{"id":31090,"date":"2019-10-31T21:39:22","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/steganografiya-mimo-fajlov-pryachem-dannye-pryamo-v-sektorah\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:39:22","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:22","slug":"steganografiya-mimo-fajlov-pryachem-dannye-pryamo-v-sektorah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/steganografiya-mimo-fajlov-pryachem-dannye-pryamo-v-sektorah","title":{"rendered":"Steganografie dincolo de fi\u0219iere: ascunz\u00e2nd date direct \u00een sectoare","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>O scurt\u0103 introducere<\/h3>\n<p>\nSteganografia, dac\u0103 cineva nu \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te, este ascunderea informa\u021biilor \u00een diverse containere. De exemplu, \u00een imagini (discutate <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/112976\/\">aici<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/128327\/\">aici<\/a><\/noindex>). De asemenea, se pot ascunde date \u00een tabelele de sistem ale sistemului de fi\u0219iere (despre care s-a scris <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/347604\/\">aici<\/a><\/noindex>), \u0219i chiar <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/60726\/\">\u00een pachetele de control ale protocolului TCP<\/a><\/noindex>. Din p\u0103cate, toate aceste metode au un dezavantaj: pentru a \u201e\u00eencorpora\u201d informa\u021bii \u00een mod invizibil \u00eentr-un container, sunt necesare algoritmi ingenio\u0219i care s\u0103 ia \u00een considerare specificitatea structurii interne a containerului. De asemenea, exist\u0103 probleme cu rezisten\u021ba containerului la manipul\u0103ri: de exemplu, dac\u0103 se modific\u0103 pu\u021bin o imagine, informa\u021bia ascuns\u0103 se pierde.<\/p>\n<p>Este posibil s\u0103 se evite algoritmii ingenio\u0219i \u0219i manipul\u0103rile delicate cu datele \u0219i, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, s\u0103 se asigure func\u021bionarea containerului \u0219i un nivel acceptabil de p\u0103strare a datelor ascunse? \u00centre timp, pot s\u0103 spun \u2014 da, se poate! \u0218i chiar voi propune un utilitar.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Detaliile metodului<\/h3>\n<p>\nIdeea de baz\u0103 este simpl\u0103, ca o lovitur\u0103 cu ciocanul \u00een cap: pe disc exist\u0103 zone \u00een care sistemul de operare nu scrie niciodat\u0103 (sau scrie \u00een cazuri rare). Pentru a nu fi necesar s\u0103 c\u0103ut\u0103m aceste zone cu algoritmi ingenio\u0219i, ne vom folosi de redundan\u021b\u0103 \u2014 adic\u0103 vom multiplica informa\u021bia noastr\u0103 ascuns\u0103 de multe ori \u00een toate sectoarele discului. Apoi, direct deasupra acestei bog\u0103\u021bii, se pot crea cele necesare partitii, se pot formata sistemele de fi\u0219iere, se pot scrie fi\u0219iere \u0219i se pot instala sistemele de operare \u2014 oricum, o parte din datele secrete vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u0219i le vom putea extrage, iar multiplicarea repetat\u0103 ne va ajuta s\u0103 reconstruim informa\u021bia ini\u021bial\u0103 din fragmente.<\/p>\n<p>Avantajul acestei metode este evident: nu depindem de formatul fi\u0219ierelor sau chiar de tipul sistemului de fi\u0219iere utilizat.<\/p>\n<p>Dezavantajele sunt, cred, la fel de evidente:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Datele secrete pot fi modificate doar prin rescrierea complet\u0103 a \u00eentregului disc, urmat\u0103 de reconstruc\u021bia con\u021binutului vizibil pentru utilizator. \u00cen acest caz, nu se poate folosi software care reconstruie\u0219te discul dintr-o imagine: acesta va reconstrui \u0219i datele secrete anterioare.<\/li>\n<li>Cu c\u00e2t volumul datelor secrete este mai mare, cu at\u00e2t mai mare este probabilitatea de pierdere a unei p\u0103r\u021bi din informa\u021bie.