{"id":31439,"date":"2019-10-31T21:41:16","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/vypusk-sistemnogo-menedzhera-systemd-242\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:41:16","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:16","slug":"vypusk-sistemnogo-menedzhera-systemd-242","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/vypusk-sistemnogo-menedzhera-systemd-242","title":{"rendered":"Lansarea managerului de sistem systemd 242","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dup\u0103 dou\u0103 luni de dezvoltare, a fost lansat\u0103 versiunea managerului de sistem systemd 242. Dintre nout\u0103\u021bi se remarc\u0103 suportul pentru tuneluri L2TP, posibilitatea de a gestiona comportamentul systemd-logind la repornire prin variabile de mediu, suportul pentru parti\u021bii boot XBOOTLDR pentru montarea \/boot, posibilitatea de a boota cu parti\u021bia r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 \u00een overlayfs, precum \u0219i un num\u0103r mare de noi op\u021biuni pentru diferite tipuri de unit\u0103\u021bi.<\/p>\n<p>Modific\u0103ri principale: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen systemd-networkd a fost asigurat suportul pentru tuneluri L2TP;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen sd-boot \u0219i bootctl a fost implementat suportul pentru parti\u021bii XBOOTLDR (Extended Boot Loader), destinate mont\u0103rii \u00een \/boot, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 parti\u021biile ESP, montate \u00een \/efi sau \/boot\/efi. Kernelurile, set\u0103rile, imaginile initrd \u0219i EFI pot fi acum \u00eenc\u0103rcate at\u00e2t din parti\u021biile ESP, c\u00e2t \u0219i din cele XBOOTLDR. Aceast\u0103 modificare permite utilizarea \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103torului sd-boot \u00een scenarii mai conservatoare, c\u00e2nd \u00eens\u0103\u0219i \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103torul este plasat \u00een ESP, iar kernelurile \u0219i metadatele aferente sunt plasate \u00eentr-o parti\u021bie separat\u0103;\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 posibilitatea de a \u00eenc\u0103rca op\u021biunea &#171;systemd.volatile=overlay&#187;, ceea ce permite plasarea sistemului de fi\u0219iere r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 \u00een overlayfs \u0219i organizarea func\u021bion\u0103rii deasupra unei imagini de sistem de fi\u0219iere r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 doar \u00een citire, cu scrierea modific\u0103rilor \u00eentr-un director separat \u00een tmpfs (modific\u0103rile \u00een aceast\u0103 configura\u021bie se pierd dup\u0103 repornire). Analog, \u00een systemd-nspawn a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;volatile=overlay&#187; pentru a utiliza o func\u021bionalitate similar\u0103 \u00een containere;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen systemd-nspawn a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;oci-bundle&#187;, care permite utilizarea seturilor runtime pentru a asigura rularea izolat\u0103 a containerelor, \u00een conformitate cu cerin\u021bele specifica\u021biei Open Container Initiative (OCI). Pentru utilizarea \u00een linia de comand\u0103 \u0219i \u00een unit\u0103\u021bile nspawn, a fost propus suportul pentru diverse op\u021biuni, descrise \u00een specifica\u021bia OCI, de exemplu, pentru excluderea unor p\u0103r\u021bi din sistemul de fi\u0219iere pot fi utilizate set\u0103rile &#171;&#8212;inaccessible&#187; \u0219i &#171;Inaccessible&#187;, iar pentru configurarea fluxurilor standard de ie\u0219ire au fost ad\u0103ugate op\u021biunile &#171;&#8212;console&#187; \u0219i &#171;&#8212;pipe&#187;;\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 posibilitatea de a gestiona comportamentul systemd-logind prin variabile de mediu: $SYSTEMD_REBOOT_TO_FIRMWARE_SETUP,<br \/>\n          $SYSTEMD_REBOOT_TO_BOOT_LOADER_MENU \u0219i<br \/>\n          $SYSTEMD_REBOOT_TO_BOOT_LOADER_ENTRY. Prin aceste variabile se pot conecta propriile handler-e pentru procesul de repornire (\/run\/systemd\/reboot-to-firmware-setup, \/run\/systemd\/reboot-to-boot-loader-menu \u0219i<br \/>\n          \/run\/systemd\/reboot-to-boot-loader-entry) \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 (\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 false);<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Echipei &#171;systemctl reboot&#187; i-au fost ad\u0103ugate op\u021biunile &#171;&#8212;boot-load-menu=&#187; \u0219i<br \/>\n          &#171;&#8212;boot-loader-entry=&#187;, care permit, dup\u0103 repornire, s\u0103 selecteze un punct specific din meniul de \u00eenc\u0103rcare sau un mod de \u00eenc\u0103rcare;<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 o nou\u0103 comand\u0103 de izolare sandbox &#171;RestrictSUIDSGID=&#187;, care utilizeaz\u0103 seccomp pentru a interzice crearea fi\u0219ierelor cu flag-uri SUID\/SGID;\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost asigurat\u0103 aplicarea implicit\u0103 a restric\u021biilor &#171;NoNewPrivileges&#187; \u0219i &#171;RestrictSUIDSGID&#187; \u00een serviciile cu modul de generare dinamic\u0103 a identificatorului utilizatorului (&#171;DynamicUser&#187;);\n<li class=\"l\"> Setarea MACAddressPolicy=persistent aplicat\u0103 implicit \u00een fi\u0219ierele .link a fost modificat\u0103 pentru a acoperi un num\u0103r mai mare de dispozitive. Interfe\u021bele podurilor de re\u021bea, tunelurilor (tun, tap) \u0219i leg\u0103turilor agregate (bond) nu se identific\u0103 dec\u00e2t dup\u0103 numele interfe\u021bei de re\u021bea, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t acest nume este acum utilizat ca baz\u0103 pentru legarea adreselor MAC \u0219i IPv4. \u00cen plus, a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 setarea &#171;MACAddressPolicy=random&#187;, care poate fi utilizat\u0103 pentru a lega adreselor MAC \u0219i IPv4 de dispozitive \u00eentr-o ordine aleatorie;\n<li class=\"l\"> Unit-urile generate prin systemd-fstab-generator pentru fi\u0219ierele de tip &#171;.device&#187; nu mai includ unit\u0103\u021bile corespunz\u0103toare &#171;.mount&#187; ca dependen\u021be \u00een sec\u021biunea &#171;Wants=&#187;. Conectarea simpl\u0103 a unui dispozitiv nu va mai duce automat la activarea unit\u0103\u021bii pentru montare, dar aceste unit\u0103\u021bi pot fi totu\u0219i activat din alte motive, cum ar fi ca parte a local-fs.target sau ca dependen\u021b\u0103 a altor unit\u0103\u021bi care depind de local-fs.target;\n<li class=\"l\"> Comenzile &#171;networkctl list\/status\/lldp&#187; au fost actualizate cu suport pentru m\u0103\u0219ti (&#171;*&#187; etc.) pentru a filtra anumite grupuri de interfe\u021be de re\u021bea \u00een func\u021bie de numele acestora;\n<li class=\"l\"> Variabila de mediu $PIDFILE este acum setat\u0103 folosind calea absolut\u0103 specificat\u0103 \u00een servicii prin parametrul &#171;PIDFile=&#187; ;\n<li class=\"l\"> DNS serverele de rezerv\u0103 folosite atunci c\u00e2nd DNS-ul principal nu este definit \u00een mod explicit au fost completate cu public <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/\"   title=\"servere\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1823\">servere<\/a>  Cloudflare (1.1.1.1). Op\u021biunea &#171;-Ddns-servers=&#187; poate fi utilizat\u0103 pentru a suprascrie lista serverelor DNS de rezerv\u0103;\n<li class=\"l\"> La detectarea unui controller de dispozitiv USB (USB Device Controller) s-a asigurat pornirea automat\u0103 a noului handler usb-gadget.target (c\u00e2nd sistemul func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe un dispozitiv periferic USB);\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru unit\u0103\u021bile de fi\u0219iere, a fost implementat\u0103 configura\u021bia &#171;CPUQuotaPeriodSec=&#187;, care define\u0219te perioada de timp \u00een raport cu care se m\u0103soar\u0103 cota de timp de procesor, stabilit\u0103 prin configura\u021bia &#171;CPUQuota=&#187;;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru unit\u0103\u021bile de fi\u0219iere, a fost implementat\u0103 configura\u021bia &#171;ProtectHostname=&#187;, care interzice serviciilor s\u0103 modifice informa\u021biile despre