vizualizarea pg_stat_statements, apare textul complet cu valorile parametrilor de execu\u021bie \u0219i nu text normalizat, exist\u0103 posibilitatea de a p\u0103stra nu doar timpul \u0219i durata cererilor, ci \u0219i planurile de execu\u021bie la momentul actual.<\/p>\n<h3>Func\u021bionalitate suplimentar\u0103 2<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Proces continuu de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a performan\u021bei<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Monitorizarea cererilor individuale, \u00een general, nu este destinat\u0103 solu\u021bion\u0103rii problemei \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birii continue a performan\u021bei bazei de date \u00een ansamblu, deoarece controleaz\u0103 \u0219i rezolv\u0103 problemele de performan\u021b\u0103 doar pentru cererile individuale. Totu\u0219i, metoda poate fi extins\u0103 \u0219i setat\u0103 pentru a monitoriza cererile pentru toate bazele de date. <\/p>\n<p>Pentru aceasta, trebuie introduse metrici suplimentare de performan\u021b\u0103:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00cen ultimele zile<\/li>\n<li>Pentru perioada de baz\u0103<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nScriptul selecteaz\u0103 interog\u0103rile din vizualizarea pg_stat_statements \u00een baza de date \u021bint\u0103 \u0219i compar\u0103 valoarea max_time cu valoarea medie max_time, \u00een primul caz pentru ultimele zile sau pentru perioada de timp aleas\u0103 (baseline), iar \u00een al doilea caz.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, \u00een cazul degrad\u0103rii performan\u021bei pentru orice interogare, un avertisment va fi generat automat, f\u0103r\u0103 analiz\u0103 manual\u0103 a rapoartelor. <\/p>\n<h3>\u0218i ce leg\u0103tur\u0103 are sinteza cu asta?<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u00cen abordarea descris\u0103, a\u0219a cum sugereaz\u0103 metoda sintezei \u2014 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bind p\u0103r\u021bile individuale ale sistemului, \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bim sistemul \u00een ansamblu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interogarea efectuat\u0103 de baza de date \u2013 teza<\/li>\n<li>Interogarea modificat\u0103 \u2013 antiteza<\/li>\n<li>Schimbarea st\u0103rii sistemului \u2014 sinteza<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez\u0103 ca o metod\u0103 de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a performan\u021bei PostgreSQL\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/088abb9900319353a42d236d26a20a2c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Dezvoltarea sistemului<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Extinderea statisticilor colectate prin ad\u0103ugarea istoricului pentru vizualizarea sistemului pg_stat_activity<\/li>\n<li>Extinderea statisticilor colectate prin ad\u0103ugarea istoricului pentru statisticile tabelelor individuale implicate \u00een interog\u0103ri <\/li>\n<li>Integrarea cu sistemul de monitorizare din cloud AWS<\/li>\n<li>\u0218i, mai departe, putem inventa ceva\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/444988\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447: \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443. 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\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22752,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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