<\/li>\n<li>Extrac\u021bia datelor de pe disc poate dura mult timp. De la c\u00e2teva minute la c\u00e2teva zile (discurile moderne sunt mai mari).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAcum s\u0103 trecem la detalii.<\/p>\n<p>Este clar c\u0103, dac\u0103 doar \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tie informa\u021biile sensibile pe \u00eentregul disc, acestea vor fi ascunse doar de un ochi neechipat. Dac\u0103 echip\u0103m ochiul, s\u0103 spunem, cu un editor de disc, datele vor fi la vedere. Prin urmare, ar fi bine s\u0103 le cript\u0103m, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 nu fie evidente. Voi folosi o criptare simpl\u0103, dar elegant\u0103: cu algoritmul aes256-cbc. Vom cere utilizatorului cheia de criptare; s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i g\u0103seasc\u0103 o parol\u0103 bun\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Urm\u0103toarea \u00eentrebare este cum putem distinge datele \"corecte\" de cele corupte. Aici ne va ajuta o sum\u0103 de control, dar nu una simpl\u0103, ci SHA1. De ce nu? Pentru git, este suficient de bun\u0103, deci ne va fi de folos \u0219i nou\u0103. Stabilit: vom echipa fiecare fragment de informa\u021bie salvat cu o sum\u0103 de control, iar dac\u0103 dup\u0103 decriptare aceasta coincide, \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 decriptarea a fost reu\u0219it\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, va fi necesar num\u0103rul fragmentului \u0219i lungimea total\u0103 a datelor secrete. Num\u0103rul fragmentului este pentru a urm\u0103ri ce piese am decriptat deja \u0219i care au r\u0103mas. Lungimea total\u0103 ne va fi de folos la procesarea ultimului fragment, pentru a nu scrie date suplimentare (\u00een termeni tehnici, padding). \u0218i, deoarece oricum ne preg\u0103tim un titlu, s\u0103 ad\u0103ug\u0103m acolo numele fi\u0219ierului secret. Acesta ne va fi de ajutor dup\u0103 decriptare, pentru a \u0219ti cu ce s\u0103-l deschidem.<\/p>\n<h3>Test\u0103m metoda \u00een practic\u0103<\/h3>\n<p>\nPentru verificare, vom folosi cel mai comun suport \u2014 un stick USB. Am g\u0103sit unul vechi de 1 GB, care este perfect pentru experimente. Dac\u0103 \u0219i \u021bie, ca \u0219i mie, \u021bi-a venit ideea s\u0103 nu te complici cu suporturile fizice, ci s\u0103 testezi pe un fi\u0219ier \u2014 imagine de disc, atunci \u00ee\u021bi spun imediat: nu va func\u021biona. Atunci c\u00e2nd formatezi un astfel de \u201edisc\u201d, linuxul recreeaz\u0103 fi\u0219ierul, iar toate sectoarele neutilizate vor fi umplute cu zerouri.<\/p>\n<p>Din p\u0103cate, am fost nevoit s\u0103 folosesc o sta\u021bie meteorologic\u0103 pe Raspberry Pi 3 care z\u0103cea pe balcon ca ma\u0219in\u0103 cu linux. Memoria este limitat\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu vom ascunde fi\u0219iere mari. Ne vom limita la o dimensiune maxim\u0103 de 10 megabai\u021bi. Fi\u0219ierele prea mici nu merit\u0103 ascunse: utilitarul scrie date pe disc \u00een clustere de 4 KB. A\u0219adar, vom limita dimensiunea fi\u0219ierului la 3 KB \u2014 acesta \u00eencap\u0103 \u00eentr-un astfel de cluster.<\/p>\n<p>Ne vom ocupa de stick-ul USB pas cu pas, verific\u00e2nd dup\u0103 fiecare etap\u0103 dac\u0103 informa\u021bia ascuns\u0103 este citibil\u0103:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Formatare rapid\u0103 \u00een format FAT16 cu o dimensiune a cluster-ului de 16 kB. Aceasta este ceea ce ofer\u0103 Windows 7 pentru un stick USB f\u0103r\u0103 sistem de fi\u0219iere.<\/li>\n<li>Umplerea stick-ului cu tot felul de fi\u0219iere inutile \u00een propor\u021bie de 50%.<\/li>\n<li>Umplerea stick-ului cu tot felul de fi\u0219iere inutile \u00een propor\u021bie de 100%.<\/li>\n<li>Formatare \u201e\u00eendelungat\u0103\u201d \u00een format FAT16 (cu rescrierea \u00eentregului con\u021binut).