{"id":31582,"date":"2019-10-31T21:41:58","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:41:58","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:58","slug":"na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn","title":{"rendered":"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/382292eed2e7f08be017343c01eb5c2f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b>\u2014 Care este intervalul pentru aceast\u0103 anten\u0103?<br \/>\n\u2014 Nu \u0219tiu, verific\u0103.<br \/>\n\u2014 CUM?!?!<br \/>\n<\/b><br \/>\nCum s\u0103 determin\u0103m ce anten\u0103 ai \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103, dac\u0103 nu are marcaj? Cum s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem care anten\u0103 este mai bun\u0103 sau mai slab\u0103? Aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 m-a fr\u0103m\u00e2ntat de mult timp.<br \/>\nArticolul descrie \u00eentr-un limbaj simplu metodologia de m\u0103surare a caracteristicilor antenelor \u0219i modul de definire a intervalului de frecven\u021b\u0103 al antenei.<\/p>\n<p>Informa\u021biile pot p\u0103rea banale pentru inginerii radio experimenta\u021bi, iar metodologia de m\u0103surare poate p\u0103rea insuficient de precis\u0103. Articolul este destinat celor care nu \u00een\u021beleg deloc electronica, a\u0219a cum sunt eu. <\/p>\n<p><b>TL;DR<\/b> Vom m\u0103sura coeficientul de und\u0103 sta\u021bionar\u0103 (CWS) al antenelor la diferite frecven\u021be cu ajutorul instrumentului OSA 103 Mini \u0219i al unor divizoare direc\u021bionale, construind un grafic al dependen\u021bei CWS de frecven\u021b\u0103. <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Teorie<\/h2>\n<p>\nC\u00e2nd transmisorul trimite un semnal c\u0103tre anten\u0103, o parte din energie se radiaz\u0103 \u00een aer, iar o parte se reflect\u0103 \u0219i se \u00eentoarce \u00eenapoi. Raportul dintre energia radiat\u0103 \u0219i cea reflectat\u0103 este caracterizat prin coeficientul de und\u0103 sta\u021bionar\u0103 (CWS sau SWR). Cu c\u00e2t CWS este mai mic, cu at\u00e2t o propor\u021bie mai mare din energia transmisorului este radiat\u0103 sub form\u0103 de unde radio. La CWS = 1 nu exist\u0103 reflexie (toat\u0103 energia este radiat\u0103). CWS la o anten\u0103 real\u0103 este \u00eentotdeauna mai mare de 1.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 trimitem un semnal de frecven\u021b\u0103 diferit\u0103 \u00een anten\u0103 \u0219i m\u0103sur\u0103m concomitent CWS, putem g\u0103si frecven\u021ba la care reflexia va fi minim\u0103. Aceasta va fi intervalul de lucru al antenei. De asemenea, putem compara diferite antene pentru acela\u0219i interval \u0219i g\u0103si care dintre ele este mai bun\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/570bcfba65af1250c8245446ee38d846.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nO parte din semnalul transmisorului se reflect\u0103 de anten\u0103<\/p>\n<p>Antena, proiectat\u0103 pentru o frecven\u021b\u0103 specific\u0103, ar trebui teoretic s\u0103 aib\u0103 cel mai mic CWS la frecven\u021bele sale de lucru. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 este suficient s\u0103 emitem c\u0103tre anten\u0103 semnale de frecven\u021be diferite \u0219i s\u0103 g\u0103sim frecven\u021ba la care reflexia este minim\u0103, adic\u0103 cantitatea maxim\u0103 de energie se \u00eendreapt\u0103 sub form\u0103 de unde radio.<\/p>\n<p>Av\u00e2nd posibilitatea de a genera semnale la frecven\u021be diferite \u0219i a m\u0103sura reflexia, vom putea construi un grafic, pe axa X fiind frecven\u021ba, iar pe axa Y \u2014 coeficientul de reflexie a semnalului. Ca rezultat, acolo unde pe grafic va exista o c\u0103dere (adic\u0103 reflexia minim\u0103 a semnalului), va fi intervalul de lucru al antenei. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/6b76c3667d764ffa98ee25463cba8878.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nGraficul imaginar al dependen\u021bei reflexiei de frecven\u021b\u0103. Pe \u00eentreg intervalul, reflexia este 100%, cu excep\u021bia frecven\u021bei de lucru a antenei.