numele gazdelor, chiar \u0219i cu permisiuni corespunz\u0103toare;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru unit\u0103\u021bile de fi\u0219iere, a fost implementat\u0103 configura\u021bia &#171;NetworkNamespacePath=&#187;, care permite asocierea unui spa\u021biu de nume cu servicii sau unit\u0103\u021bi de tip socket prin specificarea c\u0103ii c\u0103tre fi\u0219ierul de spa\u021biu de nume \u00een pseudo-FS \/proc;\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat suport pentru dezactivarea substitu\u021biei variabilelor de mediu pentru procesele lansate prin configura\u021bia &#171;ExecStart=&#187;, ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd simbolul &#171;:&#187; \u00eenaintea comenzii de lansare;\n<li class=\"l\"> Pentru temporizatoare (unit\u0103\u021bile .timer) au fost propuse noi etichete &#171;OnClockChange=&#187; \u0219i<br \/>\n&#171;OnTimezoneChange=&#187;, prin care se poate controla activarea unit\u0103\u021bii atunci c\u00e2nd sistemul de timp sau fusul orar se schimb\u0103;<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Au fost ad\u0103ugate noile configura\u021bii &#171;ConditionMemory=&#187; \u0219i &#171;ConditionCPUs=&#187;, care definesc condi\u021biile de activare a unit\u0103\u021bii \u00een func\u021bie de dimensiunea memoriei \u0219i num\u0103rul de nuclee CPU (de exemplu, un serviciu intensiv de resurse poate fi pornit doar dac\u0103 exist\u0103 suficient\u0103 memorie RAM);\n<li class=\"l\"> A fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 o nou\u0103 unitate time-set.target, care prime\u0219te timpul sistemului local stabilit, f\u0103r\u0103 a folosi sincronizarea cu serverele externe de timp prin intermediul unit\u0103\u021bii time-sync.target. Noua unitate poate fi utilizat\u0103 de serviciile care au nevoie doar de precizia ceasurilor locale nesincronizate;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen &#171;systemctl start&#187; \u0219i comenzile similare a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;show-transaction&#187;, care, atunci c\u00e2nd este specificat\u0103, afi\u0219eaz\u0103 un rezumat al tuturor opera\u021biunilor ad\u0103ugate \u00een coad\u0103 din cauza opera\u021biei solicitate;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen systemd-networkd a fost implementat\u0103 o nou\u0103 stare numit\u0103 &#8216;enslaved&#8217;, care este folosit\u0103 \u00een locul st\u0103rilor &#8216;degraded&#8217; sau &#8216;carrier&#8217; pentru interfe\u021bele de re\u021bea care fac parte din linkuri agregate sau pun\u021bi de re\u021bea. Pentru interfe\u021bele primare, \u00een cazul unor probleme cu unul dintre linkurile componente, a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 starea &#8216;degraded-carrier&#8217;;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen unit\u0103\u021bile .network a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;IgnoreCarrierLoss=&#187; pentru a p\u0103stra set\u0103rile de re\u021bea \u00een cazul \u00eentreruperii conexiunii;\n<li class=\"l\"> Prin setarea &#171;RequiredForOnline=&#187; \u00een unit\u0103\u021bile .network acum se poate specifica starea minim acceptabil\u0103 a linkului, necesar\u0103 pentru a schimba interfa\u021ba de re\u021bea \u00een &#171;online&#187; \u0219i pentru a activa handler-ul systemd-networkd-wait-online;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen systemd-networkd-wait-online a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;any&#187; pentru a a\u0219tepta preg\u0103tirea oric\u0103rei dintre interfe\u021bele de re\u021bea specificate \u00een loc de toate, precum \u0219i op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;operational-state=&#187; pentru a determina starea linkului care indic\u0103 preg\u0103tirea;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen unit\u0103\u021bile .network au fost ad\u0103ugate set\u0103rile &#171;UseAutonomousPrefix=&#187; \u0219i &#171;UseOnLinkPrefix=&#187;, care pot fi utilizate pentru a ignora prefixele la ob\u021binerea acestora;<br \/>\nanun\u021bului de la routerul IPv6 (RA, Router