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPrimele dou\u0103 teste s-au \u00eencheiat, precum era de a\u0219teptat, cu o victorie complet\u0103: utilitarul a reu\u0219it s\u0103 extrag\u0103 cu succes 10 megabytes de date secrete de pe stick. \u00cens\u0103, dup\u0103 ce stick-ul a fost umplut complet cu fi\u0219iere, a ap\u0103rut o eroare:<\/p>\n<p><code>Total de clustere citite: 250752, decriptate: 158<br \/>\nEROARE: nu se poate scrie secretFile incomplet<\/code><\/p>\n<p>A\u0219a cum vedem, am reu\u0219it s\u0103 decript\u0103m doar 158 de clustere (632 kilobytes de date brute, ceea ce ofer\u0103 636424 bytes de sesiuni utile). Este clar c\u0103 nu se pot ob\u021bine 10 megabytes aici, iar printre aceste clustere exist\u0103 evident duplicate. Chiar \u0219i 1 megabyte nu poate fi recuperat astfel. Totu\u0219i, putem garanta c\u0103 3 kilobytes de date secrete vor fi recuperate de pe stick chiar \u0219i dup\u0103 ce acesta a fost formatat \u0219i umplut complet. Cu toate acestea, experimentele arat\u0103 c\u0103 este perfect posibil s\u0103 extragi un fi\u0219ier cu o lungime de 120 kilobytes de pe un astfel de stick.<\/p>\n<p>Ultimul test, din p\u0103cate, a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 stick-ul a fost complet rescris:<\/p>\n<p><code>$ sudo .\\\/steganodisk -p parola \\\/dev\\\/sda<br \/>\nDimensiunea dispozitivului: 250752 clustere<br \/>\n250700 99%<br \/>\nTotal clustere citite: 250752, decriptate: 0<br \/>\nEROARE: nu se poate scrie secretFile incomplet<br \/>\n<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Nu a r\u0103mas niciun cluster... Trist, dar nu tragic! Vom \u00eencerca s\u0103 cre\u0103m o parti\u021bie pe stick \u00eenainte de format, iar \u00een acea parti\u021bie - un sistem de fi\u0219iere. Apropo, el a venit din fabric\u0103 cu o astfel de formatare, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu facem nimic suspect.<br \/>\nEra de a\u0219teptat ca spa\u021biul disponibil pe stick s\u0103 fi sc\u0103zut pu\u021bin.<\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, era de a\u0219teptat ca cei 10 megabytes s\u0103 nu fie ascun\u0219i pe un disc complet umplut. Dar, cu toate acestea, num\u0103rul cluster-elor decriptate cu succes a crescut de mai mult de dou\u0103 ori!<\/p>\n<p><code>Total clustere citite: 250752, decriptate: 405<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Din p\u0103cate, nu va fi posibil s\u0103 aduni un megabyte din fragmente, dar 200 de kilobytes se pot ob\u021bine u\u0219or.<\/p>\n<p>Bine, iar vestea despre ultimul, al 4-lea test, de data aceasta este vesel\u0103: formatarea complet\u0103 a unui astfel de stick nu a dus la distrugerea \u00eentregii informa\u021bii! 120 kilobytes de date secrete s-au \u00eenc\u0103put perfect \u00een spa\u021biul neutilizat.<\/p>\n<p>Tabel sumar al test\u0103rii:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Steganografie dincolo de fi\u0219iere: ascunz\u00e2nd date direct \u00een sectoare\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dd386ca1f39808d6c7af85a310334629.bmp\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Pu\u021bin\u0103 teorie: despre spa\u021biul liber \u0219i sectoarele neutilizate<\/h3>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 ai \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit vreodat\u0103 un hard disk \u00een parti\u021bii, ai remarcat c\u0103 nu \u00eentotdeauna reu\u0219e\u0219ti s\u0103 aloci tot spa\u021biul liber de pe disc. Prima parti\u021bie \u00eencepe \u00eentotdeauna cu o anumit\u0103 margine (de obicei, aceasta este de 1 megabyte sau 2048 sectoare). De asemenea, dup\u0103 ultima parti\u021bie, uneori r\u0103m\u00e2ne un mic \"coad\u0103\" de sectoare nefolosite. \u0218i \u00eentre parti\u021bii, uneori r\u0103m\u00e2n goluri, de\u0219i rar.<\/p>\n<p>Cu alte cuvinte, pe disc exist\u0103 sectoare la care nu ai acces \u00een timpul utiliz\u0103rii obi\u0219nuite, dar datele pot fi totu\u0219i scrise \u00een aceste sectoare! A\u0219adar, pot fi citite \u0219i ele. Cu men\u021biunea c\u0103 exist\u0103 \u0219i o tabel\u0103 de parti\u021bii \u0219i un cod de boot, care se afl\u0103 \u00een zona goal\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul discului.