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Instrumentul Osa103 Mini<\/h3>\n<p>\nPentru m\u0103sur\u0103tori vom folosi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.osa103.ru\/\">OSA103 Mini<\/a><\/noindex>. Acesta este un instrument de m\u0103surare universal care combin\u0103 osciloscopul, generatorul de semnal, analizorul de spectru, m\u0103sur\u0103torul AHC\/FC, analizorul de anten\u0103 vectorial, m\u0103sur\u0103torul LC \u0219i chiar transceiverul SDR. Domeniul de lucru pentru OSA103 Mini este limitat la 100 MHz, iar modulul OSA-6G extinde gama de frecven\u021be \u00een modul AHC p\u00e2n\u0103 la 6 GHz. Programul nativ cu toate func\u021biile are o dimensiune de 3 MB \u0219i func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe Windows \u0219i prin wine \u00een Linux.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/2a959223b0f99593a8ba609429019cad.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n Osa103 Mini \u2013 un instrument de m\u0103surare universal pentru pasiona\u021bi \u0219i ingineri.<\/p>\n<h3>Divergent de semnal.<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/7ddcda098311bb0944b957204e09e91f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Divergentul de semnal (directional coupler) este un dispozitiv care \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 o mic\u0103 parte a semnalului RF care circul\u0103 \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 direc\u021bie. \u00cen cazul nostru, acesta trebuie s\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rteze o parte din semnalul reflectat (care vine de la anten\u0103 \u00eenapoi la generator) pentru a fi m\u0103surat. <br \/>\nExplica\u021bie vizual\u0103 a func\u021bion\u0103rii divergentului de semnal: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iBK9ZIx9YaY\">youtube.com\/watch?v=iBK9ZIx9YaY<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Caracteristicile principale ale divergentului de semnal:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Frecuen\u021be de func\u021bionare<\/b> \u2013 gama de frecven\u021be \u00een care principalele caracteristici nu dep\u0103\u0219esc limitele normale. Divergentul meu este destinat frecven\u021belor \u00eentre 1 \u0219i 1000 MHz. <\/li>\n<li><b>\u00cendep\u0103rtare (Coupling)<\/b> \u2013 c\u00e2t\u0103 parte din semnal (\u00een decibeli) va fi \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd unda circul\u0103 de la IN la OUT.<\/li>\n<li><b>Direc\u021bionalitate (Directivity)<\/b> \u2013 c\u00e2t de mult mai pu\u021bin semnal va fi \u00eendep\u0103rtat atunci c\u00e2nd semnalul circul\u0103 \u00een direc\u021bia opus\u0103 de la OUT la IN.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La prima vedere, acest lucru poate p\u0103rea destul de confuz. Pentru a clarifica, s\u0103 ne imagin\u0103m divergentul ca un tub de ap\u0103, cu o mic\u0103 ramifica\u021bie \u00een interior. Ramifica\u021bia este realizat\u0103 astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, atunci c\u00e2nd apa circul\u0103 \u00een direc\u021bia corect\u0103 (de la IN la OUT), o parte semnificativ\u0103 din ap\u0103 este \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103. Cantitatea de ap\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 direc\u021bie este determinat\u0103 de parametrul Coupling din fi\u0219a tehnic\u0103 a divergentului.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/96e6f67afd733afca5ec69b6bd566af3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nC\u00e2nd apa circul\u0103 \u00een direc\u021bia opus\u0103, se \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 semnificativ mai pu\u021bin\u0103 ap\u0103. Aceasta ar trebui perceput\u0103 ca un fenomen secundar. Cantitatea de ap\u0103 \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 direc\u021bie este determinat\u0103 de parametrul Directivity din fi\u0219a tehnic\u0103. Cu c\u00e2t acest parametru este mai mic (valoare dB mai mare), cu at\u00e2t este mai bine pentru scopul nostru. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/40ab73a0be05c89af4408c5af096bec9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Schema de principiu<\/h3>\n<p>\nDeoarece dorim s\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103m nivelul semnalului reflectat de anten\u0103, o conect\u0103m la IN al divergentului \u0219i generatorul la OUT. Astfel, pe receptor va ajunge o parte din semnalul reflectat de anten\u0103 pentru a fi m\u0103surat. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bdf04c64d65c320d65e3db4b99c99363.