Advertisement);<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen unit\u0103\u021bile .network au fost ad\u0103ugate set\u0103rile &#171;MulticastFlood=&#187;, &#171;NeighborSuppression=&#187; \u0219i &#171;Learning=&#187; pentru a modifica parametrii oper\u0103rii pun\u021bii de re\u021bea, precum \u0219i setarea &#171;TripleSampling=&#187; pentru a schimba modul de TRIPLE-SAMPLING al interfe\u021belor virtuale CAN;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen unit\u0103\u021bile .netdev au fost ad\u0103ugate set\u0103rile &#171;PrivateKeyFile=&#187; \u0219i &#171;PresharedKeyFile=&#187;, prin care pot fi specificate cheile private \u0219i pre\u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ite (PSK) pentru interfe\u021bele WireGuard; <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/vpn\/\"   title=\"VPN\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"31\">VPN<\/a>;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen systemd-tmpfiles s-a asigurat prelucrarea fi\u0219ierului de blocare \u00eenainte de a efectua opera\u021biuni \u00een directoarele cu fi\u0219iere temporare, permi\u021b\u00e2nd dezactivarea temporar\u0103 a cur\u0103\u021b\u0103rii fi\u0219ierelor \u00eenvechite (de exemplu, la desf\u0103\u0219urarea unui arhiv tar \u00een \/tmp, pot fi expuse fi\u0219iere foarte vechi care nu pot fi \u0219terse p\u00e2n\u0103 la finalizarea ac\u021biunilor cu acestea);\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen comanda \u201esystemd-analyze cat-config\u201d a fost asigurat\u0103 analiza configura\u021biei dispersate \u00een mai multe fi\u0219iere, cum ar fi set\u0103rile personalizate \u0219i sistemice, con\u021binutul tmpfiles.d \u0219i sysusers.d, regulile udev etc.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen comanda &#171;systemd-analyze cat-config&#187; a fost facilitat\u0103 analiza configura\u021biei dispersate \u00een mai multe fi\u0219iere, de exemplu, preset\u0103rile utilizatorului \u0219i cele sistemice, con\u021binutul tmpfiles.d \u0219i sysusers.d, regulile udev etc.;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen &#171;journalctl&#187; a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 op\u021biunea &#171;&#8212;cursor-file=&#187; pentru a specifica un fi\u0219ier pentru \u00eenc\u0103rcarea \u0219i salvarea pointerului de pozi\u021bie;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen systemd-detect-virt a fost ad\u0103ugat\u0103 recunoa\u0219terea hipervizorului ACRN \u0219i a subsistemului WSL ( Windows Subsystem for Linux) pentru ramificarea ulterioar\u0103 folosind operatorul condi\u021bional &#171;ConditionVirtualization&#187;;\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00cen timpul instal\u0103rii systemd (la execu\u021bia &#171;ninja install&#187;) a fost oprit\u0103 crearea leg\u0103turilor simbolice \u00een directorul \/etc c\u0103tre fi\u0219ierele systemd-networkd.service, systemd-networkd.socket,<br \/>\n          systemd-networkd-wait-online.service \u0219i systemd-timesyncd.service. Pentru a crea aceste fi\u0219iere, acum este necesar\u0103 executarea comenzii \u201esystemctl preset-all\u201d.<br \/>\n          systemd-networkd-wait-online.service \u0219i systemd-timesyncd.service. Pentru a crea aceste fi\u0219iere, acum trebuie s\u0103 executa\u021bi comanda &#171;systemctl preset-all&#187;.<\/p>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50497\">opennet.ro<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0430 systemd 242. \u0418\u0437 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 L2TP, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c systemd-logind \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432 XBOOTLDR \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \/boot, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 overlayfs, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u044e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0412 systemd-networkd [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31439","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta 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