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 ne abatem de la parti\u021bii \u0219i s\u0103 privim discul dintr-o perspectiv\u0103 mai \u00eenalt\u0103, a\u0219a s\u0103 zic, ca din zborul unei p\u0103s\u0103ri. Avem o parti\u021bie goal\u0103 pe disc. Vom crea un sistem de fi\u0219iere \u00een ea. Putem spune c\u0103 unele sectoare de pe disc au r\u0103mas ne\u0219terse?<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i... tobe! R\u0103spunsul va fi aproape \u00eentotdeauna \u2014 da! Deoarece, \u00een majoritatea cazurilor, crearea unui sistem de fi\u0219iere const\u0103 \u00een scrierea pe disc a doar c\u00e2torva blocuri de informa\u021bii de sistem, iar con\u021binutul restului parti\u021biei nu se schimb\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i, pur \u0219i simplu din experien\u021b\u0103, se poate presupune c\u0103 sistemul de fi\u0219iere nu poate ocupa \u00eentotdeauna tot spa\u021biul alocat p\u00e2n\u0103 la ultimul sector. De exemplu, sistemul de fi\u0219iere FAT16 cu dimensiunea clusterului de 64 kilobytes nu poate ocupa complet o parti\u021bie cu o dimensiune care nu este multiplu de 64 kilobytes. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul unei astfel de parti\u021bii, va trebui s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 o \"coad\u0103\" de c\u00e2teva sectoare, inaccesibile pentru stocarea datelor utilizatorului. Totu\u0219i, experimental, aceast\u0103 presupunere nu a fost confirmat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>A\u0219adar, pentru a maximiza spa\u021biul disponibil pentru steganogram\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 folose\u0219ti un sistem de fi\u0219iere cu o dimensiune mai mare a clusterului. Po\u021bi chiar s\u0103 creezi o parti\u021bie, chiar dac\u0103 nu este necesar (de exemplu, pe un stick USB). Nu este necesar s\u0103 creezi parti\u021bii goale sau s\u0103 la\u0219i zone nealocate \u2014 acestea ar atrage aten\u021bia cet\u0103\u021benilor interesa\u021bi.<\/p>\n<h3>Utilitar pentru experimente<\/h3>\n<p>\nSursa utilitarului poate fi explorat\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/dishather\/steganodisk\">aici<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Pentru a construi, va fi nevoie de Qt versiunea 5.0 sau mai recent\u0103 \u0219i OpenSSL. Dac\u0103 ceva nu se compileaz\u0103 - s-ar putea s\u0103 fie nevoie s\u0103 ajustezi fi\u0219ierul steganodisk.pro.<\/p>\n<p>Este posibil s\u0103 schimba\u021bi dimensiunea clusterului de la 4 KB la, s\u0103 spunem, 512 byte (\u00een secretfile.h). Aceasta va cre\u0219te cheltuielile pentru informa\u021biile administrative: antetul \u0219i suma de control ocup\u0103 68 byte fix.<\/p>\n<p>Desigur, trebuie s\u0103 rula\u021bi utilitarul cu drepturi de utilizator root, \u0219i trebuie f\u0103cut cu pruden\u021b\u0103. Nu vor fi \u00eentreb\u0103ri \u00eenainte de a rescrie fi\u0219ierul sau dispozitivul specificat!<\/p>\n<p>Bucura\u021bi-v\u0103.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447028\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442, \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 (\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0442). \u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b (\u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0443\u0442), \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 TCP. \u041a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a: \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0432\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23060,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31090","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - 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