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nSchema de conectare a divizorului. Semnalul reflectat este direc\u021bionat c\u0103tre receptor<\/p>\n<h3>Instala\u021bie de m\u0103surare<\/h3>\n<p>\nVom asambla instala\u021bia pentru m\u0103surarea VSWR conform schemei de principiu. La ie\u0219irea generatorului aparatului vom instala suplimentar un atenuator cu o atenuare de 15 dB. Aceasta va \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi potrivirea divizorului cu ie\u0219irea generatorului \u0219i va cre\u0219te precizia m\u0103sur\u0103rii. Atenuatorul poate avea o atenuare de 5..15 dB. Valoarea atenu\u0103rii va fi luat\u0103 automat \u00een calcul la calibrarea ulterioar\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/7a882805d26fdee67107f38f0864850c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nAtenuatorul reduce semnalul cu un num\u0103r fix de decibeli. Principala caracteristic\u0103 a atenuatorului este coeficientul de atenuare a semnalului \u0219i banda de frecven\u021b\u0103 de func\u021bionare. La frecven\u021be din afara benzii de func\u021bionare, caracteristicile atenuatorului pot varia imprevizibil.<\/p>\n<p>A\u0219a arat\u0103 instala\u021bia final\u0103. De asemenea, nu trebuie s\u0103 uit\u0103m s\u0103 aplic\u0103m semnalul de frecven\u021b\u0103 intermediar\u0103 (IF) de la modulul OSA-6G pe placa principal\u0103 a aparatului. Pentru aceasta, conect\u0103m portul IF OUTPUT de pe placa principal\u0103 la INPUT de pe modulul OSA-6G.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/d1045f27ece8d915bbc0d5afaaa94da3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pentru a reduce nivelul zgomotului de la sursa de alimentare impulsional\u0103 a laptopului, toate m\u0103sur\u0103torile le efectuez cu laptopul alimentat de la baterie. <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/053c4405f0f06559d97ce171a2335447.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Calibrarea<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cenainte de a \u00eencepe m\u0103sur\u0103torile, trebuie s\u0103 ne asigur\u0103m c\u0103 toate modulele aparatului sunt func\u021bionale \u0219i c\u0103 cablurile sunt de calitate; pentru aceasta, conect\u0103m generatorul \u0219i receptorul direct cu un cablu, pornim generatorul \u0219i efectu\u0103m m\u0103surarea r\u0103spunsului \u00een frecven\u021b\u0103 (A\u0218F). Ob\u021binem un grafic aproape plat la 0dB. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eentreaga putere emis\u0103 de generator a ajuns la receptor pe \u00eentreaga band\u0103 de frecven\u021be. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/8e5bc1632e289e083ef3abd3a9ab9cc4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nConectarea generatorului direct la receptor<\/p>\n<p>Vom ad\u0103uga un atenuator \u00een schem\u0103. Se observ\u0103 o atenuare aproape constant\u0103 a semnalului de 15dB pe toat\u0103 banda. <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/490a7cb5a17313e73fb9c612d667e8f3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nConectarea generatorului printr-un atenuator de 15dB la receptor<\/p>\n<p>Vom conecta generatorul la conectorul OUT al divizorului \u0219i receptorul la CPL al divizorului. Deoarece la portul IN nu este conectat\u0103 o sarcin\u0103, \u00eentregul semnal generat ar trebui s\u0103 se reflecte, iar o parte s\u0103 fie direc\u021bionat\u0103 c\u0103tre receptor. Conform fi\u0219ei tehnice pentru divizorul nostru (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ww2.minicircuits.com\/pdfs\/ZEDC-15-2B.pdf\">ZEDC-15-2B<\/a><\/noindex>), parametrul Coupling este de ~15db, deci ar trebui s\u0103 vedem o linie orizontal\u0103 la aproximativ -30 dB (coupling + atenuarea atenuatorului). Dar deoarece domeniul de frecven\u021b\u0103 al divizorului este limitat la 1 GHz, toate m\u0103sur\u0103torile deasupra acestei frecven\u021be pot fi considerate f\u0103r\u0103 sens. Acest lucru este evident pe grafic, dup\u0103 1 GHz valorile sunt haotice \u0219i nu au sens. Prin urmare, toate m\u0103sur\u0103torile ulterioare le vom efectua \u00een domeniul opera\u021bional al divizorului.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/ac734456bcd9752786af57efc9ac06bf.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nConectarea divizorului f\u0103r\u0103 sarcin\u0103. Limita domeniului de operare al divizorului este vizibil\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Deoarece datele m\u0103sur\u0103torilor deasupra 1 GHz, \u00een cazul nostru, nu au sens, vom limita frecven\u021ba maxim\u0103 a generatorului la valorile opera\u021bionale ale divizorului. La m\u0103sur\u0103tori ob\u021binem o linie dreapt\u0103.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/360c60083a6bd8ef2b46a8d24edb34e5.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nLimitarea domeniului generatorului la domeniul opera\u021bional al divizorului.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a m\u0103sura vizibil VSWR-ul antenelor, trebuie s\u0103 efectu\u0103m o calibrare, pentru a considera actualele parametrii ale circuitului (reflec\u021bie de 100%) ca punct de referin\u021b\u0103, adic\u0103 zero dB. Pentru aceasta, programul OSA103 Mini are o func\u021bie \u00eencorporat\u0103 de calibrare. Calibrarea se realizeaz\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 conectarea antenei (sarcin\u0103), datele de calibrare sunt salvate \u00eentr-un fi\u0219ier \u0219i ulterior sunt luate automat \u00een considerare la construirea graficelor.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/6069e45a30f0a5a14f0ff0ab113bbb12.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nFunc\u021bia de calibrare a IA\u0218CH \u00een programul OSA103 Mini<\/p>\n<p>Aplic\u00e2nd rezultatele calibr\u0103rii \u0219i efectu\u00e2nd m\u0103sur\u0103tori f\u0103r\u0103 sarcin\u0103, ob\u021binem un grafic plat la 0dB. <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/b916728c3dc3c644b437add9fa31736a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nGraficul dup\u0103 finalizarea calibr\u0103rii<\/p>\n<h3>M\u0103sur\u0103m antenele<\/h3>\n<p>\nAcum putem \u00eencepe s\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103m antenele. Datorit\u0103 calib\u0103rii, vom vedea \u0219i m\u0103sura reducerea reflexiei dup\u0103 conectarea antenei. <\/p>\n<h2>Antena de la Aliexpress pe 433MHz<\/h2>\n<p>\nAntena cu marcaj 443MHz. Se poate observa c\u0103 antena func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cel mai eficient \u00een banda de 446MHz, la aceast\u0103 frecven\u021b\u0103 VSWR-ul este de 1.16. \u00cen schimb, la frecven\u021ba declarat\u0103, valorile sunt semnificativ mai slabe, la 433MHz VSWR-ul este 4.2.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/7b9ba1ad3069235fb10fb92112f52097.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Antena necunoscut\u0103 1<\/h2>\n<p>\nAntena f\u0103r\u0103 marcaj. Judec\u00e2nd dup\u0103 grafic, aceasta este proiectat\u0103 pentru 800 MHz, probabil pentru banda GSM. Corectitudine, trebuie s\u0103 spunem c\u0103 aceast\u0103 anten\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103, de asemenea, la 1800 MHz, dar din cauza limit\u0103rilor divizorului nu pot face m\u0103sur\u0103tori corecte la aceste frecven\u021be.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/69c4c7d6084a0b835d141912f3465999.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Antena necunoscut\u0103 2<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cenc\u0103 o anten\u0103, care a stat de mult timp \u00een cutiile mele. Judec\u00e2nd dup\u0103 tot, aceasta este tot pentru banda GSM, dar deja mai bun\u0103 dec\u00e2t precedenta. La frecven\u021ba de 764 MHz, VSWR-ul se apropie de unu, la 900 MHz VSWR-ul este de 1.4.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/d6c9c55c62865cf348001d2f26b0cd7b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Antena necunoscut\u0103 3<\/h2>\n<p>\nAceasta pare a fi o anten\u0103 Wi-Fi, dar conectorul este SMA-Male, nu RP-SMA ca la toate antenele Wi-Fi. Judec\u00e2nd dup\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103tori, la frecven\u021be de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1 MHz, aceast\u0103 anten\u0103 este inutil\u0103. Din nou, din cauza limit\u0103rilor distribuitorului, nu vom \u0219ti ce fel de anten\u0103 este.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/554d1bb265a202f8129882cff1d45c88.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Antena telescopic\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>\nS\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103 calcul\u0103m c\u00e2t de mult trebuie s\u0103 extindem antena telescopic\u0103 pentru banda de 433MHz. Formula de calcul al lungimii de und\u0103: \u03bb = C\/f, unde C este viteza luminii, iar f este frecven\u021ba.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">299.792.458 \/ 443.000.000 = 0.69719176279\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b>Lungimea complet\u0103 a undei<\/b> \u2014 69,24 cm<br \/>\n<b>Jum\u0103tate din lungimea undei<\/b> \u2014 34,62 cm<br \/>\n<b>Un sfert din lungimea undei<\/b> \u2014 17,31 cm<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/928234231cbc70c38eda904650cb191f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nAntena calculat\u0103 astfel s-a dovedit a fi complet inutil\u0103. La frecven\u021ba de 433MHz, valoarea SWR este 11. <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/828b8bc7eacb444902373ade0690e769.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nExperiment\u00e2nd cu extinderea antenei, am reu\u0219it s\u0103 ob\u021bin un SWR minim de 2.8 la o lungime a antenei de aproximativ 50 cm. De asemenea, s-a dovedit c\u0103 grosimea sec\u021biunilor este foarte important\u0103. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103, extinz\u00e2nd doar sec\u021biunile sub\u021biri de la margine, rezultatul a fost mai bun dec\u00e2t extinderea doar a sec\u021biunilor groase pe aceea\u0219i lungime. Nu \u0219tiu c\u00e2t de mult ar trebui s\u0103 m\u0103 bazez pe aceste calcule cu lungimea antenei telescopice, deoarece \u00een practic\u0103 nu func\u021bioneaz\u0103. Poate cu alte antene sau frecven\u021be func\u021bioneaz\u0103 diferit, nu \u0219tiu.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/834043959699179660d30b5653ba7ecd.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Un fir pentru 433MHz<\/h2>\n<p>\nAdesea, \u00een diverse aparate, cum ar fi comutatoarele radio, se poate observa un fir drept folosit ca anten\u0103. Am t\u0103iat un fir egal cu un sfert din lungimea undei 433 MHz (17,3 cm) \u0219i am cositorit cap\u0103tul astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 se potriveasc\u0103 str\u00e2ns \u00een conectorul SMA Female. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/32bc231d1a8cf9d54db19d3baace112c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRezultatul a fost ciudat: acest fir func\u021bioneaz\u0103 destul de bine la 360 MHz, dar este inutil la 433 MHz.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/e28f05ef88e4306ebb4a8a77e7ae844c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAm \u00eenceput s\u0103 tai c\u00e2te pu\u021bin din fir de la cap\u0103t \u0219i s\u0103 observ m\u0103sur\u0103torile. Picajul de pe grafic a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se mute lent spre dreapta, c\u0103tre 433 MHz. \u00cen final, la o lungime a firului de aproximativ 15,5 cm, am reu\u0219it s\u0103 ob\u021bin o valoare minim\u0103 a SWR de 1.8 la frecven\u021ba de 438 MHz. Continuarea scurt\u0103rii cablului a dus la cre\u0219terea SWR.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pe ce interval este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? M\u0103sur\u0103m caracteristicile antenelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/42496a059f333808e836b5a62c281a7b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Concluzie<\/h2>\n<p>\nDin cauza limit\u0103rilor distribuitorului nu am reu\u0219it s\u0103 m\u0103sor antenele pe benzi superioare de 1 GHz, cum ar fi antenele Wi-Fi. Acest lucru ar fi fost posibil dac\u0103 a\u0219 fi avut un distribuitor mai larg.<\/p>\n<p>Divizoare, cabluri de conectare, dispozitive \u0219i chiar laptopuri \u2013 acestea sunt componentele sistemului de anten\u0103 rezultat. Geometria lor, pozi\u021bia \u00een spa\u021biu \u0219i obiectele din jur influen\u021beaz\u0103 rezultatul m\u0103sur\u0103torilor. Dup\u0103 instalarea pe o sta\u021bie radio sau un modem real, frecven\u021ba poate fi ajustat\u0103, deoarece carcasa sta\u021biei radio, a modemului \u0219i corpul operatorului devin parte a antenei.<\/p>\n<p>OSA103 Mini este un aparat multifunc\u021bional foarte bun. Mul\u021bumesc dezvoltatorului pentru consultan\u021b\u0103 \u00een timpul m\u0103sur\u0103torilor.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447092\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2014 \u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430? \u2014 \u041d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c. \u2014 \u041a\u0410\u0410\u0410\u041a?!?! \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438? \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0443\u0436\u0435? \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d, \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23504,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430? \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:41:58+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:41:58+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Pe ce frecven\u021b\u0103 este aceast\u0103 anten\u0103? 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